Anatomy - study of the structures of
the human body visible with the naked
eye
Physiology - study of the functions
and activities performed by the body
structures
Histology – study of tiny structures
found in living tissues
CELLS:
basic units of all living things
Cell Structures:
protoplasm - colorless jelly-like substance
nucleus - center of cell, responsible for reproduction
cytoplasm - surrounds nucleus
cell membrane - acts like balloon to contain protoplasm, acts like a filter for the
cell
Reproduction & Division:
Mitosis - splitting of cells into daughter cells (aka- Binary Fission)
2 Phases of Metabolism:
Anabolism - constructive / building up
Catabolism - breaking down/ energy release
Tissue:
collection of similar cells
5 types:
Connective - binds together/ bones
Epithelial - protective covering of body
Liquid - blood / lymph
Muscular - contracts / moves body
Nerve - sends messages / controls body
Organs:
groups of tissues designed to perform a specific function
Brain
Eyes
Heart
Kidneys
Lungs
Liver
Skin
Stomach
Body Systems:
groups of organs acting together
11 Systems in the body:
Circulatory
Digestive
Endocrine
Excretory
Integumentary
Lymphatic/ Immune
Muscular
Nervous
Reproductive
Respiratory
Skeletal
Skeletal System:
physical foundation of the body
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206 Bones
OS- means Bone
Osteology – Study of Bones
Bone is the hardest tissue in the body – teeth being the
strongest
 1/3 organic matter & 2/3 mineral matter
 Joint – connection of 2 or more bones
Functions:
 Give shape & support to the body
 Protect internal organs
 Attachments for muscles / acts as levers to produce body
movements
 Produce white & red blood cells
Bones of the Face:
Nasal
Lacrimal
Zygomatic or Malar
Maxillae
Mandible
Turbinal
Vomer
Palatine
Bone of the Neck:
Hyoid
Cervical Vertebrae
Bones of the
Thorax
Ribs
Scapula
Sternum
Clavicle
Chest,Shoulder & Back:
Bones of the Arms / Hands
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpus
Metacarpus
Phalanges / Digets
Bones of the Leg / Foot:
Femur
Fibula
Patella
Talus
Tarsal
Metatarsal
Phalanges
Key Medical Terminoligy:
Superior - top, above
Inferior - lower, below
Exterior / External - outside
Interior / Internal - inside
Posterior - behind
Anterior - in front
Orb / orbicularis - round
Oculi - eye
Oris- mouth
Epi - center
Labii / labial - lips
Zygomatic - cheeks
Auricularis - ear
Procerus - nose
Buccinator - mouth area
Peripheral - outer
Dorsal - top
Superficial - not deep / near the
surface
Muscular System -
*covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton
*contracts & moves body
*Myology - study of muscles
*600 muscles in body
*40% of body weight
*3 types of muscles
1)Striated - skeletal/ voluntary / controlled at will
2)Non-striated - smooth / involuntary / functions
automatically
3)Cardiac - heart
*3 parts to a muscle
1) origin- attached to skeleton & does not move
2) insertion - moveable attachment
3) belly - center of the muscle
*Pressure in massage is directed from Insertion to
Origin (I before O)
Muscles of the Scalp:
Epicranius - covers top of skull
Occipitalis - back
Frontalis - front
Epicranial aponeurosis - tendon that connects occipitalis to
frontalis
Muscles of the Ear:
Auricularis superior
Auricularis anterior
Auricularis posterior
Muscles of Mastication (chewing):
Masseter
temporalis
Muscles of the Neck:
Platysma
Sternocleidomastoideus
Muscles of the Eyebrow:
Corrugator
Orbicularis oculi
Muscles of the Nose:
Procerus
Nervous System:
*coordinates all body activities
*100 billion nerve cells aka neurons
*study of nerves is Neurology
*3 principal components
nerves
spinal cord
brain
*3 main subdivisions
Central - controls senses & voluntary muscle actions
Peripheral - connects the outer parts of body to stem
Autonomic - controls the involuntary muscles
*Brain - largest most complex nerve tissue, sends & receives messages through 12 pairs of cranial
nerves
*Spinal Cord - originates in the brain and travels down the body, protected by the spinal column, 31
pairs of nerves extend from spinal cord
*Neuron aka Nerve Cell
*Dendrites - tree like branches of nerve fibers
*Axon - sends impulses
*Nerves - whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue through
which impulses are transmitted
*Types of Nerves
Nerves of the Head, Face & Neck:
*Fifth cranial nerve - aka trifacial or trigeminal
-Chief sensory nerve of the face
3 Branches:
Opthalmic – forehead / eye area
Mandibular – lower face
Maxillary – upper face
Circulatory System
aka
cardiovascular or vascular
2 Divisions:
Blood Vascular & Lymph Vascular
Blood Vascular:
Heart, Arteries, Veins, & Capillaries
Lymph Vascular:
Lymphatics, Lymph nodes, Lymph
The Heart - muscular cone shaped organ that keeps blood
moving
*size of a closed fist
*beats 72-80 times per min
Blood Vessels
Tube like structures that transport blood to & from heart &
organs
Ateries - thick walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the
heart to the body. Largest artery is Aorta
Veins - thin walled vessels that are less elastic than arteries, they contain cup-like valces
that prevent backflow they carry blood containing waste back to the heart for cleaning.
They are located closer to the surface of the body.
Capillaries - tiny thin walled vessels that connect smaller arteries to veins
Chief Functions of the Blood
*carries water, oxygen & food to all cells
*carries away carbon dioxide and waste to be eliminated
through the lungs, skin, kidneys, and large intestines
*equalize body temp
*works with immune system to protect body
*seals leaks found in injured blood vessels by forming clots,
preventing further blood loss
Lymph Vascular
*lymph is circulated through the lymphatic vessels and
filtered by the lymph nodes
*they filter blood to fight infections
*carry nourishment from the blood to the body cells
*act as defense against invading microorganisms & toxins
*remove waste material from cells
*provide a fluid environment for cells
Superficial temporal artery is a continuation of the
external carotid artery
Some of its important branches:
*Frontal artery- forehead, upper eyelid
*Parietal artery - sides & crown of head
*Transverse facial artery - skin & masseter
*Middle temporal artery - temples
*Anterior auricular artery - front of ear
*Occipital artery - back of head
*Posterior auricular artery - behind & above ear
Veins of the Head, Face, and Neck:
2 Principal Veins:
Internal Jugular & External Jugular
The most important veins of the head, face, and neck are
parallel to the arteries and take the same name as the
arteries
Endocrine System:
group of specialized glands that affect the growth,
development, sexual activities and health of the entire body
*Exocrine glands - duct glands - sweat and oil glands of the
skin and intestinal glands
*Endocrine glands - ductless glands - secrete hormones
such as insulin, adrenaline and estrogen
Digestive System:
*Also called gastrointestinal
*Responsible for breaking down food into
nutrients & waste
*entire food digestion process usually takes
about 9 hours to complete
Excretory System:
*purifying the body by eliminating wast matter
*kidneys excrete waste containing urine
*liver discharges wast containing bile
*skin eliminates wast containing perspiration
*large intestin eliminates decomposed & undigested food
*lungs exhale carbon dioxide
Respiratory System:
*Enables breathing
*Lungs are spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells
that exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide
*Diaphragm is a muscular wall that separates the thorax
from the abdominal region & helps control breathing
*Oxygen is more essential than food or water
Integumentary System:
*Skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil & sweat
glands, sensory receptors, hair & nails
Reproductive System:
Performs the function of producing opffspring and passing
on the genetic code from one generation to the next