PowerPoint® to accompany
Medical Assisting
Chapter 23
Second Edition
Ramutkowski  Booth  Pugh  Thompson  Whicker
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
Organization of the Body
Objectives
23-1 Spell, define and correctly use the Key Terms
in this chapter.
23-2 Describe how the body is organized from
simple to more complex levels.
23-3 List all body organs systems, their general
functions, and the major organs contained in
each.
23-4 Define the anatomical positions and explain its
importance.
2
Organization of the Body
Objective (cont.)
23-5 Use anatomical terminology correctly.
23-6 Name the body cavities and the organs
contained in each.
23-7 Explain the abdominal regions.
23-8 Explain why a basic understanding of
chemistry is important in studying the body.
23-9 Describe important molecules and compounds
of the human body.
3
Organization of the Body
Objective (cont.)
23-10 Label the parts of a cell and list their
functions.
23-11 List and describe the ways substances move
across a cell membrane.
23-12 Describe the stages of cell division.
23-13 Describe the uses of the genetic techniques,
DNA fingerprinting and the polymerase chain
reaction.
4
Organization of the Body
Objective (cont.)
23-14 Explain how mutations occur and what
effects they may produce.
23-15 Describe the different patterns of
inheritance.
23-16 Describe the signs and symptoms of various
genetic conditions.
23-17 Describe the locations and characteristics of
the four main tissue types.
5
Introduction
 Human body is
complex in its
structure and
function
 The body is
organized from the
chemical level all
the way up to the
organ system level.
You will also learn important terminology
used in the clinical setting to describe body
positions and parts.
6
Study of the Body
 Anatomy – study of
body structure
 Physiology – study of
function
 Homeostasis –
maintenance of stable
internal conditions
7
Organizations of the Body
Organism (human)
Levels of Organization
Organ System
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecule
Atom
8
Body Organs and Systems
 Structures formed by
organization of two or
more different tissue
types that work together
to carry out specific
functions.
 For example the
respiratory system
consists of lungs and
respiratory passages
9
Anatomical Terminology
 Group of universal terms used to describe
the location of body parts and various
body regions
 Anatomical position – body is standing
upright, facing forward with the arms at
the sides with palms of hands facing
forward
10
Directional Anatomical Terms
 Used to identify the position of body
structures compared to other body
surfaces
 Click for Table 23-1 Directional
Anatomical Terms
 Click for Figure 23-3 Directional Terms
 Click for Figure 23-4 Spatial Terms
 Click for Figure 23-5 Anatomical Terms
11
Table 23-1 Directional Terms
12
Figure 23-3 Directional Terms
13
Figure 23-4 Spatial Terms
14
Figure 23-5 Anatomical Terms
15
Body Cavities
Dorsal Cavity
 Cranial - brain
 Spinal – spinal cord
Ventral Cavity
 Thoracic – lungs, heart, esophagus
and trachea
 Abdominal – organs of digestion,
bladder and internal reproductive
organs
16
Apply Your Knowledge
What is the anatomical position?
17
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
What is the anatomical position?
Anatomical position is when the body is
standing upright, facing forward with the
arms at the sides with palms of hands facing
forward
18
Chemistry of Life
 Study of what matter is composed of and
how matter changes.
 When studying anatomy and physiology
you need a basic understanding of
chemistry because body structures and
functions result from chemical changes
that occur.
19
Molecules and Compounds
Molecules – two or more atoms
chemically combine
Compounds – two or more atoms of more
than one element combine
Water is a compound
 Water is critical to both chemical and
physical processes in human
physiology and is about 2/3 of your
body weight.
20
Molecules and Compounds
(cont.)
Others:
 Electrolytes – movement of ions
into and out of body structures
regulate or trigger many
physiologic states and activities
 Acids
 Bases
21
Biochemistry
 Study of matter and
chemical reactions in
the body
 Organic – matter
containing carbon
and hydrogen
 Inorganic – does not
contain hydrogen or
carbon
22
Cells



Basic unit of life
Body has millions of
cells
Three main parts of a
cell:



Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
23
Apply Your Knowledge
The physician has encouraged the
patient to drink 8 glasses of water a day.
Explain to her why this is important.
24
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
The physician has encouraged the
patient to drink 8 glasses of water a day.
Explain to her why this is important.
Water is critical to both chemical and physical
processes in human physiology and is about
2/3 of the body weight
25
Cell Parts
Cell membrane
Nucleus
 Selectively permeable
 Allows some
substances to pass
 Round structure near
the center
 Contains
chromosomes:
threadlike structures
made up of DNA
Cytoplasm
 Inside of cell
 Made up of water,
proteins, ions, and
nutrients
26
Movement Through Cell
Membranes




Diffusion – movement from area of high
concentration to area of low concentration
Osmosis – diffusion or movement of water
across a semi-permeable membrane
Filtration – under pressure substances are
forced across a membrane that acts like a
filter
Active Transport – moves across cell
membrane with the help of a carrier
molecule
27
Stages of Cell Division
 Mitosis – following interphase –




Cell enters mitosis
Cystoplasmic division occurs
Cell membrane constricts to divide the cytoplasm
of the cell
Results in organelles of original cell over two
identical new cells
 Meiosis
28
Genetic Techniques
 DNA is primary component of genes
 DNA is found in nucleus of cells
 Gene is segment of DNA that determines
body trait
 Genetic techniques involve using or
manipulating genes
29
Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR)
 Quick, easy method of making millions
of copies of any fragment of DNA
 Used in the study of genetics
 Necessary tool for improving human
health
 Leading to new kinds of genetic testing
30
DNA - Fingerprinting
 Unique sequences of nucleotides in a person’s
DNA
 Same for every cell, tissue, or organ of that
person
 Reliable method for identifying and
distinguishing among humans
 Used in criminal cases
 Paternity for custody and child support issues
31
Heredity
 Transfer of genetic traits from parent to child
 23 chromosomes from both parents = 46
chromosomes
 Chromosomes possess many genes
 Homologous chromosomes – carry same
genes that code a trait, but may be different
forms called alleles
 Dominate alleles
 Recessive alleles
32
Common Genetic Disorders
 Albinism - little or no pigmentation in
the skin
 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) – common
behavioral disorder
 Cleft lip or cleft palate – gap or
depression in the upper lip or palate
33
Common Genetic Disorders
(cont.)
 Cystic fibrosis – life-threatening
disease that affects the lungs and
pancreas
 Down’s syndrome – causes mental
retardation and physical abnormalities
 Fragile X syndrome – most common
inherited cause of learning disability
34
Common Genetic Disorders
(cont.)
 Hemophilia – blood disorder; lack of
clotting factor
 Klinefelter’s syndrome – chromosomal
abnormality that affects males
 Muscular dystrophy – affects muscular
and nervous systems
 Phenylketonuria (PKU) – cannot
synthesize the enzyme that converts
phenylalanine to tyrosine
35
Common Genetic Disorders
(cont.)
 Sickle cell anemia – abnormal hemoglobin
is produced in red blood cells
 Spina bifida – one or more vertebrae do not
form properly, leaving a gap in the spinal
column and leading to damage of the spinal
cord
 Turner’s syndrome – an X chromosome is
completely or partially missing
36
Major Tissue Types
Epithelial
 Covering, lining, or gland
 Covers the body and most organs
Connective
 Most abundant
 Matrix separates the cells
 Blood
 Osseous tissue (bone)
37
Major Tissue Types (cont.)
Muscle
 Shortens and elongates
 Contracts and relaxes includes skeletal,
smooth, and cardiac
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
38
Major Tissue Types (cont.)
Nervous
 Specializes to send impulses to neurons,
muscles and glands
Nervous Tissue
39
Apply Your Knowledge
What is cystic fibrosis?
40
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
What is cystic fibrosis?
Cystic fibrosis is life-threatening disease that
affects the lungs and pancreas.
41
Summary
Medical Assistant
The body is organized from the chemical level
all the way up to the organ system level.
You will also learn important terminology used in
the clinical setting to describe body positions
and parts.
42
End of Chapter
43