Syrian Private University
Medical Faculty
Medical Terminology
M.A.Kubtan , MD – FRCS
Lecture 4
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THE MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
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Objectives
Objectives
•Name the parts of the musculoskeletal
system and discuss the function of each
part.
•Define combining forms used in building
words that relate to the musculoskeletal
system.
•Identify the meaning of related
abbreviations.
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Objectives CONT’D
Objectives Part 2
•Name the common diagnoses, laboratory
tests, and clinical procedures used in
treating the musculoskeletal system.
•Define the major pathological conditions
of the musculoskeletal system.
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Objectives CONT’D
Objectives Part 3
•Define surgical terms related to the
musculoskeletal system.
•List common pharmacological agents
used in treating the musculoskeletal
system.
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Structure and Function
Forms the body framework
Protects and
supports
internal
organs
Enables the
body
to move
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Bones
Bones
•Composed of
osseous tissue
•Osteoblasts are
bone-forming cells
•Consists of a
rich supply of
blood vessels and
nerves
•Osteoclasts are
responsible for
reabsorbing dead
bone tissue
Bone cells are called osteocytes
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Ossification
Bones
The development of osteocytes and the
hardening process is called ossification.
Ossification depends on:
calcium
vitamin D
phosphorus
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Common Bone
Categories
Bones
The adult skeleton has 206 bones.
Common Bone Categories
•Long bones
(Femur)
•Irregular bones
(Vertebrae)
•Short bones
(Wrist bones)
•Sesamoid bones
(Kneecap)
•Flat bones
(Skull)
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Parts ofBones
Long Bones
Parts of long bones:
• The shaft is the longest portion also
called the diaphysis.
• The ends are called the epiphysis.
• Space between the epiphyses and the
diaphysis is called the metaphysis.
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Parts of Long Bones Part 2
Parts of a long bone
•Articular cartilage is a
thin flexible substance
that provides protection
at movable points.
•Medullary cavity
contains yellow bone
marrow.
Articular
cartilage
Space
containing
red marrow
Spongy bone
Epiphyseal
disks
Proximal
epiphysis
Medullary
cavity
Compact
bone
Yellow
marrow
Periosteum
•Red bone marrow is
found in infant bones
and the flat bones of
adults.
Diaphysis
Femur
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Distal
epiphysis
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Cranial
Bones
Cranial
•Temporal Bones
•Frontal
•Parietal
•Ethmoid
•Sphenoid
•Occipital
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Sinuses are cavities
that reduce the
Sinuses
weight of a bone.
•Frontal sinuses
•Ethmoid sinuses
•Maxillary sinuses
•Sphenoid sinuses
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FacialBones
Bones
Facial
•Lacrimal bone
•Ethmoid bone
•Nasal bones
Zygomatic bone
Maxillary bones
Mandible
Palatine bone
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Spinal Column
Spinal
Column
•Cervical = 7
•Thoracic = 12
Consists of
five sets of
vertebrae
•Lumbar = 5
•Sacrum = 5
•Coccyx = 1
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•Clavicle
Bones
Bonesof
ofthe
theChest
Chest
•True ribs
•Scapula
•False ribs
•Sternum
•Floating ribs
The chest cavity is also referred
to as the thoracic cavity.
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of the Pelvis
Bones of Bones
the Pelvis
•ilium
•ischium
•pubes
•pelvic cavity
The pubic symphysis is where both pubic
bones join.
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Bones
Bones of
of the
the Extremities
Extremities
Upper Arm
Lower Arm
•Humerus
•Ulna
•Radius
Hand and Fingers
•Carpals (wrist)
•Metacarpals (palm)
•Phalanges (fingers)
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Bones
Bones of
of the
the Extremities
Extremities (Cont’d)
Part 2
Upper Leg
•Femur
Lower leg
•Tibia (shin)
•Fibula
•Patella (kneecap)
Feet and Toes
•Tarsals
•Calcaneus (heel)
•Metatarsals
•Phalanges
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Amphiarthroses Joints Diarthroses
•Moves slightly
•Moves freely
Joints
(articulations)
Synarthroses
No movement
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Tendons and Ligaments
Tendons are bands of fibrous tissue that
connect muscles to bone.
Ligaments connect bones to other bones.
A joint lubricator (synovial fluid)
helps synovial joints move
easier.
Movement occurs at joints with the
assistance of muscles, tendons and
ligaments.
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Muscles
Muscles contract (shorten) and extend to
provide body movement.
Types of Muscles
•Voluntary (skeletal)
•Involuntary (smooth or visceral)
•Cardiac
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Muscles Muscles
- Fascia
Most muscles are
covered by a band
of connective tissue
called fascia, that
supports the
muscle.
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Forms forms
Match theCombining
following combining
and meanings.
ankyl (o)
heel
arthr (o)
bent
brachi (o)
joint
calcane (o)
arm
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Match Combining
the following
combining
Forms
Part 2forms
and meanings.
carp (o)
cartilage
cephal (o)
hump
chondr (o)
head
dactyl (o)
wrist
kyph (o)
fingers, toes
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Forms
Part 3forms
Match Combining
the following
combining
and meanings.
foot
my (o)
myel (o)
pod (o)
oste (o)
phalang (o)
finger or toe bone
muscle
bone
spinal cord; bone
marrow
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Match Combining
the following
combining
Forms
Part 4forms
and meanings.
curved
rachi (o)
vertebra
scoli (o)
spine
spondyl (o)
ulnar
ten (o)
tendon
uln (o)
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Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Tests
Medical specialists that treat
disorders of the musculoskeletal
system:
•Orthopedists
•Podiatrists
•Osteopaths
•Chiropractors
•Rheumatologists
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Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Tests Pt 2
Performing internal examinations or the use of
x-rays, scans, and radiographs are often required to
diagnose bone and muscle ailments.
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Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory Tests Pt 3
•Arthrography
•Electromyogram
•Arthroscopy
•Magnetic
resonance imaging
(MRI)
•Diskography
•Computed tomography (CT)
•Myelography
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Diagnostic, Procedural, and
Laboratory
Tests
4 of
Laboratory
tests measure
thePt
levels
substances found in some musculoskeletal
disorders.
Common laboratory tests
•Calcium
•Rheumatoid
factor test
•Creatine
phosphokinase
(CPK)
•Phosphorus
•Uric acid
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Pathology
Causes of musculoskeletal disorders
•Birth defects
•Injury
•Degenerative disease
•Systemic disorders
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Pathology Part 3
•Injury or trauma to the joints or
muscle may cause a sprain.
•Overuse of a muscle may cause a
strain.
Other conditions:
•Tendinitis
•Subluxation
•Dislocation
•Osteoporosis
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Pathology Part 4
Musculoskeletal Pain and Discomfort
•Osteoalgia
•Myalgia
•Arthralgia
•Arthritis
•Tetany
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Terms
Almost anySurgical
major part
of the
musculoskeletal system can now be
surgically repaired.
Supportive devices
•Cast
•Traction
•Splints
•Prosthetic devices
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Reduction
is the return
of aPart
part2to its
Surgical
Terms
normal position.
Osteoplasty is repair of a bone.
Tenotomy is the cutting into a tendon to
repair a muscle (myoplasty).
Arthroplasty is repair of a joint.
Laminectomy is removal of part of a
spinal disk.
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