Chapter 29
Civil Rights
I. Taking on Segregation
A. Civil Rights Act of 1875
declared unconstitutional in 1883
B. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) makes
segregation legal
C. Southern states pass Jim Crow laws
D. De facto segregation existed in the North
and de jure segregation in the South
E. WWII set the stage for the civil rights
movement
F. Challenging segregation in court
1. NAACP lawyer, Thurgood Marshall
argued many cases against segregation
before the Supreme Court
2. His most important victory was Brown v.
Board of Education (1954) where the Court
struck down segregation as
unconstitutional
G. Reaction to the Brown decision
1. Much of the South resisted integration
2. President Eisenhower was forced by
events in Little Rock, Arkansas to act
3. He sent the U.S. Army to protect the 9
black students who were integrating
Central High School
H. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
1. Rosa Parks was arrested on December 1,
1955 in Montgomery
2. Leaders in the African American
community formed the Montgomery
Improvement Association to organize a
boycott of the buses—they elected Martin
Luther King Jr. as their leader
3. The boycott lasted 381 days until the
Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation
in late 1956
I. Dr. King and the SCLC
1. King was influenced by the teachings of
Gandhi—especially the idea of
nonviolence
2. After the boycott King founded the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
3. Leaders of the SCLC hoped to build a
grassroots organization that would win the
support of ordinary African Americans
4. In 1960 students formed the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee or
SNCC
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1. In Saudi Arabia women are legally prohibited
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2. Urban New Jersey neighborhoods that 90%
of the population is made up of minorities
3. NCAA women’s basketball prohibits men
from playing on their teams
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4. Whites only bathrooms and other public
facilities in the South
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The black students who integrated Central
High School in Little Rock, Arkansas were
known as the :
Arkansas Nine
Freedom members
Little Rock fighters
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II. The Triumphs of a Crusade
A. The freedom riders challenged segregation
in the South
B. They were met with violence which helped
their cause of portraying Southern
segregationists as evil
C. SCLC and Dr. King try to desegregate the
most segregated city in America—
Birmingham, Alabama
1. Dr. King was arrested
2. After protests, an economic boycott and negative
media coverage of police brutalizing peaceful marchers,
Birmingham officials gave in and desegregated the city
D. After President Kennedy sent a civil rights
bill to Congress African American leaders
planned a march on Washington
E. On August 28th 1963 250,000 people
converged on the mall and Dr. King gave one
of the most famous speeches in American
history.
F. After JFK was assassinated LBJ got the Civil
Rights Act of 1964 passed
G. Fighting for voting rights during freedom
Summer in 1964
H. The violence at the protest march in Selma,
Alabama in 1965 persuaded LBJ to push for
the Voting Rights Act of 1965
Why did Civil Rights leaders want to be
attacked during their protests?
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1. Because the principle of non-violence calls
for provocation of violence which builds
sympathy for your cause
2. Because they wanted an excuse to fight back
against their enemies
3. Because they wanted to become famous
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4. Because they were racists themselves
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the white population
What was the political effect of the
1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965
Voting Rights Act?
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1. The Democratic Party gained power in the
South
2. African Americans voted for the Democratic
Party in larger numbers than before
3. Southern States that had voted Democratic
for decades started to abandon the
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III. Challenges and Changes in the Movement
A. The movement shifts focus to racial
prejudice in the North
1. White Flight produced de facto
segregation in Northern cities
2. African Americans wanted equality of
opportunity in jobs, housing, and
education
B. Angry blacks rioted in cities such as Los
Angeles, New York, Detroit, and Newark
National Guardsmen wielding rifles with
bayonets advanced along Springfield
Avenue in Newark on July 14, 1967.
Twenty-three people were killed and 700
injured in rioting
C. Malcolm X represented a new, more
aggressive direction for the Civil Rights
movement
D. Stokely Carmichael and other started the
Black Power movement which called for blacks
to take control of their goals and organizations
E. The Black Panthers were founded in 1966
and were also representative of the radicalism
of some segments of the African-American
community
F. 1968—A turning point in Civil Rights
1. Dr. King’s assassination
2. Rioting in many cities—Baltimore,
Washington D.C., Chicago and Kansas City
3. Robert F. Kennedy assassinated
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G. Legacy of the Civil Rights movement
1. An end to legal discrimination through
new laws
2. A greater feeling of pride for blacks
3. More black entertainers and celebrities
4. An increase in political power
Movement of whites out of the
cities was known as:
White Escape
White Flight
White Right
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Why did LBJ feel betrayed by the
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1. Because he had specifically asked Civil Rights
leaders to be peaceful
2. Because Martin Luther King Jr. had promised to
maintain non-violence
3. Because he felt that African Americans should have
been grateful for the passage of the civil rights acts
of ’64 and ’65
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Malcolm X and other Black Power leaders
Which of the following is NOT part of the
legacy of the civil rights movement?
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1. Increased political power for AfricanAmericans
2. Made discrimination illegal by law.
3. Created more opportunity for AfricanAmericans
4. Equal pay for all African-Americans in the
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