Cleveland CH: 7
Essential Question: How did Islamic separatist movements
affect the Ottoman Empire?
RELIGIOUS REFORM AND YOUNG TURK
ERA
THE ERA OF ABDUL HAMID II

Islamic world at the end of the 19th Century



All parts of Islamic world dominated by Europe
Europeanization and reforms were blamed.
Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909)

Political
Suspended Constitution of 1876
 Dissolved bureaucracy and strengthened palace control
 Censorship was used to maintain control.
 Suppress nationalist movements
 Strengthen ties with Germany


Social

Ended ties with the west and focused on Islamic heritage

Adopted Pan-Islam

As caliph he represented all Muslims in the world.
Education reforms continued focused on European sciences but
Islamic traditions and morals.
 Communication and transportation made communication easier.

ISLAMIC PURITANISM

Wahhabi Movement

Muhammad ibn al-Wahhab (1703-1792) from central Arabia

Preached the oneness of god



Distained Sufism due to its lineage of saints.
Fundamentalist: looked to family and tribe as guides
Abd al-Wahhab’s message attracted Ibn Sa’ud a warrior
from Arabia
1803 Captures Mecca
 Wahhabism’s fundamentalism became a part of 20th century Islamic
reformers.


Sanusi Movement (eastern Libya)

Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi (1787-1859)
Recreate the community of the Prophet. Focused on desert life
 Successfully integrated Muslims in the region into Sanusism.

ISLAMIC PURITANISM

Mahdiyyah Movement (northern Sudan)
 Muhammad
Ahmad (1844-1885)
 Claimed
to be directly inspired by God.
 Rebelled against Egypt’s occupation as well as a
purification movement.
 Renounced worldly goods, claimed poverty was a virture.
 Created a full-fledged state and with military conquests
conquered most northern Sudan

Declared jihad on Egypt
Cleveland Ch: 8
Essential Question: How did the Young Turk reforms contribute
to the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire?
YOUNG TURKS
EUROPEAN ALLIANCES

Growth of Japanese power




Russo-Japanese War 1904-05
Victory of Asia over Europe
Example of reform
European Alliances


1882 Triple Alliance
Entente Cordiale 1904


Triple Entente1907


Russia and Britain in Iran
Alliances effects on Ottomans


Settle territorial disputes
Eastern Question
Ottoman Response
THE REVOLT OF 1908 AND THE YOUNG TURKS IN
POWER

Young Turks Movement


Exiled community
Discontented civil servant and students


Disaffected army officers


1908 demand the constitution is reinstated.
1909 Conservative counter revolution



1889 CUP
3rd Army put down revolt and supported the new parliament.
Hamid was exiled and replaced by his younger brother Mehmet V
(1909-1918)
By 1913 CUP consolidates power with virtual military
dictatorship



Led by Enver, Talat and Jamal Pashas.
Ended Censorship of Hamid II
Reduced incompetent and inefficient bureaucrats

Privileged families disliked these reforms
IDEOLOGY AND POLITICS: THE DEBATE ON
IDEOLOGY

After the Young Turks took power in 1908 they had to decide what
type of empire it was.




Young Turks were committed to Ottomans and constitutionalism



Ottoman empire: Everyone would be equal
Islamic empire: Fundamental Islamic values
Turkish state: with other minorities attached
Ended Millet system
Continued to stress the role of sultan as caliph
Continued dissolution after 1908





Bulgaria proclaimed independence
Austria annexed Bosnia
Crete declared union with Greeks
1911 Italy invades North Africa
1911 Albania proclaimed its independence joined Balkan League


First Balkan War
By 1913 Ottomans had gone from 6.1 million people in Europe in 1912 to 1.9
Million
IDEOLOGY AND POLITICS: THE DEBATE ON
IDEOLOGY

Shift to Pan-Turkism
 Stressed
existence of unifying bonds among all
speakers of Turkish.
 Never attracted sustained support

Turkism
 Stressed
the Turkish role in the success of the
Ottoman empire.
 There was a pre-Islamic and pre-Ottoman aspect
that separated Turks from the rest of the empire.
THE CUP AND THE ARAB PROVINCES

CUP attempted to centralize government in the provinces

Purged administration in favor for CUP friendly officials.



This affected long-established wealthy Arab families
Arabs in the provinces saw this as an attack on their customs.
Arabism

Demanded Arab administration be appointed in Arab Territories


Party of Ottoman Administrative Decentralization


Wanted more autonomy and less centralization
Arab nationalist group that wanted resolution with Ottomans not
independence.
CUP made superficial reforms, appointing a few Arabs to high
positions.