Cultural Geography
Fundamentals of the Human Mosaic
Terry Jordan,
Chapter 1
(Move to next slide before class)
Textbook
• The bookstore has the text.
• It should be on the shelves soon.
• Roberts had books on the shelves last week.
Homework 1 Prompt:
•
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Paper 1 Prompt, Indigenous Culture:
Select your native indigenous culture from a list. (If you wish to
use one not on the list, please see me first.)
1) Identify and use web sites developed by this culture, not made by another entity.
2) How does your indigenous group describe their religious or philosophical relationship
with the land?
3) How did they use the environment to thrive in the past?
4) What do they say about their homeland and territorial claims? 5) What are their views
on biodiversity conservation, resource extraction, and/or bio-prospecting?
6) Compare their answers to the last 4 questions with your previous beliefs and
assumptions about indigenous groups.
7) What roles do maps play on the web sites?
8) What other indigenous or popular cultures have competing land claims?
9) What major issues does the site highlight, and how do these issues relate to
globalization?
(10) You must have a good introduction, a good conclusion, and good grammar.
Amerindian Tribes
• If you do not have a favorite tribe, see
http://www.greatdreams.com/native.htm for
a list of American First Nations
List: part 1
Abenaki
Comanche
Koasati
Nomlaki
Serrano
Wintu
Accohannock
Costanoan
Koshare
Nooksack
Shasta
Woodland
Achomawi
Coushatta
Ktunaxa
Nootka
Shawnee
Wyandot
Acoma
Cowichan
Kutenai
Occaneechi
Shinnecock
Yagua
Adenas
Cowlitz
Kuiu
Oglala
Shoalwater
Yakama
Alabama-Coushatta Tribe
of Texas
Creek
Kumeyaay
Ohlone
Shoshone
Yavapai
Alleghans
Crees
Kwakiutl
Ojibwe
Shuswap
Yokuts
Aleut
Crow
Lakota
Okanogan
Siksika
Yosemite
Algonkin
Dakota
Lenni-Lenape
Omaha
Siletz
Yuki
Amonsoquath
Deh Cho
Listuguj
Oneida
Sioux
Yuma
Cherokee
Delaware
Luisenos
Onondaga
Sisseton Wahpeton
Yunsai
Apache
Dene
Lumbee
Osage
Six Nations
Tup'ik
Arikara, Mandan, Hidatsa
Diegueno
Lummi
Ottawa
S'Klallam
Yurok
Anishinabe
Dineh
Mahican
Otoe & Missouria
Snohomish
Zuni
Anasazi
Edisto
Maidu Mechoopda
Pai Yuman
Skokomish
Apalachee
Eeyou
Makah
Paiute
Snoqualmie
Source:
Aquidneck
Erie
Mandans
Pala
Spokane
Arapaho
Esketmc
Mascoutan
Papago
Stillaguamish
Arawak
Eskimo
Mattabetic
Passamaquoddy
Suquamish
http://www.great
dreams.co
m/nativeb.
htm
List: part 2
Arikara
Esselen
Mattaponi
Patuxet
Aroostook
Assateague
Flathead
Maya
Patwin
Assiniboine
Fond du lac
Meherrin
Pawnee
Athabaskan
Gabrielino
Menominee
Pee Dee
Atsina
Goshute
Metoac
Pembina
Band
Aztecs
Gros Ventre
Miami
Pennicook
Bella Coola
Gwichin
Miami Chippewa
Penobscot
Beothuk
Haida
Miccosoukee
Peoria
Blackfeet
Haliwa-Siponi
MicMac
Pequot
Blackfoot
Havasupai
Middle Woodland
PimaMaricopa
Bodega Miwok
Hawaii
Mingo Iroquois
Piman
Source:
List: part 3
Brothertown
Hidatsa
Minnesota
Pitt River
Tongva
Ho-Chunk
Mississippi
Bands
Plateau
Tuchone
Cahuilla
Hohokam
Missouri
Tribes
Pocomoke
Tulalip
California
Hopi
Miwok
Pomo
Tumucuan
Calusa
Hodenosaunee
Modoc
Ponca
Tunica-Biloxi
Carrier Sekani
Houma
Mohawk
Portage Band
Umatilla
Catawba
Hualapai
Mohegan
Potawatomi
Unami
Cayuga
Hupa
Mohican
Powhatan
Ute
Cayuse
Huron
Mojave
Pueblo
Vanyume
Chehalis
Illinois
Monacan
Puyallup
Yakwal
Cherokee
Incas
Mono
Quapaw
Yana
Caddo
Source:
List: part 4
Keetoowah
Navajo
Saponi
Washoe
Ciboney
Kickapoo
Nez Perce
Saskatchewan
Wea
Clatsop
Kiowa
Nipissing
Sauk/Fox
Wichita
Cocopah
Kiowah
Nipmuc
Secwepemc
Willams
Coeur d'Lane
Keres
Nisga'a
Seminole
Winnebago
Coharie
Klallam
Nisqually
Seneca
Wiinnemucca
Source:
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Educational Opportunity Program and Services (EOPS)
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Computer access: Library, Clark Hall Student Union, MLK Library etc.
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Science lab (Clark Hall)
Health Services
Counselling Services
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Assessment
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International Students
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Geography: Growth and Development
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Hippocrates: philosopher, ‘father of Geography’
Explorers: What is where?
Scientists: How does it work?
Conquerors: What can I get by taking it?
Emperors: How can I get more out of it?
Planners: How can we make it work for society?
Environmentalists: How can we preserve it, and keep
ourselves from destroying it?
• Generally: How can I improve the quality of my life?
• At different times and in different places, Geography and its
applications developed differently over time, focusing on
different problems using different paradigms striving to attain
different purposes.
Cultural Geography
Fundamentals of the Human Mosaic
Terry Jordan,
Chapter 1
(Move to next slide before class)
Geography
• Description of the Earth
– (Inquiry: who, what, where, when, why, and how)
• Discovery: Who and what is where?
• Understanding: Why are the patterns there?
• Consequence: What do these patterns affect?
• Interdependence: How is this all related?
• Relevance: When, where, & why does it matter?
• Diagnostic: Why did these things happen there?
• Prognostic: How can we do a better job?
Historical description of the Earth
•
Geographers study the earth, and attempt to describe and explain its patterns of physical and human activity.
http://www.thesavvytraveller.com/agraphics/tools/fibrelok/old_world_map.jpg
Cultural Geography
• The study of spatial variations among
cultural groups and the spatial
functioning of society.
• Geographers study cultures and how they
work from a spatial perspective.
– So… what is culture?
Culture: (chapter heading)
• Learned Collective Human Behavior
–
–
–
–
What we have commonly learn and do
Behavior is based on beliefs of how things work.
Behavior produces material goods and byproducts.
This is weighted towards actions, without recognizing
underlying beliefs, of products or byproducts.
•
•
•
•
Anthropologists and sociologists study activities.
Archaeologists look at the artifacts that remain.
Psychologists study how and what we think and learn.
Geographers study the variation and pattern of beliefs, activities,
artifacts, and byproducts to develop a wide variety of spatial
understanding, including knowledge of space and place, of site and
situation.
Culture: book definitions
1. Learned Collective Human Behavior (partial)
2. A total way of live held in common by a group of
people, including such learned features as
speech, ideology, behavior, livelihood,
technology, and government (list, incomplete set)
3. The local customary way of doing things – a way
of life (illuminates one part)
4. An ever-changing process in which a group is
effectively engaged (focus on change, needs more)
5. A dynamic mix of symbols, beliefs, speech, and
practices (individual or group? What about things?)
(If you use all five definitions, you fully define culture.)
Culture: Anthropology clarify
• An Anthropological Definition:
– sociofacts, mentifacts and artifacts representative of a
cadre.
• Simplified
– Culture: Actions, beliefs, and things
representative of a group
– This includes material and non-material culture,
thought and action, and is complete but simple.
• Definition reflects teaching goals:
– My goal: Be brief. Be clear. Be complete.
– There are many ways to say the same thing.
– (Just be complete and clear.)
• (The simpler definition is expanded upon by the
more expansive book definitions. All have utility.)
Spatial Variation and Pattern
• Variation: causes
– Every place is related to every other place. Closer
places are more related [Tobler’s Law]
• Pattern:
– If you can find a pattern, the structure is often
more learnable.
– If you understand the causes of the pattern, it
often becomes more predictable.
– Discover, locate, map, understand, correlate,
causation(s), use(s), consequence(s), response(s)
Physical Environment
• Culture is built upon physical foundations
• (We cannot yet build castles in the sky)
• (Even if we could, weather would still matter.)
– Landforms: land use transportation, modification
• Ex: San Francisco
– Geologic Strata: extract
• Anthropocene era?
– Soils: degrade, use, overuse, change
• Midwest, Central Valley CA
– Climate and Weather: adapt to it, change it?
• (How?!!)
– Organisms: transport, support, modify, or destroy
• Humans as agents of change
Physical Environment: Interaction
• example
– Landforms modify air masses  precipitation
– Precipitation weathers and transports soils.
– Soils affect and are affected by plant growth.
– This affects animal species, including humans.
– We are dependent upon our environment for our air,
water, food, living space, in essence our very
existence.
http://virtualastronaut.jsc.nasa.gov/textonly/act10/images/topo
map.jpg
Landforms:
• Access
• Barrier
• Utility
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/topo/img/ca.jpg
Climate Zones
• Where and when do you want to live, work, and play?
• What other activities are controlled or modified by climate?
http://www.learn.londonmet.ac.uk/packages/clear/thermal/climate/diversity/images/koppen_map.jpg
World Vegetation
http://www.maps.com/ref_map.aspx?pid=12881
• Resources, perspectives, activities,
constraints, plants, animals
World Soils
• Crucial to our food supply…
Cultural Variation:
• Cultures use the environment differently based
on their local values and preferences.
• Book: Wheat cultivation
• California: cattle, grape cultivation, and cities
– Where?
– Why?
– Local land use changes…
• Cattle to grapes
• Cattle to agriculture
• Agriculture to housing
CA
Vineyard
growth
(Focus
on the
pattern
only.)
•
http://www.bentleycartographic.com/files/gimgs/9_wine.jpg
CA Urban growth
• Review map
interpretation
and query:
What does it
mean? How
accurate?
•
Image:
http://www.spur.org/documents/articl
e110107_images/map003.gif
Cultural Themes (in all chapters)
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Cultural Region
Cultural Diffusion
Cultural Ecology
Cultural Interaction
Cultural Landscape
– All 5 themes are used in every chapter.
– Each theme is used to provide cultural insight.
– In reality, these themes are highly interrelated.
Example: One Cultural Theme Relationship
• Cultural Regions change as attributes spread.
• Cultural Diffusion then changes environmental impacts.
• Cultural Ecology feedbacks then modify the implementations
of this diffusion.
• Cultural Interaction occurs as changes in each part of the
culture affect other parts, often producing visible change.
• Cultural Landscapes then change as old and new cultural
attributes are re-distributed, gained, or lost in the local
environment. This change of cultural distributions affects
how we perceive them.
• (repeat)
Cultural Region
(The first of 5 themes)
• Definition: A geographical unit based on
characteristics and functions of a culture
– Types:
• Formal
• Functional
• Vernacular
Formal Cultural Region
• Definition
– Areas that fit within a definition are a formal region.
– Book: relatively homogeneous with respect to one trait
– (Me) Change: homogeneous  predominant
• Border zones:
– Transition between two or more formal regions
– (Depending on the definition, formal zones may overlap.)
– Border zones are often fluid, changing over time.
• Core-periphery
– At the core of a region, the characteristic dominates.
– At the periphery, the characteristic influence weakens.
Formal Region Example: World Languages
•
http://www.theodora.com/maps/world/world_language_map_transparent.gif
Functional Cultural Region
• Definition: Organized to function politically,
socially, or economically as one unit.
• Usually have a node and a service area.
• Within a functional region, a relationship
works.
– There is also a core-periphery relationship in
many functional regions.
• In the core, the function is more strongly or frequently
used
• In the periphery, use is reduced.
– Particularly in social and economic functional regions
– One cause: distance decay effect
Functional
Regions
• Outside the
region, the
function is not
as good…
• e.g. It doesn’t
work
• or isn’t used
as much.
http://www.fcc.gov/ftp/Bureaus/MB/Databases/fm_tv_service_areas/maps/FM73207.gif
Functional Region: San Jose
•
http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/zonemap/images/frontpage.gif
Functional Cultural Region (sub-types)
• Within a functional region, a relationship works.
– Economic
• Service area of a business, airport
– Social
• Service area of a church, recreation center, school
– Political
• Nation, city, voting district, school district,
– Service
• water & power grids, phone networks, police, firemen
– Test prep: You should be able to define terms,
recognize them when presented, AND provide
examples of them.
Vernacular Cultural Region
• Definition: perceived to exist by its inhabitants
Vernacular Regions: One Study
•
http://www.csiss.org/learning_resources/content/g5/materials/G5_Image_Library/de_Blij_figures/IMAGE_06.JPG
Cultural Diffusion
(The second of 5 themes)
• Definition: The spread of elements of culture
from the point of origin over an area.
– Cultures change over time.
– Innovations and discoveries are made.
– Cultural attributes then spread over time.
• If you can tell how they spread, you can anticipate
future diffusion more accurately.
– Spread of what we commonly do / believe / have
• (spread cultural aspects)
Cultural Diffusion: Initial Change
• (Before diffusion, something must change.)
• Independent Invention
– Different people independently came up with
the same overall concept, activity, idea, or
thing.
– Examples:
•
•
•
•
Calculus
Blowguns
Propagation using plant parts
Seed propagation
Cultural Diffusion: Delays
• Time Distance Decay
– As distance increases and time passes, the
amount of cultural interaction reduces.
• Absorbing and Permeable Barriers
– Barriers either slow down or stop diffusion.
– Absorbing barriers stop a specific change
• Impermeable barriers: strong cultural or religious taboos
– Permeable barriers slow change down.
• Permeable barriers: mountains, swamps, jungles
Distance Decay:
How far do/would you go to buy:
• A coke or coffee?
• Your groceries?
• A computer?
• Your car?
• A life-saving drug that you Really Need?
(This relates to the costs and benefits of traveling.)
– Time
– Resources
– Perceived importance
– Combining destinations.
Distance Decay
• Interaction falls off
(decays) as distance
increases.
• This varies based on
the activity.
•http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch7en/meth7en/img/retaildistancedecay.gif
Time Distance Decay
• Definition: the decrease in acceptance of a cultural
innovation with increasing time and distance from
its origin.
• Two contributions: Distance and Time
– Distance decay: The decrease in cultural interaction with
distance
• Example: you go to closer places more often.
– Time decay: After initial growth, there is a decay in time of
the attribute as competing cultural attributes compete.
• Example: fads come and go.
– Combined: Some fads never reach the periphery, and
others have little effect. (Some consider this a good thing.)
Cultural Diffusion Types
• Relocation diffusion
• Expansion diffusion
– Hierarchical
– Contagious
– Stimulus
• Query student examples.
Relocation Diffusion
• Definition: Spread of any innovation or cultural
attribute through migration
• Migration: permanent move from one location to
another.
– You take much of your culture with you.
Right side image: loading a car with (too much?) stuff, http://www.treehugger.com/moving-Left car.jpg
Center: moving household and house: http://blog.gibbs-smith.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/tiny-house_wide.jpg
Left side Image: Overloaded car with happy commuter, http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlDC/original/moving.jpg
Expansion Diffusion
• Definition: Spread of any innovation or
cultural attribute in which more people
in more areas adopt the attribute
• Three sub-types
– Hierarchical Diffusion
– Contagious Diffusion
– Stimulus Diffusion
Hierarchical Diffusion
• Definition: a type of expansion diffusion
in which innovations spread from one
important person to another or from
one urban center to another,
temporarily bypassing other persons or
rural areas.
– The spread is a network of transmission.
– Preference goes to those first served by the
network.
– Examples: phone tree, e-mail, fashion
designs, distribution networks,
Hierarchical diffusion
• http://www.lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki/article_image.php?id=93
Contagious Diffusion
• Definition: A type of expansion diffusion
in which cultural innovation spreads by
person-to-person contact, moving
wavelike through an area and
population without regard to social
status
• Examples:
– Contagious diseases,
– news and TV shows
• (in countries where everyone has access)
Contagious Diffusion: Bubonic Plague
•
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Bubonic_plague_map_2.png
Stimulus Diffusion
• Definition: A type of expansion diffusion in
which a specific trait fails to spread, but
the underlying idea or concept is accepted
• Great idea, but the form must change.
• Examples:
– Plaid: Great idea, but not wearing kilts.
– Herding reindeer: great idea, but cows would die.
Stimulus Diffusion: Plaid
Tartan Great Kilt: http://images-mediawiki-sites.thefullwiki.org/01/4/1/9/37617651957186956.jpg
Plaid_Fashion:http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_BpsBGr1Dt_8/SRxPrCWUXVI/AAAAAAAAA18/FXaZ1PF4
2xQ/s400/plaid-fashion-trends.jpg
Cultural Diffusion: Globalization
• Globalization: the binding together of all the lands
and peoples of the world into an integrated system
driven by capitalistic free markets, in which cultural
diffusion is rapid, independent states are
weakened, and cultural homogenization is
encouraged.
• (This definition is limited by its political origins.)
• Any cultural attribute can become global (globalize)
through the network of trade and communications.
– Some of these cultural attributes can globalize and
increase state stability, therefore sovereignty. (vaccines)
– However, homogenization remains an issue. Valuable
cultural attributes and variety can be lost. (ex: seeds)
Historic Globalization
• Silk Road: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Y9xi5n9m3E/TSCiNGItEjI/AAAAAAAAHs0/2lHulQljzyg/s1600/Silk_route.jpg
Discovery:
•
http://jspivey.wikispaces.com/file/view/1492.discovery-CWA156.jpg/71867295/1492.discovery-CWA156.jpg
Historic Globalization: British India
• British India: http://studymore.org.uk/india.jpg
Global Air Routes
• http://upgrd.com/images/upload/image/UA%20route%20map.jpg
Cultural Diffusion: Uneven Development
• The economic pattern of globalization contributes to
uneven development, in which the core benefits by
exploiting peripheral resources.
• Globalization favors the core, which benefits
more.
– Thus, development is uneven.
• Many factors contribute to uneven development.
– Exchange rates: raw materials, goods, services,
– Cultural change,
– Central place effects
– Diffusion
– Distance decay
Cultural Ecology
(The third of 5 themes)
• Ecology: the study of biological systems
– The whole system, not one component
– The interaction of its components
• Cultural ecology studies the interaction of
cultures and the ecosystems they exist
within.
Ecosystem
•
Life support system
http://ecosystems.noaa.gov/images/what_eco_map_lg.gif
Cultural Ecology
• Cultural Adaptation
– Cultures often adapt
differently to similar
environments, based
on cultural norms.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_t5N15gGxjZM/TMl_F45KH5I/AAAAAAAAAFI/4emso71mUnA/s1600/IMG_6090.jpg
http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lft1tv6teK1qcerqgo1_500.jpg
Cultural Ecology
• Environmental Determinism
– Belief that environment determines cultural attributes.
• Environmental constraints determine how certain aspects of
culture must develop.
• Example: Can’t grow crops in the desert using rainfall.
http://images.yourdictionary.com/images/main/A4zone.jpg
Cultural Ecology: Possibilism
• Definition: belief that culture can adapt
in multiple ways to the same or similar
environments
– Difficult (desert crops)
– No high yields
– Amerindian success
– Different methods
• Dry land (various)
• Irrigation (various)
• Combined
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/Y0501E/y0501e21.jpg
Cultural Ecology
• Environmental Perception
– Different responses are often a result of different
environmental perceptions and knowledge bases.
• Different skills, viewpoints, observations
• Natural Hazards
– Risk evaluation and response to natural hazards
vary considerably.
• “Wasn’t so bad last time…”
• “Hurricanes are dangerous, but you can leave & return.”
• (What about earthquakes? Are you worried?)
Cultural Ecology
• Humans as modifiers of the Earth
– Land
• Mines, farms, factories, cities, transportation
– Water
• Poisons, sedimentation, redistribution
– Air
• Pollution, global climate change, aerosols, particulates
Cultural Interaction
(The fourth of 5 themes)
• The relationships between various
elements within a culture
– Each part does not act independently.
– Within cultures, the parts interact.
– Between cultures, the parts interact.
• Religion, economic systems, ethnicity, food
production, acquisition, consumption, work, play,
attire, sleep, housing, business, manufacturing,…
every aspect and every culture
Cultural Interaction
• Social Science perspectives:
– Space, models of space
– Space: strong quantitative connotation.
• There is an objective right answer.
Cultural Interaction
• Humanist perspectives:
– Place
– Topophilia (love of place)
– Subjectivity:
• society is viewed from different perspectives.
– Relevance:
• People base their actions on their sense of place and on spatial
preference. This affects migration, and expenditure of money, time
and resources for the benefit of a place.
• (This is a set of positive and/or negative feedback loops.)
– Beautiful places vs. the Rust Belt and slums
» Individual or Corporate destination:
» San Jose vs. Research Triangle vs Hyderabad vs. …
• Migration, vacation travel, land use change, economics, etc`.
Cultural Landscape
(The fifth of 5 themes)
• Landscapes that express the values,
beliefs, and meanings of a particular
culture.
Cultural Landscape: Symbolic Landscapes
• Major structures and sites
– Structures extant or not
http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/masonicmuseum/images/statue_of_liberty_3.jpg
http://1000mileproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/the-world-trade-center.jpg
Cultural Landscape Patterns
• Three Major Aspects of Cultural Landscape
– Settlement Forms
– Land Division Patterns
– Architectural Styles
Cultural Landscape: Settlement Forms
•
•
Nucleation
– Defense
– More interdependent, trade
Dispersed
– Economics
– More independent farmsteads
http://gis.worcestershire.gov.uk/website/lca/HTMLfiles/LDU/LT%20Drawings/Principal%20Village%20Farmlands%20final.jpg
Cultural Landscape:
Land Division
• Land Division Patterns
– Township & Range grid
• Imperial Valley:
– Long Lot pattern
• near Espanola, NM
– www.earth.google.com
– Query: Other types?
Cultural Landscape
• Architectural Styles
– form
– function
Form and
Function
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/San_Jose_Basilica.jpg
http://www.sjbetsuin.com/pmwiki/uploads/WhoWeAre/temple1.jpg
These Processes Interact.
• Cultural attributes change over time.
– They diffuse over time.
– They interact, changing each other.
– This diffusion is modified by and modifies ecosystems
– Attribute change, diffusion and ecosystem relationships
changes local conditions and patterns.
– This leaves a cultural mark on the landscape, upon which
we may then invest meaning and value.
http://mcmanuslab.ucsf.edu/sites/default/files/imagepicker/m/mmcmanus/san-francisco.jpg
http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/sites/country/img/5676_TerraceRiceFields10_f.jpg
http://dahlonegavineyards.com/threesisters/images/threesisters_3586.jpg
Which perspective should I use?
• It depends.
– What do you like? (This is often not the best choice.)
– What do you have the tools to accomplish? (better…)
– What do you need to know, and how can you achieve this? (best)
Look at the big picture.
Be multi-disciplinary.
(Geography is.)
(The text
encourages this.)
Recap: SJSU Support Centers
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Learning and Resource Center (LARC)
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Computer access: Library, Clark Hall Student Union, MLK Library etc.
Library
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Wrap-Up
• Questions?
• Google Earth