Today:

To What extent was late nineteenth-century
and early twentieth-century United States
Expansionism a continuation of past United
States expansionism and to what extent was it
a departure?
Makeup Progressives quiz will be Thurs AFTER
SCHOOL
 Wed- Create 30 item Matching or Fill in the
Blank test from handout of terms
 Thurs- Lecture
 Monday Test- Imperialism
1.
US Becomes a World Power
APUSH
The AP Outline
• Foreign Policy, 1865-1914
• Seward and the purchase of Alaska
• The new imperialism
– Blaine and Latin America
– International Darwinism: missionaries, politicians, and naval
expansionists
– Spanish-American War
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• Cuban independence
• Debate on Philippines
The Far East: John Hay and the Open Door
Theodore Roosevelt
– The Panama Canal
– Roosevelt Corollary
– Far East
• Taft and dollar diplomacy
• Wilson and moral diplomacy
What is the significance of this
quote?
• “We must have no scruples about
exterminating this other race standing in
the way of progress and enlightenment.”
• American Officer in the Philippines
Racism and Expansion
• Josiah Strong- book Our Country
• Racist justification of imperialism
• Asserted Anglo-Saxon’s had a genius for
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colonization
“God with infinite wisdom and skill is training the
Anglo-Saxon race for the final competition of
races.”
Implication:-weaker, “black, brown and yellow
people were inferior to the Anglo-Saxon…”
American Pattern of Imperialism
• The US will intervene
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in weaker nations
when an
economic/business/
Political interest is
present and in
danger.
National Security
(Bush)
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Hawaii
Cuba
Philippines
China
Columbia/Panama
Nicaragua
Mexico…
Cold War
War on Terror
China and United States Relations
• Why does the United States support an
“Open Door” policy regarding China?
Pro-Imperialism Document
• Secretary of State William Day reflects view- 1898
• “The output of the United States’ manufacturers,
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developed by the remarkable inventive genius and
industrial skill of our people…
Has reached the point of large excess above the demand
of home consumption. Under these circumstances it is
not surprising that greater interest should be exhibited
among our manufacturers and economists in the
enlargement of foreign markets for American goods.”
Factors to Consider
• American culture has spread throughout the
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continent of the US
US is industrialized, needs markets to sell goods
– “Produce exceeded consumption”
• Business interests want expansion- Steel
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industry will support (Navy)
Global Competition over land is present
France, England, Germany, Japan, Italy…
Industrial world vs. Non-industrial world
American Imperialism
• Is the desire on the part of politicians and
industrialists to acquire colonies in order
to support trade and American power.
• Two reasons for obtaining colonies
include:
– Natural Resources
– Markets to sell American goods
• Imperialism is driven by business
interests
• Racism in the form of Social Darwinism
shape attitudes
Darwin justification
• “Nations like species struggle constantly
for existence… only the fittest survive.”
• Pacific Islands
• China
What does a country need in order
to have an obtain colonies?
• A strong navy to protect
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American investment and
control the land
Alfred T. Mahan advocated
strengthening of the American
Navy.
Pro-imperialism- US needs
– Coaling stops
– Repair facilities
– Permanent Bases
Alfred T. Mahan
• In 1890 book, The Influence of Sea Power
Upon History 1660-1783
• National greatness came from maritime
strength
• Very popular Roosevelt ordered a copy for
every ship
• By end of the century US is # 3 Navy in
the world
Missionaries
• US protestant missionaries will support
imperialism
• To convert the “heathen”
• Reflect racist attitudes
Alaska, Hawaii, and Samoa
• In 1867 President Johnson’s
secretary of state William Seward
purchased Alaska from the Russians
for $7.2 million
• In 1878 the Samoans granted the
United States the rights to the naval
base at Pago Pago
How does the US Acquire
Hawaii?
• Hawaii had American planters and
missionaries
• To maintain their power and wealth and
felt that they would benefit from being
part of the US
• The US government was interested:
– Obtaining colonies
– Increasing trade (Hawaii is a good point to
support the navy and strategic for trade)
• The whites on the islands revolted and in
1893 they seized power
Queen Liliukalani
• In 1891 Liliukalani ascended to the throne and tried to
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regain power from the Americans
American marines were sent to the islands to support
the coup
A new government was formed in Washington and so
did a treaty of annexation
Democratic senators blocked ratification
President Cleveland sent a special team to the islands
to investigate the events
They found that the coup had been organized by
American planters
Hawaii was annexed in 1898
One American who supported
Annexation of Hawaii
• Sanford Dole
• Was an advisor to the king
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then
Then the governor during
the Coup de etat
His brother started the Dole
Pineapple business
How does the United States get
involved in a War with Spain?
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McKinley
Yellow Journalism
Joseph Pulitzer- World
William Randolph Hearst- New York Journal
The USS Maine
De Lome Letter
Cuba
Rough Riders- San Juan Hill
Philippines
Aguinaldo
Spain
• Spain was weak
• Lost most of its former colonies in the
early part of 1800s
• Held Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines,
Guam, and various other colonies in Africa
• Americans begin their contact in Cuba first
in the Sugarcane business.
Cubans wanted independence from
Spain
• Fought in 1860’s
• And again in 1895
• Spanish repress Cuban rebels harshly
• Americans sympathize with the Cuban
Rebels
Jose Marti
• Cuban poet and Nationalist
wanted Cuban independence and
begins a guerrilla war against
Spain 1895
• “Man loves liberty, even if he
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does not know that he loves it.
He is driven by it and flees from
where it does not exist.”
Marti was afraid of American
involvement
Later dies in the war.
President William McKinley
• President 1896-1901
• Hesitated to go to war with Spain• Bowes to public pressure- due to
– Yellow Journalism
– Maine Explosion
– De Lome Letter
• Assassinated by an Anarchist-1901
• Theodore Roosevelt takes over after…
Assassination
of McKinley
Yellow Journalism
• The Spanish-American War is often
referred to as the first "media war."
• During the 1890s, journalism that
sensationalized—and sometimes even
manufactured—dramatic events was a
powerful force that helped propel the
United States into war with Spain.
• Newspaper publishers used melodrama,
romance, and hyperbole (exaggeration) to
sell millions of newspapers-
• How do these pictures reflect the idea of
Yellow Journalism?
Pulitzer and Hurst
• Two of the greatest Yellow
Journalists..
• Joseph Pulitzer- publisher of
the New York World
• William Randolph Hearst-
publisher of New York Journal
• “You Furnish the pictures and
I’ll furnish the war.”
De Lome Letter
• Spanish diplomat De Lome, wrote a letter
insulting President McKinley
• This letter was “Leaked” to the press and
caused outrage among Americans.
• Americans became more open to the idea
of War with Spain.
Maine Explodes 1898
• Causes
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Americans to
Blame Spain
Gives
imperialists
and excuse to
take Spanish
possessions
• “Yellow”
Headlines
• “Yellow”
Headlines
• US calls for troops and invades Cuba,
Puerto Rico and the Philippines
Roosevelt, Rough Riders, San Juan
Hill
• Theodore Roosevelt, former governor of
New York, Former Secretary of the Navy,
Philippines
• Pre-planned
attack- in event
of War Dewey
was to attack
• Americans under
Dewey destroy
the Spanish
Fleet in Manila
Bay
Treaty of Paris
• Ends the Spanish American War
• Cuba gets freedom from Spain (US will
control Cuba for some time)
• US gets Guam, Puerto Rico, and Buys
Philippines for $20 million
Puerto Rico
• Why is Puerto
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Rico important
to the US even
today?
Does not
become a
state
Is part of the
US
Cuba
• Was independent
• Teller Amendment- stated US had no
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intention of holding Cuba (Before the War)
However- the US forced the Cubans to adopt the
Platt Amendment– Cuba could not make treaties with foreign countries
to use its territory
– US was allowed to intervene in Cuban affairs
– Cuba could not go into debt
– US could lease land on the island for Navy base
– Cuba was a US Protectorate
• “There is of course little or no independence left
to Cuba.” Wood,
American Commander in Cuba
Yankee Imperialism in Cuba
• Once in “control” of Cuba
• American business begins to assert power
• Tobacco
• Sugarcane
• Fruit
The Philippines and Aguinaldo
The Filipinos wanted independence too
• Emilliano Aguinaldo
• They will fight American control for three
years
• Aguinaldo will eventually be captured and
give up the fight.
US Occupies Philippines
• 70,000 -
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120,000
troops sent
to pacify
Philippines
4000
Americans
and 20,000 –
50,000
Filipinos die
Lasts 3 years
Bloody and
Repressive
Brutal Counter-Insurgency War
• Mass killings
• Concentrations camps
• “We must have no scruples about
exterminating this other race standing in
the way of progress and enlightenment.”
William Howard Taft becomes
• The first American
Governor of the
Philippines.
• Americans claim
and control the
Philippines until
1948
McKinley and Philippines
• McKinley thought
• Returning Philippines to Spain would be
cowardly
• US would not turn over islands to another
Imperial country
• Filipinos were not ready for independence
• US needed to educate the Filipinos
Anti-Imperialism League
• Northeast-Urban
• Some women
• Andrew Carnegie
• Mark Twain
• Samuel Gompers
• William Jennings Bryan (will
later advocate supporting
Treaty of Paris- to bring debate
to the presidential election)
• Undemocratic to hold colonies
• Empire founded upon force
• Make worse racial problems in
US
• “Bringing large numbers of
aliens into the United
States would threaten the
welfare of the nation”
• Morally wrong
• “No man was ever created
good enough to won
another. No nation was
ever created good enough
to own another.” Carnegie
Senator Albert J. Beveridge on Expansion January 9, 1900
• Mr. President, the times call for
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candor. The Philippines are ours
forever, "territory belonging to the
United States," as the Constitution
calls them.
And just beyond the Philippines
are China's illimitable markets. We
will not retreat from either. We will
not repudiate our duty in the
archipelago. We will not abandon
our opportunity in the Orient. We
will not renounce our part in the
mission of our race, trustee, under
God, of the civilization of the
world.
And we will move forward to our
work, not howling out regrets like
slaves whipped to their burdens,
but with gratitude for a task
worthy of our strength, and
thanksgiving to Almighty God that
He has marked us as His chosen
people, henceforth to lead in the
regeneration of the world.
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Mr. President, this question is deeper than
any question of party politics: deeper than
any question of the isolated policy of our
country even; deeper even than any
question of constitutional power. It is
elemental. It is racial. God has not been
preparing the English-speaking and Teutonic
peoples for a thousand years for nothing hut
vain and idle self-contemplation and selfadmiration. No! He has made us the master
organizers of the world to establish system
where chaos reigns. He has given its the
spirit of progress to overwhelm the forces of
reaction throughout the earth. He has made
us adepts in government that we may
administer government among savage and
senile peoples. Were it not for such a force
as this the world would relapse into
barbarism and night. And of all our race He
has marked the American people as His
chosen nation to finally lead in the
regeneration of the world. This is the divine
mission of America, and it holds for us all
the profit, all the glory, all the happiness
possible to man. We are trustees of the
world's progress, guardians of its righteous
peace. The judgment of the Master is upon
us: "Ye have been faithful over a few things;
I will make you ruler over many thing."
From Congressional Record(56th Cong., 1st Session) Vol XXXIII,
China
• Trade with China was very important to US
in the late 1800’s
China “The Sick Man of Asia”
• Chinese government • All had settlements along
was weak
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France
Germany
Britain
Japan
Russia
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the coast
“Spheres of Influence”
Europeans had control of
territory
• The “Chinese Cake”
US wants to protect trade with
China
• 1899 John Hay- Secretary of State
• Wrote of series of notes called the
• “Open Door” notes• All nations allowed to trade with China
• The US would “Safeguard for the world
the principles of equal impartial trade with
all parts of the Chinese Empire”
Boxer Rebellion 1900
• Chinese nationalists resent the foreign control of
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their country and try to push out Europeans and
Americans
Siege foreign embassy
Americans and Europeans fight the Boxers
• The Boxer rebellion came to an end when a
multinational armed force rescued foreign
diplomats in Peking.
China and United States Relations
• Were the “Boxers” justified in their attack
on European powers?
Roosevelt Become President 1901
• Was VP for McKinley- assassinated 1901
Roosevelt and the “Big Stick”
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Roosevelt ardent imperialist
Believed in using American power
“Speak softly but carry a big stick.”
Held racist views of civilization
Civilized= WASP, industrialized
Uncivilized=Non-white, Latin, Slavic, nonindustrial
Common view of imperial powers
“It is the right and duty of civilized nations to
intervene in the affairs of uncivilized nations for
the common good.” Good Web Site
Roosevelt
• Peace maker Russo-Japanese War
• Helped negotiate peace- Treaty of
Portsmouth 1905
• Wins Nobel Peace Prize
Roosevelt Corollary to
Monroe Doctrine
• James Monroe President in the 1820’s
• Stated to European Powers
• No European intervention in Latin America
will be allowed by the United States
• Idea to prevent newly independent Latin
American countries from being colonized
by European powers (Britain, France)
Roosevelt Corollary
• Roosevelt asserts American Imperialism in Latin
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America
“In Western Hemisphere adherence of the
United States to the Monroe Doctrine
May force the US to exercise police power.”
• Means- the US will intervene in Latin America
• Example: Dominican Republic, Haiti, Nicaragua…
• Common reasons will include Financial
Difficulties (Loans from European Powers)
Roosevelt Corollary
Great White Fleet
• Roosevelt sent the US Fleet of Battleships
to express American Power
Panama Canal
• US Needed a Canal- to reduce travel time
• Hay-Panceforte Treaty- 1901 US gained
the exclusive rights to a canal in Central
America
• Location was Panama
• Part of Columbia
• French company had started, US baught
the rights for $40 million
Panama Canal
• Columbia resisted US intentions to build the
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Canal
Roosevelt backs a rebellion of Panamanian
wealthy against Columbia
Nov. 1903 Panama declares independence
With 12 American Warships to help
• US and Panama agree on terms for a Canal
• Canal built 1903-1914 43,000 workers were
used
Map of Panama Canal
Taft and Wilson follow Roosevelt’s
lead regarding Imperialism
• Intervention
• Support of American interests abroad
• Some differences
Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
• President Taft takes over for Roosevelt
• Believe in using American money and
loans from American Banks to influence
Latin American countries
• Idea is to use money to develop Latin
American Countries
• Use $ to control Latin American Countries
Woodrow Wilson 1912-1919
• Democrat (Progressive)
• PHD-Professor then President of PrincetonPolitical Science
• Governor of New Jersey
• Want foreign policy to shape
morality in the World.
• Very religious
• Committed to Peace in the world.
Moral or Missionary Diplomacy
• Wilson, “It would be the irony of fate if my
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administration had to deal chiefly with foreign
affairs.”
Hoped to change relations with Latin Americadidn’t like the “Big Stick” diplomacyWanted to restore Latin American Confidence in
the US
American Economic Expansion with American
Democracy, and Christianity, to civilize the world.
Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan
(Christian, Pacifist- reflected the
Moral/Missionary vision)
“Missionary” Diplomacy
• Wilson saw American influence in the world as a
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moral crusadeWanted to help create a “New World Order”
guided by fair play and cooperation
Wanted to spread democracy and hope to less
fortunate lands
Pledged, “The United States would never
again seek one additional foot of territory
by conquest.”
Wilson and Morality
• “Americans are meant to carry liberty and
justice and the principles of humanity
wherever… convert them to principles of
America.”
• “America must use it’s enormous moral
and material power to create a new order.”
Missionary Diplomacy
• Wilson later, introduced the Jones Act to
Congress asking for self governance for
the Philippines (their own government)
Wilson continues intervention in
Latin America
• Purchase of Virgin Islands from Denmark
• Dominican Republic intervention
• Haiti• Nicaragua
• Example of Mexico
Poor Mexico
• “Poor Mexico So far from God, so close to
the United States”
– Porfirio Diaz Dictator of Mexico
• When Wilson takes office US business has
$1 billion invested in Mexico
• Oil, mines, RR, Ranches
• (more than all other foreign investment
combined)- US has a huge interest in Mex.
Mexican Revolution 1910
• Porfirio Diaz 1884-1911
• Dictator of Mexico
• Pro-American
Different Revolutionary Leaders
• 1911 Diaz deposed by Francisco Madera
• 1913 Madera deposed by Victoriano
Huerta (Madera was murdered)
• Wilson was angry with Huerta and refused
to recognize his government• Wilson supported Venustiano Carranza
who fought against Huerta
Wilson orders Occupation of
Veracruz
• An incident - American sailors are arrested
in Veracruz
• Wilson uses as an excuse to attack
• Fight and occupy Veracruz
• Carranza was able to then force Huerta to
Flee and takes over government
Meanwhile- Pancho Villa
• Francisco “Pancho” Villa was a supporter of
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Carranza- then the two split
Wilson was supporting Villa for a short time but
changes to only Carranza.
• Villa kills Americans and also even attacks New
Mexico 1916
• Wilson responds by sending General Pershing
and 10,000 American troops to find Villa
Mexican Intervention
“Black Jack” Pershing
• “Black Jack”
• Because he commanded
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black troops in Spanish
American War
Chased Pancho Villa for 1
year
Later will lead American
Expeditionary Force in
World War I
Rudyard Kipling- Pro Imperialism
• The White Man’s Burden
• Take up the White Man's burden--
Send forth the best ye breed-Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild-Your new-caught, sullen
peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden-The savage wars of peace-Fill full the mouth of Famine
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
The end for others sought,
Watch sloth and heathen Folly
Bring all your hopes to nought.
• This famous poem,
written by Britain's
imperial poet, was a
response to the
American take over of
the Philippines after
the Spanish-American
War.
Protectorate
• Treaty- strong state agrees to protect
vulnerable territories against 3rd party
(other nation) assault
• In exchange for assistance
Blaine Secretary of State
• Republican under Garfield and Harrison
• Advocated expansion in Latin America and
Pacific
American Military Reforms
• After Spanish American War
• US modernizes military
• Increases #’s of standing Army- 100,000
• Training
• Officer schools
• National Guard reorganization