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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 Living in Latin America

Section 2 People and Their

Environment

Chapter Summary & Study Guide

Chapter Assessment

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Chapter Objectives

• Discuss aspects of the Latin American economy and how geography affects transportation and communications. 

• Explain how Latin America’s forest resources are affected by economic development and how the region’s countries are working with other countries to solve economic and migration problems.

Click the mouse button or press the

Space Bar to display the information.

As you read this chapter, use your journal to note examples of how geography affects life in Latin America and how the people of this region interact with their environment.

Living in Latin America

Objectives

• Identify the basis of the economy of many

Latin American countries. 

• List the advantages and disadvantages for

Mexico of the North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA). 

• Discuss the causes and consequences of

Latin America’s economically dependent status. 

• Explain how the region’s physical geography has affected transportation and communications.




Terms to Know

• export



• service industry



• campesino



• latifundia 

• minifundia 

• cash crop



• developing country



• maquiladora



• North American

Free Trade

Agreement

(NAFTA)




Places to Locate

• Honduras



• Tijuana



Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

The North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA), which went into effect January 1,

1994, provides for the elimination of many trade restrictions among the three countries of

North America by 2009. Goods such as cars and clothing, if produced in North America, will no longer be subject to import tariffs, nor will farm products crossing national borders.

Mexico is emerging with a stronger economy as a result of its expanding trade.

Agriculture

• Latifundia and Minifundia Large agricultural estates owned by wealthy families or corporations are called latifundia.



• These highly mechanized commercial operations produce high yields in return for low labor costs.

(pages 237 –238)



Agriculture

(cont.)


(pages 237 –238)

Agriculture

(cont.)

• Small government-owned farms on which rural farmers grow crops for their families are called minifundia.



• Campesinos have begun combining their farms into large, jointly run cooperatives.



(pages 237 –238)

Agriculture

(cont.)

• Cash Crops and Livestock Latin

American countries are the world’s largest producers of coffee, bananas, and sugarcane for export.



• Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil raise cattle for export on large ranches in grasslands areas. 

• Countries are at economic risk, however, if weather or other disasters destroy their cash crops.

(pages 237 –238)



Agriculture

(cont.)

What are the advantages of the latifundia system? What are the advantages of the minifundia system?

Possible answers: Large commercial farms are probably more efficient and profitable. Workers on large farms probably have more guarantees of employment. Small farms mean independence for farmers.

(pages 237 –238)


Space Bar to display the answer.

Industry

• Industrial Growth Latin America’s physical geography –high mountain ranges and dense rain forests –has made the growth of industry and access to natural resources difficult in many areas. 

• Political instability in some Latin

American countries has made foreign investors wary of investing in Latin

American industry.

(pages 238 –240)



Industry

(cont.)

• Countries with relatively stable governments and sufficient human and natural resources have begun to overcome these obstacles.

(pages 238 –240)

Industry

(cont.)

• Maquiladoras Foreign-owned factories called maquiladoras –most of which are built along the U.S.-Mexico border – provide jobs to people in the host country. 

• They also benefit the foreign corporations by allowing them to hire low-cost labor and provide duty-free exports. 

• On the other hand, the maquiladoras also keep wages down, may encourage dangerous jobs, and often pollute the environment.

(pages 238 –240)



Industry

(cont.)

What is the connection between political instability and foreign investment in Latin

America?

Possible answers: Political turmoil can lead to strikes, demonstrations, civil wars, terrorism, and street fighting.

None of these provide a good environment for business.

(pages 238 –240)



Trade and Interdependence

• NAFTA By encouraging trade among the

United States, Mexico, and Canada, the

North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA) has strengthened Mexico’s economy. 

• Other Latin American countries are watching to see whether a free trade agreement like NAFTA could help their economies as well.

(page 240)




(cont.)


(page 240)


(cont.)

• Foreign Debts Many Latin American countries have used loans from foreign countries to finance industrial development. 

• The economic troubles of the 1980s caused many of these countries to restructure their loans to allow more time to repay, but at a higher total cost. 

• Repayment of foreign debt, in turn, caused needed domestic programs to be halted in some countries for lack of funds.

(page 240)




(cont.)

What are some advantages and disadvantages to NAFTA?

Possible answers: There are advantages to the host country of increased employment and general economic prosperity. Disadvantages include pollution to the host country and encouragement of low-cost jobs that are sometimes dangerous.

(page 240)



Transportation

• Latin America’s physical geography has limited the building of roads, but the region does have a major highway system, the Pan-American Highway. 

• A trans-Andean highway runs through the Andes and links cities in Chile and

Argentina.

(pages 240 –241)



Transportation

(cont.)

• Some Latin American countries have good railroads; other countries lack the funds to maintain their rail systems. 

• As a result, inland waterways such as the

Amazon River, the Paran á-Paraguay

Rivers, and the Panama Canal are still major transport routes for both passengers and cargo. 

• Air travel will help overcome the obstacles of Latin America’s physical geography, but it remains a relatively expensive mode of transportation for most Latin Americans.

(pages 240 –241)



Transportation

(cont.)

How has the geography of Latin America affected its transportation systems?

Possible answers: Transportation in the region is limited because of rugged terrain in many countries. Waterways have played an important role in transportation.

(pages 240 –241)



Communications

• Communications networks are still developing in many countries of Latin

America. 

• Newspapers, radio, and television may be censored during political unrest. 

• Few Latin Americans own phones or computers, although some countries are beginning to provide public access to the Internet.

(page 241)



Communications

(cont.)

Why do you think most people in Latin

America do not have telephones or computers in their homes?

Possible answers: Countries may not have the money to extend telephone wires –necessary for both Internet access and telephones –into remote rural areas. People may not be able to afford personal computers.

(page 241)



Checking for Understanding

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

B farm workers; generally, people who live and work in rural areas

E farm crop grown to be sold or traded rather than used by the farm family

I trade agreement made in 1994

F by Canada, the United States, and Mexico country in the process of becoming industrialized

A commodity sent from one country to another for purposes of trade

A. export

B. campesinos

C.

latifundia

D.

minifundia

E. cash crop

F.

developing country

G. service industry

H. maquiladora

I.

North American

Free Trade

Agreement

(NAFTA)


Space Bar to display the answers.



C in Latin America, large agricultural estates owned by families or corporations

A. export

B. campesinos

D in Latin America, small farms that produce food chiefly for family use

C.

latifundia

D.

minifundia

E. cash crop

H in Mexico, manufacturing plants set up by foreign firms

F.

developing country

G business that provides a service instead of making goods

G. service industry

H. maquiladora

I.

North American

Free Trade

Agreement

(NAFTA)



Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions Why might political instability in a country discourage investors?

A military government or dictator could decide to nationalize a foreign business.




Identifying Cause and Effect What effects might defaulting on debt repayments have?

Defaulting on debt repayments discourages investors and hampers future borrowing ability.




Making Comparisons How are latifundia and minifundia systems of farming alike?

Different?

Latifundia are large, mechanized commercial estates. Minifundia are small subsistence farms. Both are owned by wealthy landowners.



Analyzing Maps

Place Study this economic activity map. Which countries produce the most oil?

Venezuela,

Columbia,

Ecuador, and

Mexico produce the most oil.



Applying Geography

Industrialization In a paragraph, discuss why industrialization requires good transportation and communications systems.

Describe the impact of new technologies.

Possible answer: Without good roads, trucks cannot transport raw materials and products. Expanding telephone and

Internet service could speed the flow of information.



Close

Reread the opening quotation and the first paragraph on page 237 of your textbook.

Volunteer ways in which Latin America’s physical environment relates to the region’s economic development and quality of life.

People and Their Environment

Objectives

• Describe how development has affected Latin

America’s forest resources.



• Explain how Latin American governments are working to balance forest conservation with human and economic development. 

• Discuss the challenges posed by the growth of

Latin America’s urban population.



• Identify the regional and international issues that continue to pose challenges for Latin

American countries.




Terms to Know

• sustainable development



• deforestation



• slash-and-burn



• reforestation



• shantytown




Places to Locate

• São Paulo



• El Salvador




Because of industrial development, the border between Mexico and the United

States has many environmental challenges. About 12 million gallons

(45,424,800 l) of raw sewage flow daily into the Tijuana River, which then empties into the Pacific Ocean. Other rivers carry toxic industrial pollution into the United

States. Some stretches of the Rio Grande, for example, are so polluted that the water is not safe to touch.

Managing Rain Forests

• Latin American rain forests are gradually disappearing. 

• More than 13 percent of the Amazon rain forest has been destroyed for roads, settlements, and mining. 

• Deforestation threatens the lifestyles of indigenous people and risks the extinction of many species of plants and animals that grow or live nowhere else.

(pages 242 –244)




(cont.)

• As the rain forest is depleted, there are fewer trees to absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that is increasingly trapping more heat in the atmosphere and contributing to global warming. 

• Brazil and other rain forest countries are working to provide for the needs of their populations –living space and natural resources –without further destroying the rain forest.

(pages 242 –244)




(cont.)

• Farms and Ranches Versus Forests

Slash-and-burn farming –clearing land by cutting and burning vegetation – results in depleted soil that can be used for only a year or two. 

• Farmers and ranchers then move on and clear more land.

(pages 242 –244)




(cont.)

• Planting for the Future Commercial logging operations also destroy the rain forest. 

• Brazil has set aside about 10 percent of its Amazon rain forest for national forests or parks in which logging is banned. 

• Citizens in Costa Rica are working to conserve their forests, as well. 

• Reforestation, along with new farming, mining, and logging methods can protect the forests.



(pages 242 –244)


(cont.)

Make one suggestion for preserving the rain forest while allowing the people to make a living.

Possible answers: Encourage shade farming for crops like coffee, so that fewer trees would be cut down. Have people replant areas that have been devastated.

(pages 242 –244)



Urban Environments

• Overcrowded Cities As Latin America’s rural workers migrate to cities, they often cannot find adequate housing or jobs. 

• Some are forced to live in makeshift slums and shantytowns, where diseases spread rapidly because of the lack of sanitation systems or running water. 

• Many countries have no clean air laws, making air pollution a serious problem for people in these cities.

(pages 244 –245)




(cont.)

• Building a Better Life National and local governments, international agencies, and grassroots efforts have begun to help Latin American countries address the problems of their overcrowded cities.

(pages 244 –245)


(cont.)

What might an overpopulated city, such as

Mexico City, do to combat the problem of housing?

Possible answers: The national government could budget money for housing. The city government could start a program to turn abandoned buildings into housing for the working poor.

(pages 244 –245)



Regional and International Issues

• Disputed Borders In Latin America many territorial disputes have occurred, usually over the rights to natural resources.

(pages 245 –247)


(cont.)

• Population Growth and Migration

High birthrates that contribute to overpopulation in some Latin American countries have begun to slow down. 

• However, many skilled workers who might otherwise remain in their home countries and help address many problems are emigrating from Latin

America.

(pages 245 –247)




(cont.)

• Disaster Preparedness Physical geography makes Latin America especially vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and hurricanes. 

• Governments in the region are cooperating to help Latin Americans prepare for and anticipate emergencies rather than reacting after the fact.

(pages 245 –247)




(cont.)


(pages 245 –247)


• Industrial Pollution Environmental

(cont.) laws have not kept up with the growth of industry and commercial farms. 

• Air and water pollution have increased.



• Chemical runoff is now crossing borders and threatening neighbor countries.



(pages 245 –247)


(cont.)


(pages 245 –247)


(cont.)

What might Latin American countries do to encourage skilled, educated people not to emigrate?

Possible answers: Attract foreign investment to provide employment for them. Offer them government grants.

Hire them to set up businesses or government programs that will benefit the country and make good use of their skills and education.

(pages 245 –247)





E makeshift communities on the edges of cities

C traditional farming method in which all trees and plants in an area are cut and burned to add nutrients to the soil

A technological and economic growth that does not deplete the human and natural resources of a given area

A. sustainable development

B. deforestation

C. slash-andburn

D. reforestation

E. shantytown





D replanting young trees or seeds on lands where trees have been cut or destroyed

B the loss or destruction of forests, mainly for logging or farming

A. sustainable development

B. deforestation

C. slash-andburn

D. reforestation

E. shantytown




Predicting Consequences How might the destruction of the Amazon rain forest affect your life?

Possible answer: Destruction of the Amazon rain forest might send urban expansion into rural areas and open up more transportation networks.




Making Comparisons Compare the ways urban populations in Latin America and those in your state have modified their physical environments.

Overcrowding and unaffordable housing are issues in both regions.




Drawing Conclusions What circumstances might make environmental protection a low priority for some Latin American governments?

Leaders might see industrial and economic development as an immediate priority.



Analyzing Maps

Human-Environment Interaction Study the maps of the Amazon rain forest below.

What kinds of activities are responsible for these changes?



Analyzing Maps

Logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, mining, cattle ranching, and resettlement are responsible for these changes.

Applying Geography

Mental Mapping Without consulting a map, identify the Latin American countries most at risk from hurricanes. Write a description of ways that a hurricane is a threat to these countries.

Close

Create a crossword puzzle using one clue and word from each subhead in this section.

Section 1: Living in Latin America

(pages 237 –241)

Key Points

• Latin America’s economy is based on the export of agricultural products. 

• A small group of wealthy families or businesses owns a large percentage of the agricultural land in Latin America. 

• The economy of many Latin American countries is linked to one or two cash crops. 

• The maquiladora system, trade agreements, and international borrowing are attempts to speed the industrialization of many Latin

American countries.




(pages 237 –241)

Key Points

• Geographic and economic realities have presented obstacles to developing transportation and communications in the region.

Section 2: People and Their

Environment

(pages 242 –247)

Key Points

• A key challenge for the Latin American region is sustainable development. 

• Damage to the Amazon rain forest has both local and global consequences. 

• Slash-and-burn cultivation contributes to Latin

America’s environmental challenges.



• Latin America’s urban environmental problems are a result of rapid urbanization.



Section 2: People and Their

Environment

(pages 242 –247)

Key Points

• Solutions to the region’s environmental concerns will come through cooperation among local, national, regional, and international governments and organizations.



G the loss or destruction of forests, mainly for logging or farming

F technological and economic growth that does not deplete the human and natural resources of a given area

B in Latin America, large agricultural estates owned by families or corporations

E farm crop grown to be sold or traded rather than used by the farm family

A. campesino

B. latifundia

C. minifundia

D. maquiladora

E. cash crop

F.

sustainable development

G. deforestation

H. service industry

I.

reforestation

J.

shantytown





A farm workers; generally, people who live and work in rural areas

C in Latin America, small farms that produce food chiefly for family use

J makeshift communities on the edges of cities

D in Mexico, manufacturing plants set up by foreign firms

I replanting young trees or seeds on lands where trees have been cut or destroyed

A. campesino

B. latifundia

C. minifundia

D. maquiladora

E. cash crop

F.

sustainable development

G. deforestation

H. service industry

I.

reforestation

J.

shantytown instead of making goods



Reviewing Facts


What three cash crops supply much of

Latin America’s income?

Coffee, bananas, and sugarcane supply much of Latin America’s income.



Reviewing Facts


How can dependence on a single crop affect a country’s economy?

Natural disasters can wipe out an entire year’s crops.



Reviewing Facts


How do unstable governments prevent industrial development?

Investors are wary of doing business there.



Reviewing Facts


What obstacles have slowed the development of Latin America’s transportation and communications systems?

Lack of government funds and difficult geographical barriers have slowed down the development of Latin America’s transportation and communications systems.



Reviewing Facts

Section 2: People and Their Environment

What are the environmental effects of slash-and-burn cultivation?

Deforestation, loss of the rain forest, and leaching of soil nutrients by erosion are the environmental effects of slash-and-burn cultivation.



Reviewing Facts


Why do some people believe that preservation of the Amazon rain forest is a global concern?

Some people believe that the Amazon rain forest acts as a filtering system for the atmosphere, produces oxygen, and decreases atmospheric carbon dioxide.



Reviewing Facts


How are Latin American countries addressing the problems resulting from rapid urbanization?

Latin American countries are building new water supply systems, expanding public transportation, and using abandoned buildings to house the homeless.



Reviewing Facts


Why do border disputes slow the economic development of the Latin American region?

Disputes divert resources that could be better spent on human services and development.




Making Generalizations Has the maquiladora system had a positive or a negative effect on Mexico’s people? Explain.

The system had a positive effect because it employed local people, offered investment incomes, and made goods cheaper to buy.

The system had a negative effect because it damaged the environment, ignored labor laws, and created low-paying jobs.




Predicting Consequences How might the North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA) change migration patterns in

Latin America? What are the implications?

Possible answer: NAFTA might slow migration by creating jobs in local industries.



Locating Places

Match the letters on the map with the places of Latin

America.

__2. Bel

ém

__4.

São Paulo

__6.

Bogotá



What would be the best way for the owner of a latifundium in Ecuador to ship a banana crop to the eastern United States?

Possible answers: Owners of latifundia could ship their crops by truck on the Pan-American

Highway, by freight car on a railway, on a barge through the Panama Canal, or by boat on the Amazon River.



Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the

Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://geography.glencoe.com

Choose the best answer for the following multiplechoice question. If you have trouble answering the question, use the process of elimination to narrow your choices.

1.

On average, 34 of every 1,000 Latin Americans owned computers in

1998. Which countries had higher rates of computer ownership than the regional average?

A Nicaragua and Panama

B Argentina, Mexico, Panama, and Uruguay

C Argentina, Mexico, and Uruguay

D Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Panama

Test-Taking Tip Reread the title and x- and y-axis labels of the graph to determine the information the graph shows. Notice that Guatemala,

Nicaragua, and Panama all fall short of the regional average. Tackle each answer choice one by one, eliminating those that contain even one country that has a lower rate than the regional average.



Environmentalists express concern over the possible effects of unregulated industrial growth brought about by NAFTA. The monarch butterfly, which migrates annually between Canada and Mexico, is serving as a monitor of environmental changes. Scientists keep track of the monarch butterfly to determine NAFTA’s effects on the environment.

Health The Brazil nut tree has the potential to treat or prevent health ailments. In the Amazon rain forest, indigenous people use the oil from this nut, which is rich in vitamin E and selenium, to treat skin conditions. Antioxidants may also help slow the progression of eye cataracts. Researchers are also studying the Brazil nut as possible treatments for

Alzheimer’s disease.

Honduras Many Hondurans communicate by placing messages on the radio. They do so because only major cities in Honduras have telephones, while most towns have only one public telephone and a telegraph office.

Honduras

Language: Spanish

Population: 6,700,000

155 per square mi.

60 per square km

Landmass: 43,278 square mi.

112,090 square km

Currency: Lempira

Government: Republic

Major

Export

Major

Import

Bananas Machinery

Creating an Outline

Outlining may be used as a starting point for a reader who wants to understand and organize information. The reader begins with the rough shape of the material and gradually fills in the details in a logical manner.


Learning the Skill

Outlining can be used as a method of note taking and organizing information. There are two types of outlines – informal and formal. An informal outline is similar to taking notes –you write words and phrases needed to remember main ideas. A formal outline has a standard format. 

To make a formal outline, begin by thinking about big ideas and dividing them into units of information. Give each of these major ideas a heading –a word or phrase that will identify the concept. Each major idea will be followed by two or more subtopics, or parts of main ideas. Include supporting details within each subtopic.




Learning the Skill

To create a formal outline, follow these steps: 

• Identify the general topic of the outline, and write the topic as a question.

Refer to the topic question as you work to be sure you are recording the most important ideas. 

• Write the main ideas that answer this question.

Label these with Roman numerals. 

• Write subtopics under each main idea.

Label these with capital letters. 

• Write supporting details for each subtopic.

Label these with Arabic numerals and lowercase letters.




Practicing the Skill

Study the incomplete outline of Chapter 10, Section 2, on page 250 of your textbook. The main ideas generally correspond to the section headings in the chapter. Fill in the missing information for Section 2 of Chapter 10. When you have completed your outline, answer the following questions:

1. What are the most important topics in Chapter 10, Section

2?

The most important topics in Chapter 10, Section 2 are

Managing Rain Forests, Urban Environments, and

Regional and International Issues.


Space Bar to display possible answer.




2. What are the four main subtopics under the heading

“Regional and International Issues”?

The four main subtopics are disputed borders, population growth and migration, disaster preparedness, and industrial pollution.






3. What are two situations in which an outline such as this might be useful?

Possible answers: An outline such as this is useful when giving a talk or taking notes.






4. In addition to being useful to readers, how would an outline help writers?

An outline would help writers stay organized.



Map

The Shrinking Rain Forest

Charts

Mexico: Workers in Maquiladoras

Population Growth in Selected Cities

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