Chapter 15
The Musculoskeletal System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8x6tZI2hVI
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives

Define terms relating to the structure and
function of bones, joints, and muscles.

Describe the process of bone formation and
growth.

Locate and name the major bones of the body.
1
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)

Analyze the combining forms, prefixes, and
suffixes used to describe bones, joints, and
muscles.

Explain various musculoskeletal disease
conditions and terms related to bone fractures.
2
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)

Describe important laboratory tests and clinical
procedures related to the musculoskeletal
system, and recognize relevant abbreviations.

Apply your new knowledge to understanding
medical terms in their proper contexts, such as
medical reports and records.
3
Introduction – page 578
Musculoskeletal System: bones, muscles, and
joints of the body
Bones: structural support and protection of internal
organs
Muscles: internal and external movement
Joints: where bones come together/type
determined by need for flexibility
4
5
Physicians Associated with
Musculoskeletal System

Orthopedist: MD, bones, bone disease

Rheumatologist: MD, joints

Osteopathic physician: DO, body able to heal
itself with proper nutrition and bone alignment

Chiropractor: physical manipulation of the
spinal column to relieve pressures on nerves
6
7
Bone Structure – page 579

206 bones in the body

Long bones: legs and arms

Short bones: wrist and ankle

Flat bones: shoulder blades and ribs

Irregular bones: vertebrae and facial bones

Sesamoid bones: knee cap
8
BONE STRUCTURE – page 580





Long, short, flat, sesamoid (in shape)
Diaphysis: shaft
Epiphysis: end
Metaphysis: cone-like flared portion between
end and shaft
Epiphyseal line or plate: growth plate where
cartilage replaced by bone for bone growth (in
length)
9
10
Bone Structure (cont’d.)



Ends of bones covered by articular cartilage in
the joint: cushions joint and allows it to move
smoothly
Compact bone: contains haversian systems for
blood vessels, nerves, and yellow bone marrow
(mostly fat)
Cancellous (spongy/trabecular bone): spaces
contain red bone marrow with elements for
blood formation
11
Bone Marrow

Yellow marrow: chiefly fat

Red marrow: rich with blood vessels and
immature and mature blood cells in various
stages of development; in later life replaced with
yellow marrow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYd7On
Ct7ug

12
Bone Processes and
Depressions

Processes: serve as attachments for muscles
and tendons

Depressions: openings or hollow regions help
join bones or serve as passageways for nerves
and/or vessels
13
Bone Processes and
Depressions
14
Cranial Bones – page 582-583
15
Cranial Bones and
Associated Structures



Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone




Occipital bone


foramen magnum
Sphenoid bone


temporomandibular (TMJ) joint
mastoid process
styloid process
sella turcica
Ethmoid bone
16
Facial Bones – page 584
17
SINUSES
Air cavities located
in facial and cranial
bones. They
lighten the skull
and warm and
moisten the air as
it passes into the
respiratory system.
18
Vertebral Column and Vertebrae
19
Vertebral Column and
Vertebrae – page 586-587

Vertebrae: 26 bone segments from base of skull
to tailbone in five divisions and separated by
pads of cartilage called intervertebral disks.

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Coccyx: tailbone
20
BONES
Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities
21
Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities
Page 588 - 589
Thorax
Arm and Hand
 clavicle
 humerus
Pelvis
 pelvic girdle
 scapula
 ulna
 ilium
 sternum
 radius
 ischium
 ribs
 carpals
 pubis
 metacarpals
 phalanges
22
23
Clavicle and Scapula
24
Arm and Hand
25
Bones of the Pelvis – page 590
26
Bones of Leg and Foot – 590 - 591
27
Bones of Leg and Foot and
Associated Structures

Femur




acetabulum
Patella
Tibia


medial malleolus
Tarsals




calcaneus
talus
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Fibula


lateral malleolus
talus
28
QUICK QUIZ:
1. The knuckle-like process at the
end of a bone near the joint…
A. fossa
B. condyle
C. tubercle
D.diaphysis
29
QUICK QUIZ:
2. Process of bone
formation____________
A. olecranon
B. ossification
C. osteoblast
D.xiphoid process
30
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
Combining Form






calc/o
calci/o
kyph/o
lamin/o
lord/o
lumb/o
Meaning
calcium
calcium
posterior curvature in
thoracic region
lamina
curve
loins, lower back
31
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
Combining Form






myel/o
orth/o
oste/o
scoli/o
spondyl/o
vertebr/o
Meaning
bone marrow
straight
bone
crooked
vertebra
vertebra
32
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
Suffix







-blast
-clast
-listhesis
-malacia
-physis
-porosis
-tome
Meaning
embryonic cell
to break
slipping
softening
to grow
pore, passage
instrument to cut
33
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
Combining Form






acetabul/o
calcane/o
carp/o
clavicul/o
cost/o
crani/o
Meaning
acetabulum (hip socket)
calcaneus (heal)
carpals (wrist bones)
clavicle (collar bone)
ribs
cranium (skull)
34
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
Combining Form






femor/o
fibul/o
humer/o
ili/o
ischi/o
malleol/o
Meaning
femur (thigh bones)
fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
humerus (upper arm bone)
ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
ischium (part of pelvic bone)
malleolus
35
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
Combining Form







mandibul/o
maxill/o
metacarp/o
metatars/o
olecran/o
patell/o
pelv/i
Meaning
mandible (lower jaw bone)
maxilla (upper jaw bone)
metacarpals (hand bones)
metatarsals (foot bones)
olecranon (elbow)
patella (kneecap)
pelvis
36
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
Combining Form





perone/o
phalang/o
pub/o
radi/o
scapul/o
Meaning
fibula
phalanges (finger, toe bones)
pubis
radius
scapula (shoulder blade)
37
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
Combining Form
stern/o
 tars/o
 tibi/o
 uln/o

Meaning
sternum (breastbone)
tarsals
tibia (shin bone)
ulna (lower arm bone)
38
hypercalcemia

hyper-

calc/o: calcium

-emia

Excessive calcium in the blood
39
kyphosis

kyph/o: humpback




posterior curvature in the
thoracic region
-osis
Abnormal posterior
curvature of the thoracic
vertebrae
https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=DaoY7egfOc8
40
laminectomy

lamin/o: lamina

Part of the vertebral arch

-ectomy

Removal of a lamina
To relieve the symptoms of a ruptured
intervertebral disc (disk) or
compression of the spinal cord after
injury
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S
qWKWR4eR78

41
lordosis

lord/o: curve, swayback



anterior curvature of the
lumbar region
-osis
Abnormal anterior
curvature of the
backbones in the
lumbar region
42
orthopedics





orth/o: straight
ped/o: child
-ic
-s
Pertaining to bones

Orthopedists originally
straightened the bones of
children
43
scoliosis

scoli/o: crooked,
bent




lateral curvature
-osis
Abnormal
condition of a
lateral curvature
of the spine
https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=m
iWPVMmn-zQ
44
osteomalacia




oste/o
-malacia
Softening of bone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
grCH4BHzuYo
45
osteoporosis



oste/o
-porosis: pore,
passage
Condition of
increased porosity of
bone
46
carpal

carp/o: carpals




wrist bones
-al
Pertaining to the
carpals
https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=zSeJh5-nOo
47
supraclavicular

supra-

clavicul/o: clavicle

collar bone

-ar

Pertaining to above the clavicle
48
chondrocostal

chondr/o: cartilage


cost/o

-al

Pertaining to the cartilage attached
to the ribs
49
craniotomy

crani/o

-tomy

Incision of the
cranium
50
PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS






Ewing sarcoma: malignant bone tumor
exostosis: bony growth on surface of bone
osteogenic sarcoma: malignant tumor arising
from bone
osteomalacia: softening of bone
osteomyelitis: inflammation secondary to
infection
talipes: congenital abnormality of hindfoot
involving the talus (clubfoot)
51
52
Pathologic Conditions
Fractures of Bones
53
Pathologic Conditions
Normal Bone
Bone with osteoporosis
54
Joints – page 602

Joint (articulation): coming together of two or
more bones

Suture joints: immovable (skull)

Synovial joints: freely movable (ball and socket
types, e.g. hip or shoulder), (hinge type, e.g., elbow,
knee, ankle)
55
Synovial Joints

Joint capsule surrounds bone

Ligaments band bones together

Bones covered by articular cartilage

Synovial membrane lies under capsule and lines
synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid
56
Bursae

Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial
membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed
where sliding must take place

Common sites:

between tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle to
bone) and bones

between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bone

between skin and bones (with prominent bony anatomy)
57
Joints
58
QUICK QUIZ:
3. Connective tissue that binds
muscles to bones____________
A. ligament
B. articulation
C. synovial membrane
D.tendon
59
COMBINING FORMS
Page 604-605
Combining Form
Meaning

ankyl/o
stiff

arthr/o
joint

articul/o
joint

burs/o
bursa

chondr/o
cartilage
60
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

ligament/o
ligament

rheumat/o
watery flow

synov/o
synovial membrane

ten/o
tendon

tendin/o
tendon
61
SUFFIXES – page 604
Suffix
Meaning
 -desis
to bind, tie together
 -stenosis
narrowing
62
Pathoology - Joints – page 606

Arthritis: inflammation of joints
Ankylosing spondylitis: chronic progressive
stiffening of joints, mostly spine
 Gouty arthritis: inflammation due to excessive uric
acid in body
 Osteoarthritis (OA): loss of articular cartilage and
formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces
 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): autoimmune reaction
against joint tissues (synovial membrane)

63
Osteoarthritis and
Rheumatoid Arthritis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yc-9dfem3lM
64
65
Pathologic Conditions

Bunion: swelling of medial aspect of joint
between big toe and first metatarsal bone

Carpal tunnel syndrome: compression of
median nerve as it passes between ligament and
bones and tendons of the wrist.

Dislocation: displacement of bone from a joint
66
Bunion
67
Pathological Joint Conditions
(cont’d.)
Carpal tunnel syndrome
68
Dislocation
69
Pathologic Conditions

Ganglion: a fluid-filled cyst arising from the
joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist.

Herniation of an intervertebral disk:
abnormal protrusion of the disk into the
neural canal or against spinal nerves.
 Lyme disease: recurrent arthritis, myalgia,
malaise and neurologic and cardiac
symptoms.
70
Ganglion
71
Herniated Disk
72
Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.)

Sprain: trauma to joint with pain, swelling and
injury to ligaments

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): chronic
inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys,
nervous system, heart and lungs affecting collagen
in tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage all over
the body
73
Chapter 15
Muscles – page 611
74
Muscles




Three types of muscles: striated, smooth, cardiac
Striated: under voluntary control—they move
all the bones as well as face and eyes
Smooth: control is involuntary—they move
internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels,
ducts of glands)
Cardiac: not consciously controlled and found
exclusively in the heart
75
Types of Muscle
76
Named Skeletal Muscles
77
Named Skeletal Muscles
78
Actions of Muscles – page 613
 flexion
 rotation
 extension
 dorsiflexion
 abduction
 plantar
 adduction
flexion
 supination
 pronation
79
Actions of Muscles (cont’d.)
80
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Movement AWAY from the
midline of the body____________
A. adduction
B. abduction
C. flexion
D.dorsiflexion
81
COMBINING FORMS page 614-615
Combining Form
Meaning
fasci/o
 fibr/o
 leiomy/o
 my/o
facia
fibrous
smooth muscle
muscle

82
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

myocardi/o
myos/o
plant/o
rhabdomy/o

Sarc/o



Meaning
heart muscle
muscle
sole of the foot
skeletal muscle
connected to bones
flesh
83
SUFFIXES – page 615
Suffix
Meaning

-asthenia
lack of strength

-trophy
development,
nourishment
84
PREFIXES – page 615
PREFIXES
Prefixe
Meaning
ab ad dorsi poly-
away from
toward
back
many, much

85
Pathologic Conditions - 616

Muscular dystrophy: group of inherited
diseases with progressive muscle weakness and
degeneration without nervous system
involvement

Polymyositis: chronic inflammatory myopathy;
may be an autoimmune disorder
86
Laboratory Tests Related to
Muscle – page 616






Antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Rheumatoid factor test (RF)
Serum calcium (Ca)
Serum creatine kinase (CK)
Uric acid test
87
Clinical Procedures Related to
Bones, Joints, and Muscle







Arthrocentesis
Arthrography
Arthroplasty
Arthroscopy
Bone density test
Bone scan
Computed tomography
(CT)




Diskography
Electromyography
(EMG)
Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
Muscle biopsy
88