AP Euro/ Unit 4: Enlightened Thinkers
Copernicus
Kepler
Galileo
Newton
Bacon
Descartes
Aristotle
Ptolemy
Kant
Locke
Fontenelle
Bayle
Name: ________________________________
Per. ___
Voltaire
Paine
Holbach
Alembert
Montesquieu
Chatelet
Diderot
Rousseau
Beccaria
Howard
Condorcet
Wesley
Hume
Geoffrin
Frederick II
Catherine the Great
Joseph II
Louis XV
1. ___________ German philosopher who view the French Revolution as a triumph of liberty over despotism,
and in his essay “What Is Enlightenment?” he affirmed the Enlightenment’s commitment to reason.
2. ___________ His reasoning ultimately reduced all substances to “matter” and “mind (physical and spiritual), also
known as Cartesian dualism.
3. ___________ In his book On Crimes and Punishments, he condemned torture, commonly used to obtain
confessions in many European countries, as irrational and inhuman.
4. ___________ Prussian king who allowed his subjects to believe as they wished in religious and philosophical
matters, promoted the advancement of knowledge, and reformed his legal system to be more just.
5. ___________ Atheist author of Good Sense, who regarded the idea of God as ignorance, fear, and superstition. In
denouncing religion he affirmed core Enlightenment ideals – reason and freedom.
6. ___________ He was the first to theorize that the stars and planets, including the earth, revolved around a fixed
sun in his publication a year after his death: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
7. ___________ British philanthropist, who led Parliament in 1774 to enact prison reform. He later published State
of the Prisons in England and Wales in 1777.
8. ___________ In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he argued that humans are not born with innate
ideas divinely implanted in their minds – rather the mind was a blank slate at birth.
9. ___________ last great astronomer who lived in Alexandria in the 2nd century A.D. who worked out complicated
rules to explain the minor irregularities in the movements of planets.
10. ___________ Russian Tsarina who attempted to rule in an enlightened manner by bringing western culture to
backward Russia. She restricted the use of torture and allowed limited religious toleration.
11. ___________ He formulated the three famous laws of planetary motion: orbits of planets around the sun are
elliptical, planets do not move in uniform speeds, orbits are determined by the distance to the sun.
12. ___________ French philosophe who characterized the sharp distinction between “the truly enlightened public”
and “the blind and noisy multitude.”
13. ___________ English politician and writer who was the greatest propagandist for the new experimental method.
He argued that knowledge had to be pursued through empirical, experimental research.
14. ___________ Son of Louis XIV, he was forced to compromise with the high court of judges in Parlement when
creating new taxes and faced the challenge that the kings power was limited.
AP Euro/ Unit 4: Enlightened Thinkers
Name: ________________________________
Per. ___
15. ___________ In the Spirit of Laws, he argued that despotism could be avoided if there was a separation of
powers, with political power divided and shared by a variety of classes and legal estates.
16. ___________ In his Progress of the Human Mind, he hypothesized and tracked nine stages of human progress
that already occurred and predicted that the tenth would bring perfection.
17. ___________ She translated Newton’s Principia into French , and attributed women’s limited scientific
contributions in the past to limited and unequal education.
18. ___________ His greatest achievement was the elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method which
he used to show that gravity produced a uniform acceleration and to formulate the law of inertia.
19. ___________ His Historical and Critical Dictionary demonstrated human beliefs had been extremely varied and
very often mistaken, where he concluded nothing could be known beyond all doubt – Skepticism.
20. ___________ Scottish philosopher argued that the human mind is nothing but a bundle of impressions. Therefore
our reason cannot tell us anything about questions that cannot be verified by sense experience.
21. ___________ Greek philosopher of the 4th cent. B.C., who’s theory of the universe was adopted by the Church,
stating a motionless earth fixed at the center of the universe and around it moved ten spheres.
22. ___________ She hosted one of the most famous salons in France, financially supported the Encyclopedia, and
corresponded with the King of Sweden and Catherine the Great.
23. ___________ Co-creator of the Encyclopedia in which he wanted to use to “change the general way of thinking.”
His unwavering belief in the importance of his mission held the encyclopedia together.
24. ___________ He wrote The Plurality of Worlds to make science witty and entertaining for a broad nonscientific
audience – as easy to read as a novel.
25. ___________ In his essay The Social Contract, he stated “Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains.” He
emphasized the role of general will as a plainly visible truth easily discerned by reason.
26. ___________ Austrian emperor who continued the state work of his mother Maria Theresa, granted religious
tolerance, and attempted to abolish serfdom.
27. ___________ He founded the evangelical Methodist movement in England. In his essay Thoughts upon Slavery,
he spoke out against slavery and the slave trade.
28. ___________ Author of Common Sense, which was the voice for American independence based on enlightened
ideas of government and society.
29. ___________ His book the Principia, established mathematical laws explained motion and mechanics. His
principal achievement was his law of universal gravitation.
30. ___________ He attacked superstition, religious fanaticism and persecution, censorship, and other abuses of the
18th century French society. He signed his letters: Crush the infamous thing!