Cardiovascular Disorders
• Athesclerosis
– Hardening of the arteries
• Aneurism
– Weakening of wall of major
blood vessel causing
ballooning and possible
bursting
Cardiovascular Disorders
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• Coronary Bypass
– Renewing blood flow to the
heart
– Bypassing blockages
• Angioplasty
– Use of a balloon to create
an opening in an
obstructed vessel
Cardiovascular Disorders
• Blood Clots and Thinners
– Traveling clot lodges and
causes an embolism
– Chemical given to break up
the clot is a blood thinner.
One source of blood thinner is
hirudin, which comes from the
saliva of a leech
Swiftness of Blood Flow, Capillary Exchange & Tissue Fluid
• Arterial End is under Pressure
– Pressure is higher than osmotic pressure for water trying to
get in, there H20 flows out with nutrients like glucose and
aminos
• Venuous End experiences Less Pressure
– Lower pressure means water flows in. Wastes, CO2 follow.
Blood Types:
• Antigens:
– Trigger immune response
– Most are proteins
– On cell membranes—surface antigens
– Presence or absence of these surface
antigens on RBC cell membranes determines
blood type
– Surface antigen glycoproteins, glycolipids
• Individuals may have:
– Either A or B surface antigens
– Both A and B
– Neither A or B
• Type A = antigen A
• Type AB = antigen A and antigen B
• Type O = neither antigen
• US population: (blacks and Asian % differ)
–
–
–
–
O = 46%
A = 40%
B = 10%
AB = 4 %
• Rh factor:
– Rh surface antigen
– + present/ - not present
• Your immune system ignores own RBC
surface antigens
• Plasma contains antibodies—that attack
antigens on foreigh RBC
• Transfusion
– Usually not whole blood
– Plasma usually not transferred
• O blood—given to anyone (donor)
• AB blood—no antibodies to attack
(recipients)—so donate RBC
Another Blood Protein Marker The
Rhesus Factor(Rh)
• Rh individual does not always contain “+”
antibodies
• These antiRH antibodies only present if
individual exposed to Rh+ red blood cells
(by transfusion, pregnancy)
– Rh- mom with Rh+ fetus
In the first pregnancy, the mother’s immune system becomes
aware and produces antibodies
If another Rh+ baby is conceived, it will most likely be
rejected by the mother’s immune system
Fetal Circulation
Prenatal Gas, Nutrient and Waste
Exchange
Placenta & the Umbillical Chord
• The umbilical cord stretches between the placenta and
the fetus and contains the umbilical arteries and veins.
• Placenta functions:
– Exchange of gases and nutrients between maternal and fetal
blood takes place in the umbilical arteries.
– Umbillical artery carries deoxygenated blood in need of
cleaning to the placenta. Then, the Umbilical vein carries
blood and oxygen away from the placenta to the fetus with
nutrients & oxygen
– Produce hormones to maintain pregnancy (estrogen,
progesterone, HCG)
Important Animation
Click me
Figure 21.35a, b
The Placenta, Cleansing the Blood & the
Role of the Ductus Venosus
• As the mother’s placenta cleanses the blood of the
embryo there is no need for blood to flow to the liver.
• So, the ductus venosus bypasses the liver carrying
blood with oxygen and nutrients from the umbilical
cord, directly to the right side of the heart.
• The ductus venosus closes shortly afterbirth when the
umbilical cord is cut.
Fetal Circulation of the Heart
and Great Vessels
•
Because the developing embryo cannot receive
oxygen from the lungs, Mother nature had to
come up with a different approach
•
There are 2 shunts that bypass the pulmonary
circuit
1. Foramen ovale
2. Ductus arteriosus
Fetal Circulation
• Consider that the right side of the heart
pumps blood to the lungs
• Now, if an unborn child does not breathe
to exchange 02 and C02, what point is
there of sending blood to the lungs?
THE FORMAEN OVALE
Helps Blood bypass the Right Ventricle (mostly)
Blood coming from lungs is deoxygenated, but mixes with rich placental blood
Important Animation
Click me
Figure 21.35a, b
Cardiovascular Changes at
Birth
• The lungs and pulmonary vessels expand and propel
into use
• The Ductus arteriosus constricts and is no longer used
as a shunt
• The Formamen Ovale closes
• Circulation proceeds normally. Blue babies flush pink
as oxygen courses through their bodies.
Onto the Lymphatic System
• Filters blood for infections
• Returns excess fluid from
organs and tissues to the
blood
Overview of the Lymphatic System
• Consists of
A) Lymphatic vessels
B) Lymphatic organs
• Lymphatic Vessels
– Take up excess fluid and return to
bloodstream
– Lacteals in small intestine absorb
lipids and lipoproteins and
transport them to the bloodstream
– Have valves, just like veins
Lymphatic Vessels
• Lymphatic capillaries
– Lacteals
• Specialized lymphatic
capillaries found in the villi
of the intestinal mucosa
• Assist in the absorption of
digested fats from the small
intestine
• Contain a milky white lymph
known as chyle
Lymphatic Vessels
• Lymphatic Collecting Vessels
– Receive lymph from lymphatic capillaries
– Have valves, like veins, but are thinner
• Lymphatic Trunks
– Large drainage areas where many lymph
vessels meet
Without proper return of lymphatic
fluid to the blood stream, pooling
may occur.
ELEPHANTIASIS
Lymphatic Vessels collect fluid from the Blood
• Lymphatic Capillaries
– Blind structures that collect interstitial fluids
Lymph Nodes
•
Nodes are clusters of
lymph vessels
•
Large clusters are found
in the neck, throat,
shoulder regions
•
3 Functions:
1. Filter lymph
2. remove
microorganisms
and debris
3. Activate the
immune system
Other Lymphoid
Organs
• Includes:
–
–
–
–
–
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyer’s Patches
Red Bone Marrow
The Lymphatic Organs
Lymphatic Organs
Most lymph nodes are found in the groin, armpits, throat,
neck and filter lymphatic fluid. As such, they are full of
WBC’s and are the first areas to locate infection / cancer
1. Tonsils
• Back of throat
• Believed they have some immune
function, such as preventing respiratory
infections
2. Spleen
•
•
•
•
Upper left of abdominal cavity
Cleanses blood
Filters bacteria and recycles
blood cells
Tonsils
• Form a ring of lymphoid tissue around the
entrance to the windpipe
• Many types of Tonsils:
– Palatine Tonsils
• When infected cause tonsillitis
– Nasal Pharyngeal
• Found in the back wall of the
nasal region
• Called adenoids when
infected
Spleen
• Largest lymphoid organ. About the size of a fist.
• Role = stores blood, disintegrates old blood cells, filter foreign
substances from the blood, and produces lymphocytes
• Location:
– Left side of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm
The Lymphatic System
3. Thymus Gland
- Along trachea, under sternum
- Shrinks as we age
- Where T-Lymphocytes mature!
4. Red Bone Marrow
– RBC’s / WBC’s
- stem cells
Thymus
• Home for T lymphocyte maturation
• Prominent in newborns, it increases in size throughout childhood. In
adolescence, it begins to atrophy and is fatty/ fibrous in adults.
• Only lymphoid organ that does not fight germs