2oo7
Report for Mr Fleck
BURKHARD Frédéric
MouL ProD
IUT COLMAR

History
Early i years
The Golden Age
1970s i onwards
Areas i of bodybuilding
Professionnal bodybuilding
Natural bodybuilding
Teenage bodybuilding
Female bodybuilding
Contests i
Mr.
i Olympia
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
Qualifying
Winners
Number of wins
Arnold i Classic
Winners
Strategy
Mr.Universe
Classes
Results
Contest preparation
Resistance weight training
Nutrition
Dietary supplements
Performance enhacing substances
Rest
Overtraining
About bodybuilding supplements
Protein
Glutamine
Branched chain amino acids
Meal Replacement Products
Prohormones
Creatine
Thermogenic Products
Testosterone Boosters
Abouts Muscles
Types
Anatomy
Physiology
Nervous control
Efferent leg
2
English Project
2oo7

English Project
2oo7
Afferent leg
Role in health and disease
Exercises
Disease
Strengh
The strongest human muscle
Main muscles worked by a bodybuilder
Triceps
Origin and insertion
Exercises
Biceps
Terminology
Anatomy
Functions
Training
Quadriceps
Harmstring
Actions
Training
Etymology
Functions
Training
Pectoral
Back
Origin and insertion
Laminae
Variations
Training
Skeletal structure of the back
Muscles of the back
Functions
Training
Human abdomen
Muscles of the abdominal wall
Pro bodybuilders
Lary Scott
Sergio Oliva
Background
History
Competition History
Distinctions
Trivia
Titles
Arnold Schwarzenegger
Early life
Early adulthood
Move to the United States
3

English Project
2oo7
Bodybuilding career
Mr.Olympia
Steroid use
Personnal life
Accidents and medical issues
Business career
Planet Hollywood
Net worth
Allegations of sexual and personnal misconduct
Trivia
Franco Columbu
Trivia
Achievements
Frank Zane
Education
Bodybuilding career
Stats
Dorian Yates
Competitive History
Competitive Stats
Books and videos
Post competition career
Ronnie Coleman
Bodybuilding philosophy
Training videos
Currents stats
Bodybuilding titles
Jay Cutler
Vital statistics
Bodybuilding titles
Competitive placing
Lenda Murray
Background
Contest history
Iris Kyle
Contest history
4

English Project
2oo7
The "Early Years" of Bodybuilding are considered to be the period between 1880 and 1930.
Bodybuilding (the art of displaying the muscles of the physical body) did not really exist prior to the late 19th century, when it was promoted by a man from Prussia named Eugen
Sandow, who is now generally referred to as "The Father of Modern Bodybuilding". He is credited as being a pioneer of the sport because he allowed an audience to enjoy viewing his physique in "muscle display performances". Although audiences thrilled seeing a well developed physique, those men simply displayed their bodies as part of strength demonstrations or wrestling matches. Sandow had a stage show built around these displays through his manager, Florenz Ziegfeld. He became so successful at it, he later created several businesses around his fame and was among the first to market products branded with his name alone. As he became more popular, he was credited with inventing and selling the first exercise equipment for the masses (machined dumbbells, spring pulleys and tension bands).
Sandow was a strong advocate of "the Grecian Ideal" (this was a standard where a mathematical "ideal" was set up and the "perfect physique" was close to the proportions of ancient Greek and Roman statues from classical times). This is how Sandow built his own physique and in the early years, men were judged by how closely they matched these "ideal" proportions. Sandow organised the first bodybuilding contest on 14 September 1901 called the "Great Competition" and held in the Royal Albert Hall, London, UK. Judged by himself, Sir
Charles Lawes, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle the contest was a huge success and was sold out and hundreds of physical culture enthusiasts were turned away. The trophy presented to the winner was a bronze statue of Sandow himself sculpted by Frederick Pomeroy. The winner was William L. Murray of Nottingham, England. The most prestigious bodybuilding contest today is the Mr. Olympia, and since 1977, the winner has been presented with the same bronze statue of Sandow he himself presented to the winner at the first contest.
On 16 January, 1904, the first large-scale bodybuilding competition in America took place at
Madison Square Garden in New York City. The winner was Al Treloar and he was declared
"The Most Perfectly Developed Man in the World". Treloar won a $1,000 cash prize, a substantial sum at that time. Two weeks later, Thomas Edison made a film of Al Treloar's posing routine. Edison also made two films of Sandow a few years before, making him the man who made the first three motion pictures featuring a bodybuilder. In the early 20th century, Bernarr Macfadden and Charles Atlas, continued to promote bodybuilding across the world. Alois P. Swoboda was an early pioneer in America and the man who Charles Atlas credited with his success in his statement: "Everything that I know I learned from A. P. (Alois)
Swoboda."
5

English Project
2oo7
Other important bodybuilders in the early history of bodybuilding prior to 1930 include:
Earle Liederman (writer of some of the earliest bodybuilding instruction books), Seigmund
Breitbart (famous Jewish bodybuilder), Georg Hackenschmidt, George F. Jowett, Maxick (a pioneer in the art of posing), Monte Saldo, Launceston Elliot, Sig Klein, Sgt. Alfred Moss, Joe
Nordquist, Lionel Strongfort (Strongfortism), Gustav Fristensky (the Czech champion), and
Alan C. Mead, who became an impressive muscle champion despite the fact that he lost a leg in the Great War.
The period of around 1940 to 1970 is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of bodybuilding because of changes in the aesthetic for more mass, as well as muscular symmetry and definition, which characterised the "early years". This was due in large part to the advent of
World War II, which inspired many young men to be bigger, stronger and more aggressive in their attitudes. This was accomplished by improved training techniques, better nutrition and more effective equipment. Several important publications came into being, as well, and new contests emerged as the popularity of the sport grew.
This period of bodybuilding was typified at Muscle Beach in Venice, California. Famous names in bodybuilding from this period included Steve Reeves (notable in his day for portraying Hercules and other sword-and-sandals heroes), Reg Park, John Grimek, Larry
Scott, Bill Pearl, and Irvin "Zabo" Koszewski.
The rise in popularity of the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) added a bodybuilding competition to their existing weightlifting contest in 1939 - and the following year this competition was named AAU Mr. America. Around the mid-1940s most bodybuilders became disgruntled with the AAU since they only allowed amateur competitors and they placed more focus on the Olympic sport of weightlifting. This caused brothers Ben and Joe
Weider to form the International Federation of BodyBuilders (IFBB) - which organized their competition IFBB Mr. America, which was open to professional athletes.
In 1950, another organization, the National Amateur Bodybuilders Association (NABBA) started their NABBA Mr. Universe contest in the UK. Another major contest, Mr. Olympia was first held in 1965 - and this is currently the most prestigious title in bodybuilding.
Initially contests were only for men, but the NABBA added Miss Universe in 1965 and Ms.
Olympia was started in 1980
6

English Project
2oo7
In the 1970s, bodybuilding had major publicity thanks to Arnold Schwarzenegger and the
1977 film Pumping Iron. By this time the IFBB dominated the sport and the AAU took a back seat.
The National Physique Committee (NPC) was formed in 1981 by Jim Manion, who had just stepped down as chairman of the AAU Physique Committee. The NPC has gone on to become the most successful bodybuilding organization in the U.S., and is the amateur division of the IFBB. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the decline of AAU sponsored bodybuilding contests. In 1999, the AAU voted to discontinue its bodybuilding events.
This period also saw the rise of anabolic steroids used both in bodybuilding and many other sports. To combat this, and to be allowed to be an IOC member, the IFBB introduced doping tests for both steroids and other banned substances. Although doping tests occurred, the majority of professional bodybuilders still used anabolic steroids for competition. During the
1970s the use of anabolic steroids was openly discussed partly due to the fact they were legal.
[3] However the U.S. Congress in the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990 placed anabolic steroids into Schedule III of the Controlled substance act (CSA).
In 1990, wrestling promoter Vince McMahon announced he was forming a new bodybuilding organization, the World Bodybuilding Federation (WBF). McMahon wanted to bring WWFstyle showmanship and bigger prize money to the sport of bodybuilding. McMahon signed
13 competitors to lucrative long-term contracts, something virtually unheard of in bodybuilding up until then. Most of the WBF competitors jumped ship from the IFBB. In response to the WBF's formation, IFBB president Ben Weider blacklisted all the bodybuilders who had signed with the WBF. The IFBB also quietly stopped testing their athletes for anabolic steroid use since it was difficult to compete thus with a new organization which did not test for steroids. In 1992, Vince McMahon instituted drug testing for WBF athletes because he and the WWF were under investigation by the federal government for alleged involvement in anabolic steroid trafficking. The result was that the competitors in the 1992
WBF contest looked sub-par, according to some contemporary accounts. McMahon formally dissolved the WBF in July, 1992. Reasons for this probably included lack of income from the pay-per-view broadcasts of the WBF contests, slow sales of the WBF's magazine
Bodybuilding Lifestyles (which later became WBF Magazine), and the expense of paying multiple 6-figure contracts as well as producing two TV shows and a monthly magazine.
However, the formation of the WBF had two positive effects for the IFBB athletes: it caused
IFBB founder Joe Weider to sign many of his top stars to contracts, and it caused the IFBB to raise prize money in its sanctioned contests. Joe Weider eventually offered to accept the
WBF bodybuilders back into the IFBB for a fine of 10% of their former yearly WBF salary.
7

English Project
2oo7
In the early 2000s, the IFBB was attempting to make bodybuilding an Olympic sport. It obtained full IOC membership in 2000 and was attempting to get approved as a demonstration event at the Olympics which would hopefully lead to it being added as a full contest. This did not happen. Olympic recognition for bodybuilding remains controversial since some argue that bodybuilding is not a sport because the actual contest does not involve athletic effort. Also, some still have the misperception that bodybuilding necessarily involves the use of anabolic steroids, which are prohibited in Olympic competitions.
Proponents argue that the posing routine requires skill and preparation, and bodybuilding should therefore be considered a sport.
In 2003, Joe Weider sold Weider Publications to AMI, who owns The National Enquirer. Ben
Weider is still the president of the IFBB. In 2004, contest promoter Wayne DeMilia broke ranks with the IFBB and AMI took over the promotion of the Mr. Olympia contest.
In the modern bodybuilding industry "Professional" generally means a bodybuilder who has won qualifying completions as an amateur and has earned a 'pro card' from the IFBB.
8

English Project
2oo7
Professionals earn the right to compete in sanctioned competitions including the Arnold
Classic and the Night of Champions. Placings at such competitions in turn earn them the right to compete at the Mr. Olympia, the title is considered to be the highest accolade in the professional bodybuilding field.
In natural contests bodybuilders are routinely tested for illegal substances and are banned for any violations from future contests. Testing can be done on urine samples, but in many cases a less expensive polygraph (lie detector) test is performed instead. What qualifies as an "illegal" substance, in the sense that it is prohibited by regulatory bodies, varies between natural federations, and does not necessarily include only substances that are illegal under the laws of the relevant jurisdiction. Anabolic steroids, Prohormone and Diuretics are generally banned in natural organizations. Natural bodybuilding organizations include
NANBF (North American Natural Bodybuilding Federation), and the NPA (Natural physique association). Natural bodybuilders assert that their method is more focused on competition and a healthy lifestyle than other forms of bodybuilding.
Bodybuilding also has many competition categories for young entrants. Many current professional bodybuilders started when they were teenagers. Bodybuilders such as Arnold
Schwarzenegger, Lee Priest and Jay Cutler all started competing when they were teenagers.
Today many teenagers compete in bodybuilding competitions.
In the 1970s, women began to take part in bodybuilding competitions, and was extremely popular for a time. However, though more women than ever are training with weights for exercise purposes, the interest in the competitive side of bodybuilding for women has waned sharply in recent years due to the increasingly bulky appearance of female bodybuilders. In recent years, the related areas of fitness and figure competition have gained in popularity, providing an alternative for women who choose not to develop the level of muscularity necessary for bodybuilding. The first Ms. Olympia contest in 1980, won by Rachel McLish, would resemble closely what is thought of today as a fitness and figure competition.
There are a lot of contest, often specified by thier location like for exemple Sacremento Pro
Competition or New York Pro. But in this part I tall about mosts famous contest. Contest which are an event in bodybuilding domain.
9

English Project
2oo7
Mr. Olympia is an international bodybuilding competition which is held annually by the
International Federation of BodyBuilders (IFBB). Winning is considered to be the highest accolade in the professional bodybuilding field. The competition was created by Joe Weider to allow the Mr. Universe winners to continue competing and to earn money. The first Mr.
Olympia was held on September 18, 1965 at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, New York City.
The record number of wins is eight, held by Lee Haney (1984-1991) and Ronnie Coleman
(1998-2005).
The 2006 Mr. Olympia was held on September 30 in Las Vegas, with Jay Cutler taking home his first ever Mr. Olympia title.
The film Pumping Iron (1977), featured the build up to the 1975 Mr. Olympia, in Pretoria
South Africa and helped launch the acting careers of Arnold Schwarzenegger and Lou
Ferrigno, both finalists in the contest.
There is a parallel contest, the Ms. Olympia, for female bodybuilders. In addition, the Fitness
Olympia and Figure Olympia are held for fitness and figure competitors, respectively.
1960s
The 1965 and 1966 Mr Olympia were won by Larry Scott, a famous bodybuilder of the time.
Scott displayed a physique with defined muscle shape in his biceps, triceps, shoulders and chest, which were all large, rounded and fully shaped. His upper arms measured over 20 inches and were, at the time, among the largest ever displayed at a professional bodybuilding competition. Scott subsequently retired after his 1966 victory.
The 1967 Mr Olympia heralded a new era in bodybuilding competition. Sergio Oliva, nicknamed "The Myth", won the next 3 Mr Olympia competitions. At 5ft 11ins and 240lbs, in bodyweight, Oliva displayed a level of muscle mass and definition - including a "V" shape of a large, well-formed upper-body that tapered down to a narrow waist - unlike anything seen in prior competitions. His upper arms measured nearly 22 inches, with his chest measured at
58 inches, which tapered down to a 29 inch waist and two well-muscled legs. Oliva would go on to win the Mr. Olympia competition in 1967, 1968, and 1969 - where he would defeat
Arnold Schwarzenegger 4 to 3, marking Schwarzenegger's first and only loss in a Mr. Olympia competition.
10

English Project
2oo7
1970s
Arnold Schwarzenegger defeated Sergio Oliva at the 1970 Mr Olympia after finishing second the year before. At 6ft 2inches and 240lbs. he was able to match Sergio Oliva for size in his upper arms, chest and back. However, contest judges deemed that Schwarzenegger's extra definition and muscularity over Sergio Oliva were substantial enough to award him the title.
Schwarzenegger successfully defended his title against Oliva in 1972, after which Oliva retired from the IFBB. Schwarzenegger went on to win the next three Mr. Olympia competitions, including the 1975 Mr. Olympia competition, which was highlighted in the film
Pumping Iron and featured other notable bodybuilders such as Lou Ferrigno, Serge Nubret, and Franco Columbu, who would go on to win the 1976 competition.
After winning the 1975 competition, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from competitive bodybuilding.
Frank Zane won the 1977, 1978, and 1979 competitions. While not as physically massive as previous competitors such as Schwarzenegger, Oliva, or Ferrigno, Zane developed his physique to highlight symmetry, aesthetics, and definition. As such, Zane was able to defeat opponents who exceeded his own muscle-mass but lacked his level of muscular definition.
1980s
In 1980, Schwarzenegger came out of retirement to win in what has been viewed as controversial decision. Based on a noticeable lack of conditioning, compared to his previous competitions, allegations were made that Schwarzenegger was declared the winner based on his popularity and increasing celebrity, rather than his physique. Critics argued that the judges had been changed to those of Schwarzenegger's associates, and that Schwarzenegger himself had been a late entry into the competition.
The following year, Columbu was awarded a similarly controversial victory, which led critics to argue that the judging had lost its objective viewpoint and now awarded on reputation rather than quality of physique.
Chris Dickerson won the 1982 competition, featuring a low percentage of overall body fat that highlighted each muscle in his physique.
Samir Bannout won the 1983 competition, displaying increased symmetry and muscular aesthetics.
Possessing significant muscle mass, definition, symmetry, and separation, Lee Haney won a record-setting eight consecutive competitions, starting in 1984.
11

English Project
2oo7
1990s
Haney retired from competitive bodybuilding after his last Mr. Olympia victory in 1991.
Having placed 2nd to Haney the previous year, Dorian Yates won the 1992, 1993, 1994,
1995, 1996, and 1997 competitions. During this time, judging in professional bodybuilding competitions started placing greater emphasis on muscle mass, with many bodybuilding traditionalists commenting that muscle mass had now become the most important factor to winning, even greater than that of symmetry, aesthetics and proportion.
Yates retired from competitive bodybuilding after his 1997 victory. Starting in 1998, Ronnie
Coleman won the next eight competitions.
In 1994 Joe Weider decided to add a separate Masters Olympia competition for professional bodybuilders to continue to compete at the highest levels in their later years.
2000s
Coleman has won the Mr. Olympia competition eight consecutive times, tying the record set by Haney. Ben Weider, IFBB President, commented in a press release that Coleman would be returning to defend his title in 2006 but placed second to Jay Cutler.
Qualifying
All Mr. Olympia competitors must meet the qualifying criteria. Possible methods of qualifying are:
 Previous Mr. Olympia winner (but if more than 5 years have passed IFBB approval is required)



Top 6 finalist from previous year's Mr. Olympia
Top 6 finalist from same year's Arnold Classic
Top 5 finalist from same year's New York Men’s Professional (previously the Night of the Champions)
 Top 3 finalist from any other competition in the I.F.B.B professional tour held during the subsequent year prior to the Mr. Olympia
 The winner of the Masters Professional World Championships
On top of this, the event organizer can nominate one competitor, who has not qualified by other means, as a “special invitee”. Schwarzenegger was able to enter into the 1980 Mr.
Olympia contest because of this rule and the fact that he had won the Mr. Olympia contest 5 years prior.
12

English Project
2oo7
Winners
Year Winner
1965 Larry Scott
1966 Larry Scott
1967 Sergio Oliva
1968 Sergio Oliva
1969 Sergio Oliva
1970
Arnold
Schwarzenegger
1971
Arnold
Schwarzenegger
1972
Arnold
Schwarzenegger
1973
Arnold
Schwarzenegger
1974
Arnold
Schwarzenegger
1975
Arnold
Schwarzenegger
Venue
New York City, United States
New York City, United States
New York City, United States
New York City, United States
New York City, United States
New York City, United States
Paris, France
Essen, Germany
New York City, United States
New York City, United States
Pretoria, South Africa
13

English Project
2oo7
1976 Franco Columbu
1977 Frank Zane
1978 Frank Zane
1979 Frank Zane
1980
Arnold
Schwarzenegger
1981 Franco Columbu
1982 Chris Dickerson
1983 Samir Bannout
1984 Lee Haney
1985 Lee Haney
1986 Lee Haney
1987 Lee Haney
1988 Lee Haney
1989 Lee Haney
1990 Lee Haney
1991 Lee Haney
1992 Dorian Yates
1993 Dorian Yates
1994 Dorian Yates
14
Columbus, Ohio, United States
Columbus, Ohio, United States
Columbus, Ohio, United States
Columbus, Ohio, United States
Sydney, Australia
Columbus, Ohio, United States
London, England
Munich, Germany
New York City, United States
Brussels, Belgium
Columbus, Ohio, United States
Gothenburg, Sweden
Los Angeles, California, United
States
Rimini, Italy
Chicago , Illinois, United States
Orlando, Florida, United States
Helsinki, Finland
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Atlanta, Georgia, United States

English Project
2oo7
1995 Dorian Yates
1996 Dorian Yates
1997 Dorian Yates
1998 Ronnie Coleman
1999 Ronnie Coleman
2000 Ronnie Coleman
2001 Ronnie Coleman
2002 Ronnie Coleman
2003 Ronnie Coleman
2004 Ronnie Coleman
2005 Ronnie Coleman
2006 Jay Cutler
Number of wins
Wins Names
Lee Haney
8
Ronnie Coleman
Years
1984-1991
1998-2005
7 Arnold Schwarzenegger 1970-1975, 1980
6 Dorian Yates 1992-1997
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Long Beach, California, United States
New York City, United States
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
15

English Project
2oo7
3
2
1
Sergio Oliva
Frank Zane
Larry Scott
Franco Columbu
Chris Dickerson
Samir Bannout
Jay Cutler
1967-1969
1977-1979
1965-1966
1976, 1981
1982
1983
2006
You can see, the max number of wins are 8. Each bodybuilder who have reach 8 victory have loose the 9th contest like Lee Hanney against Dorian Yates and Ronnie Coleman against Jay
Cutler in 2006. But in 2007 Ronnie Coleman want to try again a other Olympia’s victory.
The Arnold Classic is an annual bodybuilding competition, named after Arnold
Schwarzenegger, that takes place in late February or early March in Columbus, Ohio, United
States. It is considered the most lucrative competition in bodybuilding, with a number of large prizes. Most notably, first prize consists of $100,000 cash, a Hummer vehicle, and a
Rolex watch. The Arnold Classic rivals the Mr. Olympia in prestige and popularity [ Like most bodybuilding competitions it is always hotly contested and often only one or two competition points will separate the winners.
The Arnold Classic includes three competitions for women: Ms. International, Fitness
International, and Figure International. It has also been expanded to feature gymnastics,
16

English Project
2oo7 cheerleading, dance, fencing, table tennis, yoga, martial arts, strongman competitions, archery, wrestling, and many other sports.
The Arnold Expo is held in the Greater Columbus Convention Center, while finals of the bodybuilding, fitness, figure, and strongman competitions are held in the Franklin County
Veterans Memorial Auditorium. Beginning in 2006, events in boxing, martial arts and figure skating were added at Nationwide Arena.
The date for the 2008 event has not yet been announced.
Winners
Year Arnold Classic Ms. International Fitness International Figure International
1989 Rich Gaspari Jackie Paisley
1990 Mike Ashley Laura Creavalle
1991 Shawn Ray Tonya Knight
1992 Vince Taylor Anja Schreiner
1993 Flex Wheeler Kim Chizevsky
1994 Kevin Levrone Laura Creavalle
1995 Mike Francois Laura Creavalle
1996 Kevin Levrone Kim Chizevsky
1997 Flex Wheeler Yolanda Hughes Carol Semple-Marzetta
1998 Flex Wheeler Yolanda Hughes Susie Curry
1999 Nasser El Sonbaty Vickie Gates Susie Curry
2000 Flex Wheeler Vickie Gates
2001 Ronnie Coleman Vickie Gates
Kelly Ryan
Jenny Worth
2002 Jay Cutler Yaxeni Oriquen Susie Curry
17

English Project
2oo7
2003 Jay Cutler Yaxeni Oriquen Susie Curry
Iris Kyle Adela Garcia-Friedmansky
Jenny Lynn
Jenny Lynn 2004 Jay Cutler
2005 Dexter Jackson Yaxeni Oriquen Jen Hendershott Jenny Lynn
2006 Dexter Jackson Iris Kyle Adela Garcia Mary Elizabeth Lado
2007 Victor Martinez Iris Kyle Kim Klein Mary Elizabeth Lado
So, that is the 2 mosts famous contest. How i’ve said before, there are other contests but less important.
Before ~1975, a another great contest was Mr Universe, with this contest you earned your place in Mr Olympia. Nowadays this contest are not very follow.
The World Amateur Bodybuilding Championships (formerly IFBB Mr. Universe) is a male bodybuilding contest organised by the International Federation of BodyBuilders (IFBB) and first held in 1959. The name was changed in 1976 to avoid confusion with the NABBA Mr.
Universe.
Classes
From 1959-1969 there was just one category of competition - open. In 1970 the competition was split into three height classes: Short (under 5'5"), Medium (under 5'8"), and Tall (5'8") with an overall winner also decided. In 1976 they were abandoned in favour of weight classes. These have changed over the years but as of 2005 they are (weight in brackets is the maximum for this category):







18
Flyweight (60 kg, 132 lb)
Bantamweight (65 kg, 143 lb)
Lightweight (70 kg, 154 lb)
Welterweight (75 kg, 165 lb)
Light-Middleweight (80 kg, 176 lb)
Middleweight (85 kg, 187 lb)
Light-Heavyweight (90 kg, 198 lb)

1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
English Project
2oo7
 Heavyweight (over 90 kg, 198 lb)
An overall winner award was not awarded between 1976 and 1995.
Results
Year Location Overall Winner
1959 Montreal, Canada Eddie Slyvestre
1960
1961
1962
Montreal, Canada
No Contest
New York, USA
Chuck Sipes
George Eifferman
New York, USA
New York, USA
New York, USA
New York, USA
Montreal, Canada
Miami, USA
New York, USA
Harold Poole
Larry Scott
Earl Maynard
Dave Draper
Sergio Oliva
Frank Zane
Arnold Schwarzenegger
1970
1971
1972
1973
Belgrade, Yugoslavia Franco Columbu
Paris, France
Baghdad, Iraq
1974 Verona, Italy
…. >2006 …
Albert Beckles
Ed Corney
Geneva, Switzerland Lou Ferrigno
Lou Ferrigno
…..
19

English Project
2oo7
In competitive bodybuilding, bodybuilders aspire to develop and maintain an aesthetically pleasing (by bodybuilding standards) body and balanced physique. The competitors show off their bodies by performing a number of poses - bodybuilders spend time practicing their posing as this has a large effect on how they are judged.
A bodybuilder's size and shape are far more important than how much he or she can lift. The sport should therefore not be confused with strongman competition or powerlifting, where the main point is on actual physical strength, or with Olympic weightlifting, where the main
20

English Project
2oo7 point is equally split between strength and technique. Though superficially similar to the casual observer, the fields entail a different regimen of training, diet, and basic motivation.
The general strategy adopted by most present-day competitive bodybuilders is to make muscle gains for most of the year (known as the "off-season") and approximately 3-4 months from competition attempt to lose body fat (referred to as "cutting"). In doing this some muscle will be lost but the aim is to keep this to a minimum. There are many approaches used but most involve reducing calorie intake and increasing cardio, while monitoring body fat percentage.
In the week leading up to a contest, bodybuilders will begin increasing their water intake so as to upregulate the systems in the body associated with water flushing. They will also increase their sodium intake. At the same time they will decrease their carbohydrate consumption in an attempt to "carb deplete". The goal during this week is to deplete the muscles of glycogen. Two days before the show, sodium intake is reduced by half, and then eliminated completely. The day before the show, water is removed from the diet, and diuretics may be introduced. At the same time carbohydrates are re-introduced into the diet to expand the muscles. This is typically known as "carb-loading." The end result is an ultralean bodybuilder with full hard muscles and a dry, vascular appearance.
Prior to performing on stage, bodybuilders will apply various products to their skin to improve their muscle definition - these include fake tan commonly called "pro tan" (to make the skin darker) and various oils (to make the skin shiny). They will also use weights to
"pump up" by forcing blood to their muscles to improve size and vascularity, and immediately before competition will often eat sugary foods such as chocolate in order to make their veins stand out.
In order to achieve muscle growth (hypertrophy), bodybuilders focus in three main lines of action:
 Resistance weight training
 Specialised nutrition, incorporating extra protein and supplements where necessary
 Adequate rest
Resistance weight training causes micro-tears to the muscles being trained; this is generally known as microtrauma. These micro-tears in the muscle contribute to the soreness felt after exercise, called delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). It is the repair to these microtrauma that result in muscle growth. Normally, this soreness becomes most apparent a day or two after a workout.
21

English Project
2oo7
Bodybuilder posing.
Yes, it’s Arnold Schwarzenegger =P
The high levels of muscle growth and repair achieved by bodybuilders require a specialized diet. Generally speaking, bodybuilders require more Calories than the average person of the same height, bodybuilders need a higher amount of calories above their 'maintenance level' in order to increase muscle mass. A sub-maintenance level of food energy is combined with cardiovascular exercise to lose body fat in preparation for a contest. The ratios of food energy from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats vary depending on the goals of the bodybuilder.
Carbohydrates play an important role for bodybuilders. Carbohydrates give the body energy to deal with the rigors of training and recovery. Bodybuilders seek out low-glycemic polysaccharides and other slowly-digesting carbohydrates, which release energy in a more stable fashion than high-glycemic sugars and starches. This is important as high-glycemic carbohydrates cause a sharp insulin response, which places the body in a state where it is likely to store additional food energy as fat rather than muscle, and which can waste energy that should be directed towards muscle growth. However, bodybuilders frequently do ingest some quickly-digesting sugars (often in form of pure dextrose or maltodextrin) after a workout. This may help to replenish glycogen stores within the muscle, and to stimulate muscle protein synthesis.
Protein is probably one of the most important parts of the diet for the bodybuilder to consider. Functional proteins such as motor proteins which include myosin, kinesin, and dynein generate the forces exerted by contracting muscles. Current advice says that bodybuilders should consume 25-30% of protein per total calorie intake to further their goal of maintaining and improving their body composition. This is a widely debated topic, with many arguing that 1 gram of protein per pound of body weight is ideal, some suggesting that less is sufficient, and others recommending 1.5, 2, or more. It is believed that protein needs to be consumed frequently throughout the day, especially during/after a workout, and before sleep. There is also some debate concerning the best type of protein to take. Meat, fish, eggs and dairy foods are high in protein, as are some nuts, seeds, beans and lentils.
Casein or whey are often used to supplement the diet with additional protein. Whey protein
22

English Project
2oo7 is the type of protein contained in many popular brands of protein supplements, and is preferred by many bodybuilders because of its high Biological Value (BV) and quick absorption rates. Bodybuilders usually require higher quality protein with a high BV rather than relying on protein such as soy, which is often avoided due to its estrogenic properties.
Still, some nutrition experts believe that soy, flax seeds and many other plants that contain the weak estrogen-like compounds or phytoestrogens can be used beneficially as phytoestrogens compete with this hormone for receptor sites in the male body and can block its actions. This can also include some inhibition of pituitary functions while stimulating the P450 system (the system that eliminates chemicals, hormones, drugs and metabolic waste product from the body) in the liver to more actively process and excrete excess estrogen.
Bodybuilders usually split their food intake for the day into 5 to 7 meals of roughly equal nutritional content and attempt to eat at regular intervals (normally between 2 and 3 hours).
This process used to be considered a mechanism for increasing basal metabolic rate when compared to less frequent meals with the same energy content, but research has debunked this myth.
The important role of nutrition in building muscle and losing fat means bodybuilders may consume a wide variety of dietary supplements. Various products are used in an attempt to augment muscle size, increase the rate of fat loss, improve joint health and prevent potential nutrient deficiencies. Scientific consensus supports the effectiveness of only a small number of commercially available supplements when used by healthy, physically active adults.
Most bodybuilders choose to use drugs to gain an advantage in hypertrophy, especially in professional competitions. Although these substances are illegal without prescription in many countries, in professional bodybuilding anabolic steroids and precursor substances such as prohormones are used very frequently. Anabolic steroids cause muscle hypertrophy of both types (I and II) of muscle fibers caused likely by an increased synthesis of muscle proteins. Some negative side-effects accompany steroid abuse, such as hepatotoxicity,
23

English Project
2oo7 gynecomastia and a temporary decline in the body's own testosterone production, which can cause testicular atrophy.
Growth Hormone (GH) and insulin are also used. GH is incredibly expensive compared to steroids, while insulin is very readily available yet fatal if misused. See Growth hormone treatment for bodybuilding.
Although muscle stimulation occurs in the gym lifting weights, muscle growth occurs afterward during rest. Without adequate rest and sleep, muscles do not have an opportunity to recover and build. About eight hours of sleep a night is desirable for the bodybuilder to be refreshed, although this varies from person to person. Additionally, many athletes find a daytime nap further increases their body's ability to build muscle. Some bodybuilders take several naps per day, during peak anabolic phases.
Overtraining refers to when a bodybuilder has trained to the point where his workload exceeds his recovery capacity. There are many reasons that overtraining occurs, including lack of adequate nutrition, lack of recovery time between workouts, insufficient sleep, and training at a high intensity for too long (a lack of splitting apart workouts). Training at a high intensity too frequently also stimulates the central nervous system (CNS) and can result in a hyper-adrenergic state that interferes with sleep patterns. To avoid overtraining, intense frequent training must be met with at least an equal amount of purposeful recovery. Timely provision of carbohydrates, proteins, and various micronutrients such as vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, even nutritional supplements are acutely critical.
It has been argued that overtraining can be beneficial. One article published by Muscle &
Fitness magazine stated that you can "Overtrain for Big Gains. It suggested that if one is planning a restful holiday and they do not wish to inhibit their bodybuilding lifestyle too much, they should overtrain before taking the holiday, so the body can rest easily and recuperate and grow.
More commonly however, overtraining can be used advantageously, as when a bodybuilder is purposely overtrained for a brief period of time to super compensate during a regeneration phase. These are known as "shock micro-cycles" and were a key training technique used by Soviet athletes. However, the vast majority of overtraining that occurs in average bodybuilders is generally unplanned and completely unnecessary.
24

English Project
2oo7
Bodybuilding supplements are substances taken by athletes involved in weight training or other sport to aid in the building of muscle mass or aid fat loss. Bodybuilding supplements may also be used to improve sports performance and improve recovery from events and training.
Bodybuilders often take a powdered form of protein, the essential building blocks for muscle. Protein powder is generally consumed immediately after exercising, or in place of a meal. Increasing the intake of protein in the diet allows muscles to repair themselves and grow more readily.
25

English Project
2oo7
 Whey protein is the most commonly used type of protein. It contains high levels of all the essential amino acids not produced by the human body, and is absorbed by the body very quickly.
 Casein protein is the richest in glutamine, an amino acid that aids in recovery, and has casomorphin which helps the body to absorb the amino acids over a long time.
 Soy protein contains all essential amino acids, however it contains estrogen-like compounds called isoflavones that may exhibit estrogenic activity in people,causing some bodybuilders to avoid it.
 Egg white protein is a lactose- and dairy-free protein.
Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid found in human muscle and is supplemented because supplement manufacturers claim the body's natural glutamine levels are depleted during anaerobic exercise. It is argued that supplementation by bodybuilders may be required as deficiency may lead to a weakened immune system and wasting of muscle tissue. It is sold as a micronized, instantly soluble powder.
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein; the body breaks consumed protein into amino acids in the stomach and intestines. There are three branched chain amino acids
(BCAAs): leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Each has numerous benefits on various biological processes in the body. Unlike other amino acids, BCAAs are metabolised in the muscle.
BCAAs have an anabolic/anti-catabolic effect on the muscle.
Met-Rx, a popular MRP.
Meal Replacements Products (MRPs) are either pre-packaged powdered drink mixes or edible bars. Both are consumed in the place of a whole-food meal. Generally MRPs are high
26

English Project
2oo7 in protein, low in fat, have a low to moderate amount of carbohydrates, and contain a wide array of vitamins and minerals.
The majority of MRPs use whey protein, calcium caseinate or micellar casein, soy protein, and Egg albumin as the protein source. Carbohydrates are typically derived from maltodextrin, oat fiber, brown rice, or wheat flour. Some also contain flax oil powder as a source of essential fatty acids.
MRPs can also contain other ingredients that are deemed beneficial to bodybuilders. These can include, but are not limited to: creatine monohydrate, glutamine peptides, l-glutamine, calcium alpha-ketoglutarate, additional amino acids, lactoferrin, conjugated linoleic acid, and medium chain triglycerides.
Prohormones are precursors to hormones and were most typically sold to bodybuilders as a precursor to the natural hormone testosterone. This conversion requires naturally occurring enzymes in the body. Side effects are not uncommon, as prohormones can also convert further into DHT and estrogen. To date most prohormone products have not been thoroughly studied, and the health effects of prolonged use are unknown. Although initially available over the counter, in 2004 their purchase was made illegal without a prescription in the US, as it remains so in almost all countries and is proscribed by most sporting bodies.
Phosphagen, the world's first commercially available creatine supplement.
Creatine is an organic acid naturally occurring in the body that supplies energy to muscle cells for short bursts of energy (such as lifting weights) via creatine phosphate replenishment of ATP. A number of scientific studies have proven that creatine can increase strength, energy, and muscle mass in addition to reducing recovery time. Also, recent studies have shown that creatine improves brain function, improves recognition memory, and reduces mental fatigue. It increases what is known as cell volumization by drawing water into muscle cells, making them larger. This intracellular retention should not be confused with the common myth that creatine causes water retention (or intercellular water retention).
Creatine is sold in a variety of forms, including Creatine monohydrate, Creatine ethyl ester
27

English Project
2oo7 and Creatine malate, among others. Though all types of creatine are sold for the same purposes, there are subtle differences between them, such as price, and necessary dosage.
Claims that creatine could be stressful to the kidneys (due to primary renal elimination via creatinine) have not been proven in a scientific study.
Thermogenics is a broad term for any supplement that the manufacturer claims will cause thermogenesis, resulting in an increased metabolic rate, increased body temperature and consequently an increased rate in the burning of body fat. Until recently almost every product found in this supplement category was comprised of the "ECA stack": ephedrine, caffeine and aspirin. However, on February 6, 2004 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the sale of ephedrine and its alkaloids and manufacturers were forced to look for alternatives. Nowadays, the "ECA" stack is more likely comprised of bitter orange or Citrus aurantium (containing synephrine) instead of the ephedrine. To date the effectiveness of this new combination is not conclusive.
There are several naturally-occurring plants and vitamins as well as synthetic chemicals that supplement companies claim may produce an increase in testosterone levels. However, the validity of many of these products is questionable due to a lack of valid scientific research showing their effectiveness at this time. Some commonly taken supplements of this type are
ZMA and Tribulus terrestris.
A relatively new drug/supplement marketed as 6-OXO is gaining popularity as an estrogen blocker.
Muscle (from Latin musculus "little mouse") is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. It is classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle, and its function is to produce force and cause motion, either locomotion or movement within internal organs. Much of muscle contraction occurs without conscious thought and is necessary for survival, like the contraction of the heart, or peristalsis (which pushes food through the digestive system). Voluntary muscle contraction is used to move the body, and can be finely controlled, like movements of the eye, or gross movements like the quadriceps muscle of the thigh. There are two broad types of voluntary muscle fibers, slow twitch and fast twitch. Slow twitch fibers contract for long periods of time but with little force while fast twitch fibers contract quickly and powerfully but fatigue very rapidly.
28

English Project
2oo7
Types of muscles
There are three types of muscle:



Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is anchored by tendons to bone and is used to affect skeletal movement such as locomotion and in maintaining posture. Though this postural control is generally maintained as a subconscious reflex, the muscles responsible react to conscious control like non-postural muscles. An average adult male is made up of 40-50% of skeletal muscle and an average adult female is made up of 30-40%.
Smooth muscle or "involuntary muscle" is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, and blood vessels, and unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is not under conscious control.
Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" but is a specialized kind of muscle found only within the heart.
Cardiac and skeletal muscle are "striated" in that they contain sarcomeres and are packed into highly-regular arrangements of bundles; smooth muscle has neither. While skeletal muscles are arranged in regular, parallel bundles, cardiac muscle connects at branching, irregular angles. Striated muscle contracts and relaxes in short, intense bursts, whereas smooth muscle sustains longer or even near-permanent contractions.
Skeletal muscle is further divided into several subtypes:
 Type I, slow oxidative, slow twitch, or "red" muscle is dense with capillaries and is rich in mitochondria and myoglobin, giving the muscle tissue its characteristic red color. It can carry more oxygen and sustain aerobic activity.
 Type II, fast twitch, muscle has three major kinds that are, in order of increasing contractile speed: o Type IIa, which, like slow muscle, is aerobic, rich in mitochondria and o capillaries and appears red.
Type IIx (also known as type IId), which is less dense in mitochondria and myoglobin. This is the fastest muscle type in humans. It can contract more quickly and with a greater amount of force than oxidative muscle, but can sustain only short, anaerobic bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful (often incorrectly attributed to a build-up of lactic acid). N.B. in some books and articles this muscle in humans was, confusingly, called type IIB.
29

English Project
2oo7 o Type IIb, which is anaerobic, glycolytic, "white" muscle that is even less dense in mitochondria and myoglobin. In small animals like rodents or rabbits this is the major fast muscle type, explaining the pale color of their meat.
Muscle is mainly composed of muscle cells. Within the cells are myofibrils; myofibrils contain sarcomeres, which are composed of actin and myosin. Individual muscle fibres are surrounded by endomysium. Muscle fibers are bound together by perimysium into bundles called fascicles; the bundles are then grouped together to form muscle, which is enclosed in a sheath of epimysium. Muscle spindles are distributed throughout the muscles and provide sensory feedback information to the central nervous system.
Skeletal muscle is muscle attached to skeletal tissue, distinct from heart or smooth muscle. It is arranged in discrete muscles, an example of which is the biceps brachii. It is connected by tendons to processes of the skeleton. In contrast, smooth muscle occurs at various scales in almost every organ, from the skin (in which it controls erection of body hair) to the blood vessels and digestive tract (in which it controls the caliber of the lumen and peristalsis).
Cardiac muscle is the muscle tissue of the heart, and is similar to skeletal muscle in both composition and action, being comprised of myofibrils of sarcomeres. Cardiac muscle is anatomically different in that the muscle fibers are typically branched like a tree branch, and connect to other cardiac muscle fibers through intercalcated discs, and form the appearance of a syncytium.
There are approximately 650 skeletal muscles in the human body (see list of muscles of the human body). Contrary to popular belief, the number of muscle fibres cannot be increased through exercise; instead the muscle cells simply get bigger. Muscle fibres have a limited capacity for growth through hypertrophy and some believe they split through hyperplasia if subject to increased demand.°
Yes it’s me above =)
30

English Project
2oo7
The three (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) types of muscle have significant differences.
However, all three use the movement of actin against myosin to create contraction. In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves, the motor nerves and motoneurons in particular. Cardiac and smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by internal pacemaker cells who regularly contract, and propogate contractions to other muscle cells they are in contact with. All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Muscular activity accounts for much of the body's energy consumption. All muscle cells produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules which are used to power the movement of the myosin heads. Muscles contain an ATP store in the form of creatine phosphate which is generated from ATP and can regenerate ATP when needed with creatine kinase. Muscles also keep a storage form of glucose in the form of glycogen. Glycogen can be rapidly converted to glucose when energy is required for sustained, powerful contractions. Within the voluntary skeletal muscles, the glucose molecule is metabolized in a process called glycolysis which produces two ATP and two lactic acid molecules in the process. Muscle cells also contain globules of fat, which are used for energy during aerobic exercise. The aerobic energy systems take longer to produce the ATP and reach peak efficiency, and requires many more biochemical steps, but produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic glycolysis. Cardiac muscle on the other hand, can readily consume any of the three macronutrients (protein, glucose and fat) without a 'warm up' period and always extracts the maximum ATP yield from any molecule involved. The heart and liver will also consume lactic acid produced and excreted by skeletal muscles during exercise.
The efferent leg of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for conveying commands to the muscles and glands, and is ultimately responsible for voluntary movement. Nerves move
31

English Project
2oo7 muscles in response to voluntary and autonomic (involuntary) signals from the brain. Deep muscles, superficial muscles, muscles of the face and internal muscles all correspond with dedicated regions in the primary motor cortex of the brain, directly anterior to the central sulcus that divides the frontal and parietal lobes.
In addition, muscles react to reflexive nerve stimuli that do not always send signals all the way to the brain. In this case, the signal from the afferent fiber does not reach the brain, but produces the reflexive movement by direct connections with the efferent nerves in the spine. However, the majority of muscle activity is volitional, and the result of complex interactions between various areas of the brain.
Nerves that control skeletal muscles in mammals correspond with neuron groups along the primary motor cortex of the brain's cerebral cortex. Commands are routed though the basal ganglia and are modified by input from the cerebellum before being relayed through the pyramidal tract to the spinal cord and from there to the motor end plate at the muscles.
Along the way, feedback loops such as that of the extrapyramidal system contribute signals to influence muscle tone and response.
Deeper muscles such as those involved in posture often are controlled from nuclei in the brain stem and basal ganglia.
The afferent leg of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for conveying sensory information to the brain, primarily from the sense organs like the skin. In the muscles, the muscle spindles convey information about the degree of muscle length and stretch to the central nervous system to assist in maintaining posture and joint position. The sense of where our bodies are in space is called proprioception, the perception of body awareness.
More easily demonstrated than explained, proprioception is the "unconscious" awareness of where the various regions of the body are located at any one time. This can be demonstrated by anyone closing their eyes and waving their hand around. Assuming proper proprioceptive function, at no time will the person lose awareness of where the hand actually is, even though it is not being detected by any of the other senses.
Several areas in the brain coordinate movement and position with the feedback information gained from proprioception. The cerebellum and red nucleus in particular continuously sample position against movement and make minor corrections to assure smooth motion.
32

English Project
2oo7
Exercise is often recommended as a means of improving motor skills, fitness, muscle and bone strength, and joint function. Exercise has several effects upon muscles, connective tissue, bone, and the nerves that stimulate the muscles.
Various exercises require a predominance of certain muscle fiber utilization over another.
Aerobic exercise involves long, low levels of exertion in which the muscles are used at well below their maximal contraction strength for long periods of time (the most classic example being the Marathon). Aerobic events, which rely primarily on the aerobic (with oxygen) system, use a higher percentage of Type I (or slow-twitch) muscle fibers, consume a mixture of fat, protein and carbohydrates for energy, consume large amounts of oxygen and produce little lactic acid. Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of higher intensity contractions at a much greater percentage of their maximum contraction strength. Examples of anaerobic exercise include sprinting and weight lifting. The anaerobic energy delivery system uses predominantly Type II or fast-twitch muscle fibers, relies mainly on ATP or glucose for fuel, consumes relatively little oxygen, protein and fat, produces large amounts of lactic acid and can not be sustained for as long a period as aerobic exercise. The presence of lactic acid has an inhibitory effect on ATP generation within the muscle though not producing fatigue, it can inhibit or even stop performance if the intracellular concentration becomes too high.
However, long-term training causes neovascularization within the muscle, increasing the ability to move waste products out of the muscles and maintain contraction. Once moved out of muscles with high concentrations within the sarcomere, lactic acid can be used by other muscles or body tissues as a source of energy. The ability of the body to export lactic acid and use it as a source of energy depends on training level.
Humans are genetically predisposed with a larger percentage of one type of muscle group over another. An individual born with a greater percentage of Type I muscle fibers would theoretically be more suited to endurance events, such as triathlons, distance running, and long cycling events, whereas a human born with a greater percentage of Type II muscle fibers would be more likely to excel at anaerobic events such as a 200 meter dash, or weight lifting. People with high overall musculation and balanced muscle type percentage engage in sports such as rugby or boxing and often engage in other sports to increase their performance in the former.Delayed onset muscle soreness is the pain or discomfort often felt 24 to 76 hours after exercising and subsides generally within 2 to 3 days. Once thought to be caused by lactic acid buildup, a more recent theory is that it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibres caused by eccentric contraction, or unaccustomed training levels. Since lactic acid disperses fairly rapidly, it could not explain pain experienced days after exercise.
There are many diseases and conditions which cause a decrease in muscle mass, known as atrophy. For example diseases such as cancer and AIDS induce a body wasting syndrome
33

English Project
2oo7 called cachexia, which is notable for the severe muscle atrophy seen. Other syndromes or conditions which can induce skeletal muscle atrophy are congestive heart disease and liver disease.
During aging, there is a gradual decrease in the ability to maintain skeletal muscle function and mass. This condition is called sarcopenia. The exact cause of sarcopenia is unknown, but it may be due to a combination of the gradual failure in the "satellite cells" which help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibers, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of critical secreted growth factors which are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival.
In addition to the simple loss of muscle mass (atrophy), or the age-related decrease in muscle function (sarcopenia), there are other diseases which may be caused by structural defects in the muscle (the dystrophies), or by inflammatory reactions in the body directed against muscle (the myopathies).
Symptoms of muscle disease may include weakness or spasticity/rigidity, myoclonus
(twitching) and myalgia (muscle pain). Diagnostic procedures that may reveal muscular disorders include testing creatine kinase levels in the blood and electromyography
(measuring electrical activity in muscles). In some cases, muscle biopsy may be done to identify a myopathy, as well as genetic testing to identify DNA abnormalities associated with specific myopathies.
Neuromuscular diseases are those that affect the muscles and/or their nervous control. In general, problems with nervous control can cause spasticity or paralysis, depending on the location and nature of the problem. A large proportion of neurological disorders leads to problems with movement, ranging from cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and Parkinson's disease to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
A display of "strength" (e.g lifting a weight) is a result of three factors that overlap;
Physiological strength (muscle size, cross sectional area, available crossbridging, responses to training), neurological strength (how strong or weak is the signal that tells the muscle to contract), and mechanical strength (muscle's force angle on the lever, moment arm length, joint capabilities).
Since three factors affect muscular strength simultaneously and muscles never work individually, it is unrealistic to compare strength in individual muscles, and state that one is the "strongest". Accordingly, no one muscle can be named 'the strongest', but below are several muscles whose strength is noteworthy for different reasons.
34

English Project
2oo7
 In ordinary parlance, muscular "strength" usually refers to the ability to exert a force on an external object—for example, lifting a weight. By this definition, the masseter or jaw muscle is the strongest. The 1992 Guinness Book of Records records the achievement of a bite strength of 4337 N (975 lbf) for 2 seconds. What distinguishes the masseter is not anything special about the muscle itself, but its advantage in working against a much shorter lever arm than other muscles.
 If "strength" refers to the force exerted by the muscle itself, e.g., on the place where it inserts into a bone, then the strongest muscles are those with the largest crosssectional area. This is because the tension exerted by an individual skeletal muscle fiber does not vary much. Each fiber can exert a force on the order of 0.3 micronewton. By this definition, the strongest muscle of the body is usually said to be the quadriceps femoris or the gluteus maximus.
 Again taking strength to mean only "force" (in the physicist's sense, and as contrasted with "energy" or "power"), then a shorter muscle will be stronger "pound for pound" (i.e., by weight) than a longer muscle. The uterus may be the strongest muscle by weight in the human body. At the time when an infant is delivered, the human uterus weighs about 1.1 kg (40 oz). During childbirth, the uterus exerts 100 to
400 N (25 to 100 lbf) of downward force with each contraction.
 The external muscles of the eye are conspicuously large and strong in relation to the small size and weight of the eyeball. It is frequently said that they are "the strongest muscles for the job they have to do" and are sometimes claimed to be "100 times stronger than they need to be." However, eye movements (particularly saccades used on facial scanning and reading) do require high speed movements, and eye muscles are 'exercised' nightly during Rapid eye movement.
 The unexplained statement that "the tongue is the strongest muscle in the body" appears frequently in lists of surprising facts, but it is difficult to find any definition of
"strength" that would make this statement true. Note that the tongue consists of sixteen muscles, not one.
 The heart has a claim to being the muscle that performs the largest quantity of physical work in the course of a lifetime. Estimates of the power output of the human heart range from 1 to 5 watts. This is much less than the maximum power output of other muscles; for example, the quadriceps can produce over 100 watts, but only for a few minutes. The heart does its work continuously over an entire lifetime without pause, and thus does "outwork" other muscles. An output of one watt continuously for seventy years yields a total work output of two to three gigajoules.
35

English Project
2oo7
The triceps brachii muscle is a large three-headed skeletal muscle found in humans. It runs along the back of the upper arm.
The triceps brachii muscle is often simply called the triceps. However, the term triceps (Latin for "three heads") can mean any skeletal muscle having three origins.
The three heads have the following names and insertions:
36

English Project
2oo7


The "Long head": infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
The "Lateral head": posterior shaft of the humerus, lateral and superior to the radial
(spiral) groove.
 The "Medial head": posterior shaft of the humerus, medial and inferior to the radial
(spiral) groove.
The fibres converge to a single tendon to insert onto the olecranon process of the ulna.
The triceps account for approximately 60 percent of the upper arm's muscle mass, but people who exercise the arms with weights often neglect this group of muscles in favour of the biceps brachii. Because i think somebody who practice bodybuilding in the half for
« fun » mean that biceps are more bigger than triceps, but that is wrong.
The triceps can be worked through either isolation elbow extension movements, contract statically to keep the arm straightened against resistance, or compound pressing movements
Isolation movements include cable push downs, skull crushers and arm extensions behind the back.
Static contraction movements are pullovers, straight-arm pulldowns, and bent over lateral raises which are also used to build the rear deltoids and latissimus dorsi.
Examples of pressing movements are press ups, bench presses (level, incline or decline), military presses and dips. Using a closer grip stabilizes the arm allowing more weight to be used, so the triceps can be worked harder without being limited by the strength of the pectorals or shoulders.
That is Dips, my favorite dips’s exercise.
For more difficulty i add weight with a belt.
My personnal record are 4 repetitions with 80kg added with a belt.
Elbow extension is important to many athletic activities. As biceps are often worked more for aesthetic purposes, this is usually a mistake for fitness training. While it is important to maintain a balance between the biceps and triceps for postural & effective movement
37

English Project
2oo7 purposes, what the balance should be and how to measure it is a conflicted area. Pushing and pulling movements on the same plane are often used to measure this ratio.
In human anatomy, the biceps brachii is a muscle located on the upper arm. The biceps has several functions, the most important simply being to flex the elbow and to rotate the forearm.
The biceps brachii is arguably the best known muscle, as it lies fairly superficially, and is often well-defined even in non-athletes. The muscle is popular amongst bodybuilders, and can grow quite large through weight training.
The term biceps brachii is a Latin phrase meaning "two heads of the arm", in reference to the fact that the muscle consists of two bundles each with its own origin but with a common insertion point near the elbow.
Note that the word biceps is both singular and plural: the form bicep, although common, is incorrect. (The Latin plural bicipites is considered pedantic and rarely used.)
Proximally, the short head of the biceps attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula. The tendon of the long head passes into the joint capsule at the head of the humerus, and attaches on the scapula at the supraglenoid tubercle.
Distally, biceps attaches to the radial tuberosity, and because this bone can rotate, the biceps also supinates the forearm. The biceps also connects with the fascia of the medial side of the arm, at the bicipital aponeurosis.
Two additional muscles lie underneath the biceps brachii. These are the coracobrachialis muscle, which like the biceps attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula, and the brachialis muscle which connects to the ulna and the humerus.
The biceps is tri-articulate, meaning that it works across three joints. The most important of these functions are to flex the elbow and to supinate the forearm.
38

English Project
2oo7
These joints and the associated actions are as follows:
 Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) - flexion (bringing arm upward by a forward motion)
 Elbow joint - flexion. Arguably the most functional of the biceps' functions is elbow flexion. This refers to bending the forearm toward the upper arm, resulting in a decrease of angle. More commonly, this is known as the action performed in a biceps curl. The brachialis muscle and brachioradialis muscle are known to aid in this action as well.
 Proximal radioulnar joint - supination of the forearm. One of the main functions of the biceps is to, along with the supinator muscle, aid in supination of the forearm, which refers to the allowing the forearm, and subsequently, the palm, to be rotated or moved toward the anatomical position, the resulting hand position not dissimilar to that of the biceps curl. This has also been achieved through the use of functional electrical stimulation as a means of emulating electrical impulses used within the synapses, and allow slight movement within those with paralysis. It has also been proven through several tests into muscle group stimulation, that a supinated grip allows for close and normal-grip bench press exercises to have a much more profound effect on the biceps brachii and the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major.
There are many forms of resisted elbow flexion, better known as a curling motion, which exercise the biceps.
Some common iterations include:







The barbell curl
The wide barbell curl
The straight bar curl
The dumbbell curl
The incline dumbbell curl
The seated dumbbell curl
The cable curl
39

English Project
2oo7
 Curl biceps
Working out the upper back muscles through rowing and pulling motions will also incorporate some Biceps Brachii due to great amounts of necessary elbow flexion. However, simultaneous extension of the glenohumeral joint will result in some lengthening of the biceps, thus weakening the biceps' contraction and deferring a great deal of the elbow flexion work to the brachialis and brachioradialis. The role of the biceps during such motions is what is known as a dynamic stabilizer.
The quadriceps femoris (quadriceps extensor, or quads) includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the great extensor muscle of the knee, forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur.
It is subdivided into separate portions, which have received distinctive names.
 Rectus femoris occupies the middle of the thigh, covering most of the other three quadriceps muscles. It originates on the ilium. It is named from its straight course.
40

English Project
2oo7
 The other three lie deep to rectus femoris and originate from the body of the femur, which they cover from the trochanters to the condyles: o o
Vastus lateralis is on the lateral side of the femur.
Vastus medialis is on the medial side of the femur. o Vastus intermedius lies between vastus lateralus and vastus medialis on the front of the femur.
All four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the patella via the quadriceps tendon.
All four quadriceps are powerful extensors of the knee joint. They are crucial in walking, running, jumping and squatting. Because rectus femoris attaches to the ilium, it is also a flexor of the hip. This action is also crucial to walking or running as it swings the leg forward into the ensuing step.
There are a lot of exercises to train quadriceps. Mosts uses are the press, legs extensions, hack squat, split, but the king exercise for quadriceps and which affraid a lot of bodybuilder is THE SQUAT (below). Because when you train our quadriceps it’s very tiring and the squat need our physical ressources.
This is a photo of Ronnie Coleman, 8 times Mr Olympia, when he practice a squat.
41

English Project
2oo7
In human anatomy, a hamstring refers to one of the tendons that makes up the borders of the space behind the knee. In modern anatomical contexts, however, they usually refer to the tendons of the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus, and the biceps femoris. In quadrupeds, it refers to the single large tendon found behind the knee or comparable area.
As shown in the diagram, the human hamstring occupies the posterior of the body of the femur.
The word ham originally referred to the hollow behind the knee. String refers to tendons, and thus, the hamstrings are the string-like tendons felt on either side of the back of the knee.
The four muscles of the posterior thigh flex (bend) the knee, while three of the four extend
(straighten) the hip. The short head of the biceps femoris, with its divergent origin and innervation, is not involved in hip extension, and thus is sometimes excluded from the
'hamstring' characterization.
Muscle Origin semitendinosus ischial tuberosity semimembranosus ischial tuberosity biceps femoris - long head ischial tuberosity
Insertion medial surface of tibia medial tibial condyle
Nerve tibial tibial lateral side of the head of the fibula tibial biceps femoris - short head linea aspera near the head of the femur lateral tibial condyle (common tendon with the long head) common fibular
The hamstrings cross and act upon two joints - the hip and the knee.
Semitendinosus and semimembranosus extend the hip when the trunk is fixed or extend the trunk when the hip is fixed; they also flex the knee and medially (inwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent.
42

English Project
2oo7
The long head of the biceps femoris extends the hip as when beginning to walk; both short and long heads flex the knee and laterally (outwardly) rotates the lower leg when the knee is bent.
The hamstrings play a crucial role in many daily activities, such as, walking, running, jumping, and controlling some movement in the trunk. In walking, they are most important as an antagonist to the quadriceps in the deceleration of knee extension.
Harmstrings of legs are biceps of arms. So, to train this part of your legs exercises are the same type of movement. It’s always curl, but this time, leg curl. You can find some gear where you lie flat on one’s stomach and in your feet you have weight and you lift up.
The same Ronnie Coleman, but when he
practice a leg curl like i’ve say before.
The Pectoralis major is a thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the upper front (anterior) of the chest wall. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles in the male and lies under the breast in the female.
43

English Project
2oo7
It arises from the anterior surface of the sternal half of the clavicle; from half the breadth of the anterior surface of the sternum, as low down as the attachment of the cartilage of the sixth or seventh rib; from the cartilages of all the true ribs, with the exception, frequently, of the first or seventh, or both, and from the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle.
From this extensive origin the fibers converge toward their insertion; those arising from the clavicle pass obliquely downward and outwards (laterally), and are usually separated from the rest by a slight interval; those from the lower part of the sternum, and the cartilages of the lower true ribs, run upward and laterally, while the middle fibers pass horizontally.
They all end in a flat tendon, about 5 cm. in breadth, which is inserted into the crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus.
This tendon consists of two lamina, placed one in front of the other, and usually blended together below.
 The anterior lamina, which is thicker, receives the clavicular and the uppermost sternal fibers. They are inserted in the same order as that in which they arise: the most lateral of the clavicular fibers are inserted at the upper part of the anterior lamina; the uppermost sternal fibers pass down to the lower part of the lamina which extends as low as the tendon of the Deltoid and joins with it.
 The posterior lamina of the tendon receives the attachment of the greater part of the sternal portion and the deep fibers, those from the costal cartilages.
These deep fibers, and particularly those from the lower costal cartilages, ascend the higher, turning backward successively behind the superficial and upper ones, so that the tendon appears to be twisted.
The posterior lamina reaches higher on the humerus than the anterior one, and from it an expansion is given off which covers the intertubercular groove of the humerus and blends with the capsule of the shoulder-joint.
44

English Project
2oo7
From the deepest fibers of this lamina at its insertion an expansion is given off which lines the intertubercular groove, while from the lower border of the tendon a third expansion passes downward to the fascia of the arm.
The more frequent variations include greater or less extent of attachment to the ribs and sternum, varying size of the abdominal part or its absence, greater or less extent of separation of sternocostal and clavicular parts, fusion of clavicular part with deltoid, and decussation in front of the sternum.
Deficiency or absence of the sternocostal part is not uncommon.
Absence of the clavicular part is less frequent.
Rarely, the whole muscle is missing. This may accompany absence of the breast in females.
(See Poland Syndrome).
In addition to being one of the primary pushing muscles of the upper body, the pectoral is often considered one of the most aesthetically-pleasing muscles in the human body, and is a frequent target for bodybuilding. The flat, barbell bench press is the most popular exercise.
The pushup is a popular bodyweight exercise targeting the pectoralis major. The muscle is generally worked in compound movements that involve pushing, where the triceps brachii and deltoid muscles are also activated to varying degrees. Exercises that bring the arms together (such as flyes) also work the pectorals, somewhat more selectively.
Flat and declining movements generally work the sternal fibers (often called the "lower" or
"inner pecs") while inclining movements generally work the clavicular fibers ("upper pecs.")
The opposite is true for pushups, where declining (chest below legs) pushups use more clavicular fibers; they are also more difficult than flat or incline pushups due to the increased responsibility of the (smaller) deltoids and the weaker line of pull for pectoralis.
The following exercises target and work "the pecs:"
 Bench press, with various bench angles (flat, incline, and decline)
 Pushup/Pressup
 Dips
Isolation exercises include:
 Flyes
45

English Project
2oo7


Cable Crossovers
"Pec Deck" machines
The human back is the large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface opposite to the chest, its height being defined by the vertebral column (commonly referred to as the spine or backbone) and its breadth being supported by the ribcage and shoulders. The spinal canal runs through the spine and provides nerves to the rest of the body.
Posterior view of the thorax and shoulder girdle .
The central feature of the human back is the vertebral column, specifically the length from the top of the thoracic vertebrae to the bottom of the lumbar vertebrae, which houses the spinal cord in its spinal canal, and which generally has some curvature that gives shape to the back. The ribcage extends from the spine at the top of the back (with the top of the ribcage corresponding to the T1 vertebra), more than halfway down the length of the back, leaving an area with less protection between the bottom of the ribcage and the hips. The width of the back at the top is defined by the scapula, the broad, flat bones of the shoulders.
The spine is bordered by several groups of muscles, including the intertransversarii muscle which facilitate movement between the individual vertabrae, and the multifidus spinae, which facilitate the movement of the spine as a whole.
Other muscles in the back are associated with the movement of the neck and shoulders. The trapezius muscle, which is named from its trapezium-like shape, runs between the neck, the anterior chain, the two shoulders, and the thoracic vertebra, T12. The large latissimus dorsi make a triangle from the shoulder to the hip. The significant mass of muscles in the back can be developed through back exercises.
46

English Project
2oo7
The intricate anatomy of the back is designed to both provide support for the head and trunk of the body, strength in the trunk of the body, as well as a great deal of flexibility and movement. The upper back has the most structural support, with the ribs attached firmly to each level of the thoracic spine and very limited movement. The lower back allows for flexibility and movement in all directions.
To train your back, you have a lot of exercises, you have the standard pull-up and any gear
« pull-up like » and after you have the bird, with this exercise you are leaning forward and you imitate the movement of bird when then fly with their wings, but your wings are your arm, with a little weight on each hands. You have too the rowing, you are leaning forward and you lift up a weight.
That is Ronnie Coleman who practice a rowing with the T-bar.
The human abdomen (from the Latin word meaning "belly") is the part of the body between the pelvis and the thorax. Anatomically, the abdomen stretches from the thorax at the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim. The pelvic brim stretches from the lumbosacral angle (the intervertebral disk between L5 and S1) to the pubic symphysis and is the edge of the pelvic inlet. The space above this inlet and under the thoracic diaphragm is termed the abdominal cavity. The boundary of the abdominal cavity is the abdominal wall in the front and the peritoneal surface at the rear.
47

English Project
2oo7
Functionally, the human abdomen is where most of the alimentary tract is placed and so most of the absorption and digestion of food occurs here. The alimentary tract in the abdomen consists of the lower oesophagus, the stomach, the duodenum, the jejunum, ileum, the cecum and the appendix, the ascending, transverse and descending colons, the sigmoid colon and the rectum. Other vital organs inside the abdomen include the liver, the kidneys, the pancreas and the spleen.
The abdominal wall is split into the posterior (back), lateral (sides) and anterior (front) walls.
Muscle
The obliquus externus (external oblique) muscle is the outermost muscle covering the side of the abdomen. It is broad, flat, and irregularly quadrilateral.
Origin and insertion
It originates on the lower eight ribs, and then curves down and forward towards its insertion on the outer anterior crest of the ilium and (via the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle) the midline linea alba.
The obliquus internus (internal oblique) muscle is triangularly shaped and is smaller and thinner than the external oblique muscle that overlies it.
It originates from Poupart's ligament/inguinal ligament and the inner anterior crest of the ilium. The lower two-thirds of it insert, in common with fibers of the external oblique and the underlying transversus abdominis, into the linea alba. The upper third inserts into the lower six ribs.
The transversus abdominis muscle is flat and triangular, with its fibers running horizontally. It lies between the internal oblique and the underlying transversalis fascia.
It originates from Poupart's ligament, the inner lip of the ilium, the lumbar fascia and the inner surface of the cartilages of the six lower ribs. It inserts into the linea alba behind the rectus abdominis.
The rectus abdominis muscles are long and flat. The muscle is crossed by three tendinous intersections called the linae transversae. The rectus abdominis is enclosed in a thick sheath formed, as described above, by fibers from each of the three muscles of the lateral abdominal wall.
They originate at the pubic bone, run up the abdomen on either side of the linea alba, and insert into the cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs.
48

English Project
2oo7
The pyramidalis muscle is small and triangular. It is located in the lower abdomen in front of the rectus abdominis.
It originates at the pubic bone and is inserted into the linea alba half way up to the umbilicus
(belly button).
In the history of bodybuilding names who stay in memories are bodybuilders who have won
Mr. Olympia. Of curse there are good bodybuilders who haven’t won Mr.Olympia but the list is long. So, i talk about Mr.Olympia winners.
Larry Scott, nicknamed "the Legend", born on October 12, 1938 in Blackfoot, Idaho is an
American former IFBB professional bodybuilder.
Scott was the first bodybuilder to ever have held the IFBB Mr. Olympia title. He did so for the first two years of the competition from 1965 to 1966. Scott went to the California Air College to study electronics and is known to be a devout Mormon. He is married to Rachel Ichikawa.
Before claiming the Mr. Olympia title, Scott took Mr. America in 1962, the Mr. Universe title in 1964, and had a minor role as "Riff" in the 1964 movie Muscle Beach Party. Scott is said to have possessed little apparent genetic potential when he started training with weights in
1956, his narrow shoulders having been a particular weak spot. He trained with Vince
Gironda, another well-known bodybuilder of the golden age. Scott is best known for his arm development - and perhaps most for his impressive biceps which were unusually long, allowing for good development and shape. Scott attributes his football-shaped biceps to an exercise he invented, "The Scott Curl," which became standard repertoire among many
49

English Project
2oo7 bodybuilders. Nowadays Scott lives in Salt Lake City, Utah where he runs his own personal training company. He was inducted into the IFBB Hall of Fame in 1999.
Scott was also a popular physique model during the early to mid 1960s, working for such famous photographers as Bruce of LA and Don Whitman, of Western Photography Guild. His
"posing strap" material for Pat Milo (known professionally as simply "Milo") is today concerned fine art. It was Milo who introduced Scott to a wide, appreciative audience and helped him hone his posing and photographic persona: that of the "boy next door." Larry regularly appeared in all of Joe Weider's bodybuilding magazines, including Mr. America and
Muscle Builder, and he also figured prominently in Demi Gods, Muscleboy, and The Young
Physique.
From 1960 until his retirement from competition in 1966, Scott was bodybuilding's top superstar. Bodybuilding magazines soon began capitalizing on his image, but Larry - an IFBB athlete - wrote exclusively for Joe Weider's publications. Larry's popularity completely eclipsed all other bodybuilders of his time, including such famous personalities as Freddy
Ortiz, Chuck Sipes, Dave Draper, Leo Robert, Harold Poole, and a very young Sergio Oliva.
The phenomenon has since become known as "Larry fever" and reached its apex at the 1966
Mr. Olympia competition, where Larry defended his title and once again took home the crown (literally, since the prize was $1,000 and an actual crown).
Scott's retirement at the young age of 28 sent shockwaves throughout the sport. But Scott had other priorities (a second marriage), and after two Olympia wins, he'd done all he could do in competitive bodybuilding.
Even in retirement, Scott continued to have an incredibly devoted fan base. One fan, Rod
Labbe, is a freelance writer who's collaborated with Scott on four major articles, so far (a two-part interview in Flex magazine; Ironman; MuscleMag International, and Ironman again). According to Labbe, "Larry is my childhood hero, a true American success story. It's an honor for me to work with him." Their latest interview, entitled "The Golden Man," appeared in two consecutive issues of Ironman magazine in 2006.
Today, Scott is in his mid-60's and enjoys good health and still sports 20" biceps. He wrote his autobiography Loaded Guns and is an active, energetic force in Bodybuilding. Currently,
Scott has a website through which he offers bodybuilding guidance and training programs.
1959
 Mr. Idaho, 1st
50

English Project
2oo7
1960




Mr California - AAU, Winner
Mr California - AAU, Most Muscular, 1st
Mr Los Angeles - AAU, Most Muscular, 3rd
Mr Los Angeles - AAU, 3rd
1961


Mr Pacific Coast - AAU, Most Muscular, 1st
Mr Pacific Coast - AAU, Winner
[1962
 Mr America, Medium, 2 and Overall
1963
 Mr Universe, Medium, 1st
1964
 Mr Universe, Medium, 1st and Overall
1965
 Mr Olympia, 1st
1966
 Mr Olympia, 1st
1979
 Canada Diamond Pro Cup, 9th
 Grand Prix Vancouver, Did not place
51

English Project
2oo7
Sergio Oliva (born 4 July 1941) known in bodybuilding circles as "The Myth". This sobriquet was given to him by Bodybuilder/Writer; Rick Wayne. Wayne had begun calling Oliva "The
Myth" "(because everyone who saw him at the 1967 Montreal World's Fair said he was
"JUST UNBELIEVABLE")" .




The second bodybuilder to win the Mr. Olympia competition.
The only bodybuilder to ever defeat Arnold Schwarzenegger in a Mr Olympia contest,
1969.
The only bodybuilder to win a Mr. Olympia Contest uncontested, 1968.
Oliva was Mr. Olympia in: 1967, 1968, and 1969.
In 1961, at the Pan Am Games in Kingston, Jamaica Sergio Oliva escaped from the Castrocontrolled Cuba as he, and the entire Cuban weightlifting team were granted asylum.
After arriving in America he struggled to survive. It was said that he worked for some 12 hours a day followed by grueling workouts in the gym.
 Has served the city of Chicago as a police officer for more than 25 years.
 In 1986, Sergio survived being shot by his then-wife.
 Oliva was renowned for his long muscle bellies and his extremely wide back.
 Oliva was known for his 28 inch waist, 22 inch arms, and 58 inch chest.













AAU Junior Mr America - Most Muscular, 1965
AAU Mr America - Most Muscular, 1965
AAU Junior Mr America, 1965
AAU Junior Mr America - Most Muscular, 1965
AAU Mr America - Most Muscular, 1966
IFBB Mr World, 1966
IFBB Mr. Universe, 1967
IFBB Mr. Olympia, 1967
IFBB Mr. Olympia, 1968
IFBB Mr. Olympia, 1969
WBBG Mr Galaxy, 1972
IFBB Mr International, 1973
WBBG Mr International, 1974
52

English Project
2oo7
 WBBG Mr. Olympus, 1975
 WBBG Mr. Olympus, 1976
 WABBA World Championships, 1977
 WBBG Mr. Olympus, 1978
 WABBA Pro World Cup, 1980
 WABBA World Championship, 1980
 WABBA Pro World Cup, 1981
Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (German pronunciation (IPA): [a ɐ n ɔ lt alo ʏ s ʃ va ɐ ts ə n ɛ g ɐ ])
(born on July 30, 1947, in Thal, Austria) is an Austrian-American bodybuilder, actor and an
American politician, currently serving as the 38th Governor of California. He was elected on
October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis.
Schwarzenegger was sworn in on November 17, 2003, to serve the remainder of Davis' term.
Schwarzenegger was then reelected on November 7, 2006, in California's 2006 gubernatorial election to serve a full term as governor by defeating Democrat Phil Angelides, (at that time) the California State Treasurer. Schwarzenegger was sworn in for a second term on January 5,
2007.
Nicknamed "The Austrian Oak" in his body building days, "Arnie" or "Ahnold" (playing off his accent) during his acting career, and more recently "The Governator" (a portmanteau of
Governor and Terminator, referring to his internationally popular film role), Schwarzenegger as a young man gained widespread attention as a highly successful bodybuilder, and later gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film star. Perhaps his most famous film is The
Terminator, with other famous movies including Predator, Terminator 2: Judgment Day,
Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, The Sixth Day, Eraser, True Lies, Kindergarten Cop, Total
Recall, Junior, Jingle All The Way, Last Action Hero, Commando, and his Hollywood breakthrough film Conan the Barbarian and its sequel Conan the Destroyer.
Arnold Schwarzenegger (right) was trained to
53

English Project
2oo7 operate the M47 tank
Arnold Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, Austria, a city bordering the Styrian capital Graz, and christened Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger. His parents were the local police chief Gustav
Schwarzenegger (1907 – 1972), and his wife, the former Aurelia Jadrny (1922 – 1998). They were married on October 20, 1945 - Gustav was 38, Aurelia a 23-year-old widow with a son named Meinhard. Gustav was a strict and demanding father, who generally favored the elder Meinhard. Arnold had a good relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death. Arnold's father was a Nazi, but Arnold himself has reportedly disavowed Nazi views.
As a boy, Schwarzenegger played many sports, but discovered a passion for bodybuilding in his mid-teens after his soccer coach took the team to weight training. Arnold took to visiting a gym in Graz, where he also frequented the local cinemas to see bodybuilding idols such as
Reg Park, Steve Reeves and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen. He was so dedicated as a youngster that he was known to break into the local gym on weekends, when it was usually closed, so that he could train.
In 1971, Meinhard died in a car accident. Arnold, who was also in the vehicle, has since said that his brother was driving drunk. Gustav died the following year. In Pumping Iron,
Schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father's funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest. Later, he and the film's producer both stated that this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport, and to make Arnold's image more cold and machine-like to fan controversy for the film.
Schwarzenegger served in the Austrian army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required of all 18-year-old Austrian males at the time. He did sneak away to win the Junior
Mr. Europe title. Contrary to popular belief, it was not Schwarzengger's bodybuilding debut, which had occurred two years earlier at a minor contest in Graz, at Steirer Hof Hotel, where he had placed second). He was punished for leaving the base, but the respect he gained from his superiors was obvious, his drill sergeant once yelling at a group of soldiers, "Why don't you be more like Schwarzenegger?" [citation needed]
54

English Project
2oo7
Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London. He arrived in the United Kingdom knowing little English. It was there that he acquired the nickname "The Austrian Oak" (or "The Styrian Oak") due partly to his large build, and partly to a story of him performing chin-ups from the limb of an oak tree on the banks of the lake Thalersee. He would come in second in the Mr. Universe competition, and returned to win the title the following year, becoming the youngest-ever Mr. Universe at the age of 20.
Schwarzenegger moved to the United States in September of 1968, having little money and still weak in English. There he trained at Gold's Gym in Santa Monica, California, under the patronage of Joe Weider. Schwarzenegger became good friends with professional wrestler
"Superstar" Billy Graham.
Schwarzenegger first gained fame as a bodybuilder. One of the first competitions he won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965, as noted above. He would go on to compete in and win many bodybuilding (as well as some powerlifting) contests, including 5 Mr. Universe
(4 - NABBA (England), 1 - IFBB (USA)) wins and 7 Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth straight Mr. Olympia title in 1991.
In 1967 Schwarzenegger competed in the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254kg/560lbs) is lifted between the legs while standing on two foot rests. He broke the existing record and won the contest.
[citation needed]
Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia. His first attempt was in 1969 where he lost to three-time champion
Sergio Oliva. However Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition.
He continued his winning streak in the 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974 competitions. In 1975,
Schwarzenegger was once again in top form and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Lou Ferrigno. After the 1975 Olympia, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding.
Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest film-makers George Butler and Robert Fiore convinced Arnold to compete in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called Pumping Iron. Schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition after losing significant weight to appear in the film Stay Hungry with Jeff Bridges. Ferrigno proved not to be a threat, and a lighter than usual Schwarzenegger convincingly won the
55

English Project
2oo7
1975 Olympia. After being declared Mr. Olympia for a sixth consecutive time
Schwarzenegger retired from competition.
Schwarzenegger came out of retirement to compete in the 1980 Mr. Olympia.
Schwarzenegger was training for his role in Conan when he got into such good shape because of the running, horseback riding, and sword training that he decided he wanted to win the Mr. Olympia one last time. He kept this plan secret in the event that a training accident prevented his entry and caused him a loss of face. Schwarzenegger had been hired to provide Color commentary for network television when he announced at the eleventh hour that while he was there; "Why not compete?". Schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only eight weeks of preparation. At the time, this led to some controversy, some claiming that the Olympia had become a "popularity contest" rather than an objectively judged competition.
Schwarzenegger is considered among the most important figures in the history of bodybuilding, and his legacy is commemorated in the Arnold Classic annual bodybuilding competition. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent face in the bodybuilding sport long after his retirement, in part due to his ownership of gyms and fitness magazines. He has presided over numerous contests and awards shows. For many years he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines Muscle & Fitness and Flex. Shortly after being elected Governor, he was appointed executive editor of both magazines in a largely symbolic capacity. The magazines agreed to donate $250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiatives. The magazine MuscleMag International has a monthly two page article on him and refers to him as "The King."
It has been claimed that Schwarzenegger won his first of seven Mr. Olympia titles in 1970 with the help of Dianabol and testosterone propionate. He has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal, writing in 1977 that
"steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest. I did not use them for muscle growth, but rather for muscle maintenance when cutting up." Schwarzenegger has called the drugs "tissue building."
In 1999, Schwarzenegger sued Dr. Willi Heepe, a German doctor who publicly predicted an early death for the bodybuilder, based on a link between steroid use and later heart problems. Because the doctor had never examined him personally, Schwarzenegger collected a DM 20,000 ($12,000 USD) libel judgment against him in a German court. In 1999
Schwarzenegger also sued and settled with The Globe, a U.S. tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder's future health. As late as 1996, a year before open heart surgery to replace an aortic valve, Schwarzenegger publicly defended his use of anabolic steroids during his bodybuilding career.
56

English Project
2oo7
Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve; a normal aorta has three leaflets.
According to a spokesperson, Schwarzenegger has not used anabolic steroids since 1990 when they were made illegal.
In 1977, Schwarzenegger's autobiography Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder was published. He earned a B.A. from the University of Wisconsin-Superior, where he graduated with degrees in international marketing of fitness and business administration in 1979.
Schwarzenegger became a U.S. citizen in 1983, although he also retains his Austrian citizenship.
The name "Schwarzenegger" in German means, approximately, "Black Ploughman" or
"Ploughman of the Black Earth" ("Schwarz" = "black", "Egge" = "plow" or "harrow"). Another possible derivation is "inhabitant of Schwarzenegg", a place name found in Switzerland and
Austria; this place would probably mean something like "black corner" (-egg being related to
Standard German Ecke "corner").
In 1978 Arnold was dating Susan Moray, a hairdresser at Wm & Donald Salon on Main St.,
Ocean Park, CA. Both Arnold and Wm & Donald had omlettes named for them at The
Omelette Parlor, also on Main St.
In 1986, Schwarzenegger married TV journalist Maria Shriver, niece of the past President of the United States John F. Kennedy.
The couple have four children:
Name
Katherine Eunice
Schwarzenegger
Christina Aurelia
Schwarzenegger
Patrick Arnold
Schwarzenegger
Birth Notes
December 13, Her middle name, Eunice, is the first name of her
1989 maternal grandmother.
July 23, 1991
Her middle name, Aurelia, was the first name of her paternal grandmother.
September
18, 1993
Los Angeles,
California
His middle name, Arnold, is the first name of his father. His first name, Patrick, is named after his great-grandfather Joseph Patrick Kennedy. [21]
57

English Project
2oo7
Christopher Sargent
Schwarzenegger
September
27, 1997
His middle name, Sargent, is the first name of his maternal grandfather.
In 2005 Peter Pilz from the Austrian Green Party in parliament demanded to revoke
Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship. This demand was based on article 33 of the Austrian citizenship act that states: A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the
Austrian Republic
Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty
(prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human
Rights) had indeed done heavy damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger justified his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of
California was to prevent an error in the judicial system. "Schwarzenegger has a lot of muscles, but apparently not much heart," said Julien Dray, spokesman for the
Socialist Party in France, where the death penalty was abolished in 1981.
In honor of its most famous son, Schwarzenegger's home town of Graz had named its soccer stadium after him. The Arnold Schwarzenegger Stadium, now officially titled UPC-Arena, is the home of both Grazer AK and Sturm Graz. Following the Stanley Tookie Williams execution and after street protests in his home town, several local politicians began a campaign to remove Schwarzenegger's name from the stadium. Schwarzenegger responded, saying that "to spare the responsible politicians of the city of Graz further concern, I withdraw from them as of this day the right to use my name in association with the
Liebenauer Stadium", and set a tight deadline of just a couple of days to remove his name.
Graz officials removed Schwarzenegger's name from the stadium in December 2005.
Schwarzenegger and his family currently live in their Brentwood home. He owns a home in the Pacific Palisades.
 Schwarzenegger broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, Idaho on December
23, 2006.[10] He tripped over his ski pole on Lower Warm Springs run on Bald
Mountain, an 'easy' or green level run. He is an expert level skier.On December 26,
2006, he underwent a 90-minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together. He was released from the hospital on December
30, 2006. Schwarzenegger did not delay his second oath of office on January 5, 2007, although he was still on crutches at the time.
 Schwarzenegger has twice crashed motorcyles on public highways, injuring himself in the process. On January 8, 2006, while riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle, with
58

English Project
2oo7 his son Patrick in the sidecar, another driver backed into the street he was riding on causing him and his son to collide with the car at a low speed. While his son and the other driver were unharmed, the governor sustained a minor injury to his lip, forcing him to get 15 stitches. "No citations were issued" said officer Jason Lee, a police spokesman. Schwarzenegger, who famously rode motorcycles in the Terminator movies, has never actually obtained an M-1 or M-2 endorsement on his California driver's license that would allow him to legally ride a motorcycle without a sidecar on the street. Previously, on December 9, 2001, he broke six ribs and was hospitalized for four days after a motorcycle crash in L.A.
 Schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue, medical experts predict he will require repeated heart valve replacement surgery in the next two to eight years as his current valve degrades.
Schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve, the only permanent solution available at the time of his surgery, because it would have sharply limited his physical activity and capacity to exercise.
By the age of 30, Schwarzenegger was a millionaire, well before his career in
Hollywood. His financial independence came from a series of successful business ventures and investments. In 1968,
Schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder
Franco Columbu started a bricklaying business. The business flourished both because of the pair's marketing savvy and increased demand following a major Los
Angeles earthquake in
1971.Schwarzenegger and Columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail order business, selling bodybuilding and fitness-related equipment and instructional tapes.
Schwarzenegger rolled profits from the mail order business and his bodybuilding competition winnings into his first real estate venture: an apartment building he purchased for $10,000. He would go on to invest in a number of real estate holding companies.
59

English Project
2oo7
Arnold Schwarzenegger was a founding "celebrity investor" in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants (modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe) along with Bruce Willis,
Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore. Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in 2000.
Schwarzenegger's net worth has been conservatively estimated at USD $100-$200 million.
However, over the years, he invested his bodybuilding and movie earnings in an array of stocks, bonds, privately controlled companies and real estate holdings in the US and worldwide, so his fortune is actually estimated anywhere in between USD $800-$900 million.
During his initial campaign for governor, allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger (see Gropegate). Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the Los Angeles Times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories.
Chronologically, they ranged from Elaine Stockton, who claimed that Schwarzenegger groped her breast at a Gold's Gym in 1975 (she was 19 at the time), to a 51 year old woman who said that he pinned her to his chest and spanked her shortly after she met him in connection with production of his film, The Sixth Day, in 2000.
None of the women mentioned above filed any legal action against Schwarzenegger.
Schwarzenegger admitted that he has "behaved badly sometimes" and apologized, but also stated that "a lot of (what) you see in the stories is not true." This came after an interview in adult magazine Oui from 1977 surfaced, in which Schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and indulging in drugs like marijuana. Schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana cigarette after winning Mr. Olympia in the 1977 documentary film Pumping Iron.
British television personality Anna Richardson settled a libel lawsuit in August 2006 against
Schwarzenegger and two of his top aides, Sean Walsh and publicist Sheryl Main. Richardson alleges that the California governor had groped her breast during a 2000 interview in
London, to promote The Sixth Day, in which he had starred as an actor. Although, during his
2003 election campaign, Schwarzenegger had promised to respond to the allegations of
60

English Project
2oo7 sexual harassment by Richardson and several other women, he failed to do so after being elected. The groping followed Richardson's remark to Schwarzenegger that her breasts were
"real," rather than the results of surgical breast augmentation. Main recalls the incident somewhat differently, claiming that she cupped one of her breasts and asked the actorbecome-governor what he thought about them. According to information that
Schwarzenegger has publicized, he has spent $600,000 in his legal defenses of himself and his aides against libel.
 He bought the first Hummer manufactured for civilian use in 1992, a model so large,
6,300 lb (2900 kg) and 7 feet (2.1 m) wide that it is classified as a large truck and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to it. During the Gubernatorial Recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about $21,000 (USD). After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the "California Hydrogen Highway Network", and gained a DOE grant to help pay for its projected $91,000,000 (USD) cost.California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004.
 He saved a drowning man's life in 2004 while on vacation in Hawaii by swimming out and bringing him back to shore.
 He has appeared alongside his fellow actor from Around the World in 80 Days, Jackie
Chan, in a government advert to combat piracy.
 His Official height of 6'2" has been brought into question by several articles. In 1988 both the British 'Daily Mail' and 'Time Out' magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger appeared noticably shorter than this publicised figure. More recently, before running for Governor, Schwarzenegger's height was once again questioned in an article by the Chicago Reader. As Governor, Schwarzenegger engaged in a light hearted exchange with Assemblyman Herb Wesson over their heights. At one point Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, "settle this once and for all and find out how tall he is." by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor.
Schwarzenegger later retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words "Need a lift?" on the five foot five Wesson’s chair before a negotiating session in his office. To date, there is at least one website dedicated to Schwarzenegger's height and his page remains one of the most active on a website which discusses the heights of celebrities.
 In 1983 Arnold Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video "Carnival in Rio".
61

English Project
2oo7
 Appeared on the cover of "High Times" Magazine dressed as "Conan The Barbarian."
Franco Columbu (August 7, 1941, Ollolai, Sardinia) is an Italian actor and bodybuilder.
Starting out his athletic career as a boxer, Columbu progressed into the sport of powerlifting and later bodybuilding, winning the title of Mr. Olympia in 1976 and 1981. At one time he was considered to be one of the world's strongest men and held a number of powerlifting and weightlifting world records. At 5 feet and 5 inches in height, Columbu is shorter than most of his bodybuilding competitors, but that has not prevented him from achieving widespread success.
Franco Columbu is also famous for being a long time friend of Arnold Schwarzenegger, whom he met in Munich in 1965 and competed against in several international-level bodybuilding competitions. For the Mr. Olympia competitions however, he competed in the under 200 lb (90.7 kg) category, whereas Schwarzenegger was in the over 200 lb category.
The final champion was determined by a pose down between the two class winners. The
IFBB has since abandoned weight classes.
In addition to his athletic accomplishments, Columbu has also made intermittent minor forays into acting. Appearing alongside Arnold in Pumping Iron, he has also appeared in cameo roles in Conan the Barbarian, The Terminator, The Running Man and starred in his own films, notably, Beretta's Island.
He holds doctorates in chiropractic and nutrition.
 In the movie Pumping Iron Columbu is shown to lift an awkwardly parked Fiat car out of its park.
 Columbu was the best man at Arnold Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver's 1986 wedding.
 One of Columbu's feats of strength was to blow up a hot water bottle until it burst.
 In the Arnold Schwarzenegger film Last Action Hero, the words "A Franco Columbu film" appear on the screen at the beginning of Jack Slater IV (a film within the film) as a tribute to Columbu.
 In the opening scenes of Conan the Barbarian, Columbu plays a 'pictish scout',
 complete with mustache, wig and blue body-paint.
In The Terminator, Columbu plays the infiltrating Terminator in Reese's flashback/dream in which the picture of Sarah Connor is destroyed by fire.
62

English Project
2oo7
 Columbu competed in the 1977 World's Strongest Man competition and finished fifth, despite not being able to complete all the events having dislocated his knee in the 'Refrigerator Carry' event.
Bodybuilding Titles





 1968: NABBA Mr. Universe (Most Muscular)
 1969: IFBB Mr. Europe (Medium)
 1969: NABBA Mr. Universe (Most Muscular)
 1969: NABBA Mr. Universe (Short)
 1969: IFBB Mr. Universe (Short)
 1970: IFBB Mr. Europe (Short & Overall)
 1970: AAU Mr. World (Pro Short)
 1970: IFBB Mr. World (Short)
 1970: IFBB Mr. Universe (Short & Overall)
 1971: IFBB Mr. Universe (Short & Overall) *Disqualified for selling bodybuilding booklets - considered as a professional*
1971: IFBB Mr. World (Short & Overall)
1974: Mr. Olympia (Lightweight)
1975: Mr. Olympia (Lightweight)
1976: Mr. Olympia (Lightweight & Overall)
1981: Mr. Olympia
Powerlifting titles


Champion of Italy
 Champion of Germany
Champion of Europe
Powerlifting world records
 Bench press 525 lb (238 kg)
 Squat 655 lb (297 kg)
 Deadlift 750 lb (340 kg)
63

Weightlifting records



Olympic press 325 lb (147 kg)
Snatch 270 lb (122 kg)
Clean and jerk 400 lb (181 kg)
Boxing
English Project
2oo7
 Amateur Boxing Champion
Frank Zane is an American former professional bodybuilder and teacher. He was born June
28, 1942 in Kingston, Pennsylvania.
Zane received a B.S. (Bachelor of Science degree) in Education from Wilkes University in
Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania in 1964. Later he earned a B.A. (Bachelor of Arts degree) in psychology from California State University, Los Angeles in 1977. Finally, he was awarded a
Master's degree in Experimental Psychology from California State University San Bernardino,
California in 1990.
Zane is a three-time Mr. Olympia (1977 to 1979). His reign represented a shift of emphasis from mass to aesthetics and his physique is still regarded by some as the ideal in bodybuilding. Zane's proportionate physique featured the thinnest waistline of all the Mr.
Olympias with his wide shoulders making for a beautiful V-taper. He stood at 5'9" and had a competition weight of 180 pounds. Zane is one of only three people who have beaten Arnold
Schwarzenegger in a bodybuilding contest and one of the very few Mr. Olympias under 200 pounds. He has written many books about bodybuilding. He is often accused of overly focusing on meditation and relaxation rather than 'core' bodybuilding techniques. He received the Arnold Schwarzenegger lifetime achievement award at the 2003 Arnold Classic for his dedication and long-time support of the sport.
He was given the nickname "The Chemist" due to his Bachelor of Science degree and, as he puts it: "Back in the day I took a lot of supplements and tons of amino acids. Still do. But back then it was pretty unusual. That's how I got the nickname The Chemist."
In the 1980s, Frank owned and ran a gym in Palm Springs, Calif. He was focusing on personal training. He now lives in San Diego with his wife Christine.
64

English Project
2oo7
In 2005, Frank Zane played the IFBB Announcer and worked as the consulting producer in the movie "See Arnold Run." As of 2006, Zane currently runs his own website, appears at seminars and book signings, and offers personal weightlifting sessions with his program called "The Zane Experience" in San Diego.




Height: 5'9"
Contest weight: 185 lbs
Off-season weight: 200 lbs
Arms: 18 ½"
Competition history
 1983 Mr. Olympia 4th


1982 Mr. Olympia 2nd
1980 Mr. Olympia 3rd
 1979 Mr. Olympia 1st
 1978 Mr. Olympia 1st
 1977 Mr. Olympia 1st
 1976 Mr. Olympia 2nd
 1974 Mr. Olympia 2nd
 1972 Mr. Olympia 4th
 1972 Pro Mr. Universe Short 1st & Overall
 1971 NABBA Pro Mr. Universe Short 1st
 1970 Amateur Mr. Universe Winner
 1968 Mr. Universe Short 1st & Overall
 1968 IFBB Mr. America Medium 1st & Overall
 1967 IFBB Mr. Universe Tall 3rd
 1967 IFBB Mr. America Medium 1st
 1966 IFBB Mr. America Medium 1st
 1965 IFBB Mr. Universe Medium 1st
 1965 Mr. Sunshine State 1st
 1963 Mr. Keystone 2nd
 1962 Mr. Keystone 1st
 1961 Mr. Pennsylvania 17th
Lee Haney (born November 11, 1959) is a former American IFBB professional bodybuilder most famous for being the current joint world record holder for winning the most Mr.
65

English Project
2oo7
Olympia titles (eight times from 1984 to 1991). A devoted born again Christian, Haney has his own program on the Trinity Broadcasting Network called "TotaLee Fit with Lee Haney."
In October 2005, Ronnie Coleman tied Haney's record of eight Mr. Olympia victories.
His reign ushered in an era where back development (both Latissimus dorsi and Trapezius) has been seen as the ultimate goal in bodybuilding.



Height: 5' 11"
Off Season Weight: 250 lbs
Competition Weight: 245 lbs
 1979 Teen Mr. America
 1979 Teen Mr. America Tall, 1st
 1982 Junior Nationals Heavyweight & Overall, 1st
 1982 Nationals Heavyweight & Overall, 1st
 1982 World Amateur Championships Heavyweight, 1st
 1983 Grand Prix England 2nd
 1983 Grand Prix Las Vegas 1st
 1983 Grand Prix Sweden 2nd
 1983 Grand Prix Switzerland 3rd
 1983 Night of Champions 1st
 1983 Mr. Olympia 3rd
 1983 World Pro Championships 3rd
 1984 Mr. Olympia 1st
 1985 Mr. Olympia 1st
 1986 Mr. Olympia 1st
 1987 Mr. Olympia 1st
 1987 Grand Prix Germany (II) 1st
 1988 Mr. Olympia 1st
 1989 Mr. Olympia 1st
 1990 Mr. Olympia 1st
 1991 Mr. Olympia 1st
66

English Project
2oo7
Dorian Andrew Mientjez Yates (born April 19, 1962 in Sutton Coldfield, England), is a successful professional British bodybuilder, winning the Mr. Olympia title six times from
1992 until 1997. He is considered to have revolutionized training in the sport of bodybuilding. His style of training is known as "blood and guts" training. This style of training advocates several different exercises and few sets for a bodypart allowing it to be hit from all angles for optimum devolpment. He believed that muscle damage could be caused in a shorter period of time with the proper intensity rather than working out for extended periods of time. He is also known for his incredible back development.


















1985 World Games, 7th
1990 Night of Champions, 2nd
1991 Night of Champions, 1st
1991 Mr. Olympia, 2nd
1991 English Grand Prix, 1st
1992 Mr. Olympia, 1st
1992 English Grand Prix, 1st
1993 Mr. Olympia, 1st
1994 Mr. Olympia, 1st
1994 Spanish Grand Prix, 1st
1994 German Grand Prix, 1st
1994 English Grand Prix, 1st
1995 Mr. Olympia, 1st
1996 Mr. Olympia, 1st
1996 Spanish Grand Prix, 1st
1996 German Grand Prix, 1st
1996 English Grand Prix, 1st
1997 Mr. Olympia, 1st



Height: 5' 10" (1.77m)
Competitive weight: 255 - 270lb s (115-120kg)
Off-season weight: Approx 280305lbs (127kg)
In 1993 Yates published an autobiography titled Blood and Guts. In 1996 Yates released a workout video of the same title; featuring his typical week's weight training. In 1998 he coauthored A Warrior's Story in which he writes how he became the top professional bodybuilder.
67

English Project
2oo7
Yates purchased a gym in 1987 called Temple Gym in Birmingham and later formed his own bodybuilding supplement company Chemical Nutrition (later changed to Dorian Yates
Approved for launch in the United States) with the help of Kerry Kayes. In 2006 he franchised
Temple Gym hoping to make it a world wide chain, currently there are 4 branches, 3 of these in the UK.
Ronald Dean Coleman (Born:May 13, 1964 in Monroe, Louisiana, USA) is an American bodybuilder and an eight-time Mr. Olympia title winner. He is known mainly as "Ronnie
Coleman", and he won the Mr. Olympia contest from 1998 to 2005. Coleman is an affiliate of the International Federation of Bodybuilders (IFBB) and is signed to an endorsement contract with BSN.
Alongside his eight Olympia wins as a professional bodybuilder, Coleman holds the record for most wins as an IFBB professional with 25 wins. He broke the previous record (held by
Vince Taylor at 22 wins) in Moscow on November 5, 2004.
Coleman graduated Cum Laude from Grambling State University (GSU) in 1989 with a degree in accounting. While attending Coleman also played football with the GSU Tigers under famous coach Eddie Robinson. After graduation, Coleman became a police officer.
Coleman supports the Inner City Games, an organization that California Governor Arnold
Schwarzenegger co-founded in 1991. He was the recipient of the 2001 Admiral in the Texas
Navy Certificate Award from Texas Governor Rick Perry for outstanding achievements in bodybuilding and the promotion of physical fitness.
Recently Coleman entered the 2006 Mr. Olympia on September 30, 2006 with the purpose of breaking the record of eight consecutive Mr. Olympia titles he shares with Lee Haney, but finished second to Jay Cutler.
Coleman's training consists of simple compound movements with mostly free weights and some powerlifting; he rarely uses machines. He typically trains 6 days a week in the onseason.
 Ronnie Coleman's First Training Video features Coleman training after the 1997 Mr.
Olympia contest.
68

English Project
2oo7
 The Unbelievable features Coleman's day-to-day activities in preparation for the
2000 Mr. Olympia competition. Some of the feats in this video include: 2x800lb deadlift, 12x200lb dumbbell flat bench press, 5x585lb front squat (free).
 The Cost of Redemption features Coleman's 800 lb (363 kg) squats, 2250 lb (1021 kg)
 leg press, 495 lb (225 kg) bench press and 75 lb (34 kg) arm curls. Preparation for the
2003 Mr. Olympia.
On The Road features 101 minutes of workout action and 14 minutes of special features - Total running time 115 minutes. Filmed in Australia less than a week after the 2005 Mr. Olympia.





Height: 180.3 cm (5 foot 11 inches)
Weight: 135 kg (296 lbs) (contest) | 150 kg (330 lbs) (off-season)
Arms: 60 cm (24")
Chest: 152 cm (58")
Thighs: 91 cm (34")
 1990 Mr. Texas (Heavyweight & Overall)
 1991 World Amateur Championships (Heavyweight)
 1995 Canada Pro Cup
 1996 Canada Pro Cup
 1997 Grand Prix Russia
 1998 Night of Champions
 1998 Toronto Pro Invitational
 1998 Mr. Olympia
 1998 Grand Prix Finland
 1998 Grand Prix Germany
 1999 Mr. Olympia
 1999 World Pro Championships
 1999 Grand Prix England
 2000 Mr. Olympia
 2000 Grand Prix England
 2000 World Pro Championships
 2001 Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic
 2001 Mr. Olympia
 2001 New Zealand Grand Prix
 2002 Mr. Olympia
 2002 Grand Prix Holland
 2003 Mr. Olympia
 2003 Grand Prix Russia
69

English Project
2oo7
 2004 Mr. Olympia
 2004 Grand Prix England
 2004 Grand Prix Holland
 2004 Grand Prix Russia
 2005 Mr. Olympia
Jay Cutler (born Jason Isaac Cutler August 3, 1973 in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA) is an
IFBB American bodybuilder, who currently holds the title of Mr. Olympia. He most recently competed at a weight of 286 pounds and 3% bodyfat at the 2006 Mr. Olympia. During the off-season his weight reaches 310 pounds. Cutler started working in the family concrete construction business, Cutler Bros. Concrete, at the age of 11, and starting training when he was 18 years old as a senior at Wachusett Regional High School. His first contest was the
1992 Gold's Gym Worcester Bodybuilding Championships, at which he took second place.
Before his first win in 2006, Culter had finished second to Ronnie Coleman several times. The closest competition, in terms of points, was in 2001, where Culter was leading on points after prejudging (muscularity and symmetry), but failed to maintain the lead in the posing rounds, which resulted in Coleman winning his fifth consecutive Mr. Olympia. Cutler finally managed to defeat Coleman - who was in line for his 9th title - in 2006 after 4 consecutive years of finishing runner up.
As well as his 2006 Olympia title, Cutler has also won 3 Arnold Classic Titles (2002-2004).
Cutler currently resides in Las Vegas with his wife Kerry.
Height: 5'9" / 175.5 cm.
Contest weight: 286 lbs / 129.5 kg.
Off-season weight: 310 lbs / 140.5 kg.
Arms: 22 ½" / 57 cm.
Chest: 58" / 147.5 cm.
Waist: 34" / 86.5 cm.
70

English Project
2oo7
Thighs: 31" / 78.5 cm.
Calves: 20" / 51 cm.
Neck: 19 ½" / 49.5 cm.
















1993 NPC Iron Bodies Invitational, 1st place Teenage & 1st place Men's Heavyweight
1993 NPC Teen Nationals, 1st place Heavyweight
1995 NPC U.S. Tournament of Champions, 1st place Men's Heavyweight and overall winner
1996 NPC Nationals, 1st place Heavyweight (earned IFBB pro card)
2000 IFBB Night of Champions, 1st place
2002 Arnold Classic, 1st place
2003 Arnold Classic, 1st place
2003 Ironman Pro Invitational, 1st place
2003 San Francisco Pro Invitational, 1st place
2003 Dutch Grand Prix, 1st place
2003 British Grand Prix, 1st place
2004 Arnold Classic, 1st place
2006 Mr. Olympia, 1st place
2006 Austrian Grand Prix, 1st place
2006 Romanian Grand Prix, 1st place
2006 Dutch Grand Prix, 1st place
 1992 Gold Gym Worcester Bodybuilding Championships - 2nd
 1998 IFBB Night of Champions - 11th
 1999 Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic - 4th
 1999 IFBB Ironman Pro Invitational - 3rd
 1999 Mr. Olympia - 14th
 2000 English Grand Prix - 2nd
 2000 Joe Weider's World Pro Cup - 2nd
 2000 Mr. Olympia - 8th
 2000 Mr. Olympia Rome - 2nd
 2001 Mr. Olympia - 2nd
 2003 Mr. Olympia - 2nd
 2003 Russian Grand Prix - 2nd
 2003 GNC Show of Strength - 2nd
 2004 Mr. Olympia - 2nd
 2005 Mr. Olympia - 2nd
71

English Project
2oo7
Lenda Murray (born February 22, 1962 in Detroit, Michigan) is a female bodybuilder from the United States . She is the world’s most successful female bodybuilder to date: an eighttime winner of the Ms. Olympia title, the highest achievement in professional female bodybuilding.
At Henry Ford High School in Detroit, Murray was both a record-holding sprinter and varsity cheerleader. She went on to attend Western Michigan University, earning a degree in political science. While at Western Michigan, she continued to cheerlead, and became the first African American to be chosen as the university’s homecoming queen in 1982 (Todd,
1999).
After a brief tenure cheerleading for the Michigan Panthers in the now-defunct United
States Football League, Murray took to the bodybuilding stage in 1985. She rose quickly through the ranks, soon winning contests at the state and regional levels. In 1989, she earned her professional status at the IFBB North American Championships. Murray soon became a regular presence in bodybuilding magazines and a favorite subject of photographer Bill Dobbins who focused extensively on her in his books The Women and
Modern Amazons.
On November 24, 1990, Murray succeeded six-time champion Cory Everson to become Ms.
Olympia, a title Murray would hold for most of the following decade. She appeared in such mass-market publications as Sports Illustrated, Ebony, Mademoiselle, and Vanity Fair, as well as in Annie Leibovitz’s photo essay Women. Murray’s physique became the standard against which professional female bodybuilders are now judged – an hourglass figure, with broad shoulders tapering into a V-shaped torso mirrored by a proportionally-developed lower body.
Murray lost the Ms. Olympia title to Kim Chizevsky in 1997, and went into retirement after finishing second to Chizevsky again in 1998. However, after four years of retirement she returned to the Ms. Olympia stage, and won two more Ms. Olympia titles in 2002 and 2003.
72

English Project
2oo7
She finished second in the heavyweight class to Iris Kyle in 2004, and again retired from competition. Murray is married to Urel McGill and lives in Atlanta, Georgia.
Murray has done color commentary for bodybuilding events on ESPN.




















1985 NPC Michigan State - 4th
1985 NPC Eastern Michigan - 1st
1986 NPC Michigan - 3rd
1986 NPC Ironwoman Michigan - 3rd
1987 NPC Michigan - 3rd
1987 NPC North Coast - 2nd
1988 NPC Michigan - 1st
1989 NPC Junior Nationals - 1st (HW and Overall)
1989 IFBB North American Championships - 1st (HW and Overall)
1990 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 1st
1991 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 1st
1992 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 1st
1993 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 1st
1994 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 1st
1995 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 1st
1996 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 2nd
1997 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 2nd
2002 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 1st (HW and Overall)
2003 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 1st (HW and Overall)
2004 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 2nd (HW)
Iris Kyle is a professional female bodybuilder from the United States.
Iris Kyle was born on August 22, 1974 in Benton Harbor, Michigan, the fifth of six children.
Her early athletic endeavors included running cross country, basketball (point guard), and softball (shortstop). She was an All-American in basketball, and received a number of athletic scholarship offers. Iris attended Alcorn State University in Lorman, Mississippi on a
73

English Project
2oo7 basketball scholarship, majoring in business administration. She currently lives in Huntington
Beach, California, and works as a health club manager.
Iris won her first contest, the 1994 Long Beach Muscle Classic. She earned her pro card by winning the heavyweight class and overall title at the 1998 NPC USA Championship in Las
Vegas. Iris has had a series of high placing as a professional, including sixth consecutive top five showings at the Ms. Olympia. She won the heavyweight class at the Ms. Olympia in
2001, then captured the overall titles at both the Ms. International and Ms. Olympia in 2004.
In 2006, Iris won both her second Ms. International title and her second Ms. Olympia title. At a height of 5'7", Iris typically competes at a bodyweight of approximately 158-160 pounds.


1994 Ironmaiden Championships - 2nd (MW)
1996 Orange County Muscle Classic - 1st (HW and Overall)
 1996 NPC California - 1st (HW and Overall)
 1996 NPC USA Championships - 2nd (HW)
 1997 NPC USA Championships - 3rd (HW)
 1997 NPC Nationals - 4th (HW)
 1998 NPC USA Championships - 1st (HW and Overall)
 1999 IFBB Ms. International - 15th
 1999 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 4th
 1999 IFBB Pro World Championship - 2nd
 2000 IFBB Ms. International - disqualified
 2000 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 5th (HW)
 2001 IFBB Ms. International - 2nd (HW)
 2001 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 1st (HW)
 2002 IFBB Ms. International - 2nd (HW)
 2002 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 2nd (HW)


2002 IFBB GNC Show of Strength - 2nd (HW)
 2003 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 2nd (HW)
 2004 IFBB Ms. International - 1st (HW and Overall)
 2004 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 1st (HW and Overall)
2005 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 2nd
 2006 IFBB Ms. International - 1st
 2006 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 1st
 2007 IFBB Ms. International - 1st
74

English Project
2oo7
Now this is the end of my report. We had seen history of bodybuilding, differents famous contests. Next we had seen the strategy when of bodybuilders and their preparation and what then eat everydays. And the had seen too main muscles morked by a bodybuilder.
Finally I’ve listing some famous pro bodybuilders. I hope this report was interessant and gave you some knowledge about bodybuilding. Thank you for you attention 
75