Chapter 11

 Identify the organs of the respiratory system
 Locate the structures of the respiratory system
 Identify the functions of the respiratory system
 Review some disorders of the respiratory system
 Review some laboratory test and procedures

 Breathing process
 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
 Enable speech production

 Consist of a series of tubes that transport air in an out of the lungs.
 Function is to supply oxygen to the body cells and to transport carbon dioxide which is produced by the body cells into the atmosphere
 There are two forms of respiration exchange

 Oxygen is inhaled (inhaled air is about 21% oxygen) into the air sacs of the lungs
 It is then immediately passed into tiny capillary blood vessels surrounding the air spaces

 Simultaneously, carbon dioxide, ( a gas produced when oxygen and food combine in cells) passes from the capillary blood vessels into the air spaces of the lungs to be exhaled.
 Exhaled air contains 16% oxygen
 Mostly an involuntary activity

 Happens simultaneously as external respiration
 Occurs between the individual body cells and the tiny capillary blood vessels
 Involves an exchange of gases at the cells with in all organs of the body
 Oxygen passes out of the blood stream into tissue cells

 Further use of the body cells to use oxygen to produce energy
 Release of carbon dioxide and water

RR = respiratory rate
Respiratory rate is the rate per minute of inhaling and exhaling
A normal rate for an adult is 16 to 18 times a minute

 upper respiratory tract
 nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea
 lower respiratory tract
 bronchial tree and lungs

 Nose: (nostrils or nares).
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When we inhale air enters the body through the nose via the nasal nares
Then passes trough the nasal cavity
This cavity is lined with mucous membranes and fine hairs called cilia that filter out foreign bodies and also warm and moisten the air

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 nasal cavity nasal septum mucous membrane
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 mucus cilia olfactory receptors

 Pharynx (throat)
 After passing through the nasal cavity air reaches the pharynx
 A 5 inch muscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus
 The airway that connects the mouth and nose to the larynx

Pharynx: Divided into three sections

 Nasopharynx: nearest the nasal cavity and contain adenoids ( masses of lymphatic tissue)
 If enlarged it can obstruct airway
 Equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.

 Oropharynx: located behind the mouth
 Muscular soft palate that contains the uvula and tonsils.

 Laryngopharynx: surrounds the opening of the esophagus
 Also known as the hypo pharynx
 Serves as a common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose
 Divided into two branches larynx and esophagus

 Nasopharynx
 adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils
 oropharynx
 palatine tonsils
 laryngopharynx
 larynx

Pharynx: Divided into three sections

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Covered by the epiglottis which is a small flap of cartilage that is attached to the roof of the tongue
Connects the pharynx to the trachea (where air goes down into the lungs)
Contains the vocal cords and is surrounded by nine cartilages for support
Tension of the vocal cords determine the high or low pitch of the voice

 A 10 to 12 cm long tube
 Extends into the chest
 Serves as passageway for air into the bronchi
 Kept open by 16 to 20 C shaped rings made of cartilage
 Some of the rings make up the thyroid cartilage forming the Adams apple

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Trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi
Bronchi = plural bronchus = singular
Right is primary (main) and shorter than the left
Each bronchus enters the lung and subdivides into smaller tubes
The smallest is called bronchioles

 At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of air sacs called alveoli
 Alveoli = plural alveolus = singular
 Each is lined with a layer of epithelium
 This very thin wall permits the exchange of gasses between the alveoli and the capillaries

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Located in the thoracic cavity
Right lung has three lobes
Left lung has two lobes
Oxygen passes from the lungs into the capillaries ( network of tiny blood vessels) that surround the alveoli and distributes them to the cells
Carbon dioxide from the blood cells passes into the lungs for removal

Right-3 lobes
Lungs trachea
Left-2 lobes

 When oxygen is absorbed into the blood it attaches to the hemoglobin and is released as needed.
 Each lung is covered by a membrane called pleura
 The outer layer (near the ribs) parietal pleura
 The inner layer (closet to the lungs) visceral pleura

 A serous fluid ( thin, watery lubricating fluid) moistens the pleura
 This facilitates movement between the pleuras and prevent friction
 Lungs extend from the collar bone to the diaphragm

 Diaphragm: is a muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
 This muscles aids in the process of breathing
 Breathing is the process of inhalation and exhalation

 Inhalation: (inspiration) the diaphragm contracts and descends causing enlargement of the thoracic cavity area
 This allows air to flow into the lungs to equalize the pressure

 Breathing in
 Body gets oxygen from the air
 Rib muscles contract to pull ribs up and out
 Diaphragm muscle contracts to pull down the lungs
 Tissue expands to force (pull) in air.

 Exhalation: (expiration) when the lungs are full, the diaphragm relaxes and elevates making the thoracic cavity smaller
 This increases the air pressure in the thorax
 Air is then expelled out of the lungs to equalize the pressure

 Breathing out
 Get rid of carbon dioxide
 Rib muscles relax
 Diaphragm muscle relaxes
 Tissue returns to resting position and forces
(pushes) air out

http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/respiratory.html

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Adenoid/o
Alveol/o
Atel/o
Bronch/o
Bronchi/o
Epiglott/o
Laryng/o
Nas/o, rhin/o
Adenoids
Alveolus, air sac
Imperfect, incomplete
Bronchus
Bronchial tubes
Epiglottis
Larynx
Nose

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Ox/o, Ox/i
Pharyng/o
Pleur/o
Pneum/o
Pulmon/o
Spir/o
Thorac/o
Tonsill/o
Trache/o oxygen throat
Pleura
Lung, air
Lung
To breathe
Chest
Tonsils
Trachea

 An-, a-
 Endo-
 Inter-
 Intra-
Without, absent
Within
Between
Within

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-ar, -ary
-capnia
-centesis
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-ectasis
-gram
-graphy
-itis
Pertaining to
Carbon dioxide
Surgical puncture with needle to aspirate fluid
Stretching or expansion
Record
Process of recording
Inflammation

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-ostomy
-oxia
-pnea
-scope creation of an artificial opening oxygen breathing instrument used to examine
 -scopy
 -thorax visual examination
 -stenosis narrowing or contracting chest

 -ptysis
 -sphyxia
 -osmia spitting pulse smell

 Lung abscess: a localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the disintegration of tissue

 Spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to bronchial airway obstruction

 Inflammation of one or more bronchi

 Profuse discharge from the mucous membrane of the nose

 Defect in the wall between the nostrils that cause partial or complete obstruction

 Hemorrhage from the nose; nose bleed

 Protrusion of part of the stomach into the chest through the esophageal hiatus defect of the diaphragm

 Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which compresses the underlying potion of the lung causing dyspnea

 Destruction of alveolar walls

 Leading cause of cancer death for men and women

 Anoxia without oxygen
 Apneatemporary cessation of breathing
 Aphoniaabsence of voice
 Bifurcationa division into two branches
 Bronchospasmsporadic contraction of the bronchi muscle
 Dysphoniadifficulty in speaking

 Cyanosisa bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood
 Eupneanormal breathing
 Hemoptysiscoughing up of blood from the lungs
 Hyperventilationincreased rate and depth of respiration

 Hypoxiainsufficient oxygen
 Orthopneadifficult breathing except in upright position
 Rales, rhonchiabnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation
 Sputummatter ejected from the trachea, bronchi, and lungs through the mouth

 Auscultationlistening to the lungs through a stethoscope
 Percussionshort sharp blows to the body with the fingers
 Bronchoscopylung examination using a bronchoscope
 Endotracheal catheteran airway catheter inserted into the trachea during surgery

 Oximetrymeasurement of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood
 Peak expiratory flow ratemeasurement of how fast a person can exhale using a small hand held device

 Blood gasesblood drawn to check oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases in the blood
 Bronchodilatoran agent used to dilate the bronchi
 CPRcardiopulmonary resuscitation
 IPPBintermittent positive pressure breathing
 Larngectomyexcision of the larynx

 Lavage of sinusesthe irrigation or washing out of sinuses
 Lobectomyexcision of a lobe of the lung
 Ma ntouxTB skin test
 PPDpurified protein derivative (TB test)
 Pulmonary functiontest to assess ventilator status

 Rhinoplastyplastic surgery of the nose
 Scanan image or picture produced using radioactive isotopes
 Thoracentesissurgical puncture of the chest wall into the parietal cavity to remove fluid
 Tracheotomyincision of the trachea through the skin and muscles of the neck