Roden 1/17/05
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Why was Cotton King
up until 1860?
•Cotton was 2/3 of
the total export
trade of the U.S.
Who was running for
president in the
Election of 1860?
GOP = Lincoln
Northern Demo = S. Douglas
S. Demo = Breckinridge
Constitutional Union = Bell
Why did Lincoln win the
presidency in 1860?
The Democratic
Party split in two
when Stephen
Douglas won the
party’s nomination.
What state seceded 1st
from the Union in Dec.
1860?
South Carolina
Where were the 1st shots of
the Civil War first AND who
fired them?
•Fort Sumter, SC
•SC fired them 1st
What was Lincoln’s main
purpose for fighting the
Civil War when it started
in 1861?
To preserve the
Union and protect
federal property.
What did Lincoln say in
his 1st Inaugural Address
in 1861?
Lincoln's inaugural address combined a
number of measures.
1. Wanted reconciliation w/ seceded
states. He had no interest in anything
concerning the slave laws.
2. He pledged to "hold, occupy, and
possess the property and places
belonging to the government"
3. He argued that the Federal Union
indissolvable.
4. He promised that — while he would
not be the first to attack — any force of
arms used against the U.S. would be
regarded as rebellion and met w/ force.
What did Lincoln say in his 2nd
Inaugural Address in 1865?
“With malice toward none, with
charity for all, with firmness in the
right as God gives us to see the
right, let us strive to finish the
work we are in, to bind up the
nation’s wounds, to care for him
who shall have borne the battle
and for his widow and orphan, to
do all which may achieve and
cherish a just and lasting peace
among ourselves and all nations.”
What was the Union’s
plan for defeating the
C.S.A./South?
Winfield Scott’s Anaconda
Plan:
•Blockade the Atlantic & Gulf
Coast
•Get Miss. River dividing the
C.S.A. in two.
•Take the interior of the South
•Capture Richmond
What advantages did the
Union have over the C.S.A.?
•More industry
•Naval superiority
•More railroads
•More guns
•Dominance in foreign trade
overall
•Larger population
How did the Civil War affect
the economy of the U.S.?
•Created a more uniform
nat’l banking system
•Caused runaway inflation
in the South
•Allowed trusts
(monopolies) to form
•Transcontinental rr built
What states made up the
C.S.A.?
GA,SC,TX,LA,
Miss., AL, FL,
NC, VA, Ark,
TN
What were Border
States?
•Slave states that
separated the Union from
the C.S.A.
•Did NOT join the C.S.A.
•Emancipation
Proclamation did NOT
apply to them.
How & why were civil
liberties denied to Border
states during the Civil War?
•How? Lincoln suspended
writs of habeas corpus;
martial law; speech & press
restricted
•Why? To make sure they
didn’t join the C.S.A.
How & why were civil
liberties denied to
people living in the
Union?
Northerners were
conscripted against
their will or forced
to pay a sub
What was the Trent
Affair?
•Union impressed a
British ship carrying two
CSA diplomats.
•Lincoln forced to
release them to avoid a
war with Britain.
How did Britain & France
respond to the Civil War?
They pursued
CAUTIOUS policies
toward both sides even
though they saw
advantages with both
sides.
What was the Union’s
greatest fear from
1861-1863?
That the British
would recognize the
CSA as a sovereign
nation & ally with it.
List 9 major battles of
the Civil War.
•1st Bull Run
•2nd Bull Run
•Antietam
•Shiloh
•Vicksburg
•Gettysburg
•Atlanta
•Petersburg
•Richmond
Who was the most
effective Union
General?
U.S. Grant
What was the bloodiest
single day battle of the
Civil War?
Antietam
1862 (MD)
When did Lincoln issue
the Emancipation
Proclamation & why?
•1863
•Lincoln wanted to deliver it after
a Union victory (Antietam) to give
the North a better moral purpose.
•Now purpose is to fight for liberty
& freedom for ALL men.
Why didn’t Lincoln
emancipate the slaves in
the CSA in 1861?
Feared the
Border states
would secede.
When did the Union pass
the Conscription Act
AND what is the effect
in NYC?
•1863
•Irish riot and commit
violence against
black people
What was a copperhead?
•Northern Democrat
who wanted peace
with the CSA at ANY
price.
•They did NOT support
the war effort at all.
What country
challenged the Monroe
Doctrine during the Civil
War AND how?
•France
•Invaded and took
over Mexico
What is the mnemonic for
remembering the
legislation passed during
the Civil War by the GOP?
A.P. History Makes Me
Nauseas
What legislation was
passed by the GOP
Congress during the
Civil War?
•Abolition of slavery
•Pacific RR Act
•Homestead Act
•Morrill Tariff
•Morrill Land Grant
•National Banking Act
Before the Homestead
Act, what was the
general trend regarding
price & minimum # of
acres to purchase
federal land in the West?
•Prices were rising &
the # of minimum acres
were rising as well.
•Bad for common man.
What did Homestead Act
state?
160 acres of free land if
you made a homestead
& worked it for a min. of
5 years.
What was the Pacific
RR Act?
•Fed’l gov’t subsidized the
building of northern
transcontinental RR.
-2 companies: Union Pacific
& Central Pacific built it.
-Received $ and land grants.
-Met at Promontory Point,
Utah
Who immigrates to the
U.S. during and after
the Civil War to help
build the
transcontinental rr?
Chinese
What was the bloodiest
battle of the Civil War?
Gettysburg (PA) =
60,000 casualties 
What is the turning
point of the Civil War &
what YEAR?
•1863
•Battles of Vicksburg &
Gettysburg
Who did Lincoln run
against for president in
1864?
George McClellan
What political party was
Lincoln in 1864 & why?
Union Party
Why does Lincoln win
re-election in 1864?
General Sherman’s
“March to the Sea” and
Union victories in the
South.
What are the two main
types of
Reconstruction?
•Presidential
Reconstruction
•Congressional
Reconstruction
What are the two types
of Presidential
Reconstruction?
-Lincoln’s 10% Plan
-Johnson’s Amnesty Plan
What was
Congressional
Reconstruction?
•Radical Reconstruction
•Military Reconstruction
Act
What was the purpose of
the Freedmen’s Bureau?
•To feed, adjust & educate
(schools) former slaves
• Promised 40 acres & a mule
•Tried to help them get
employment w/ labor
contracts
• Tried to economically help
them adjust
•Carpetbaggers
What is a carpetbagger?
•Northerner who came to the
South after the Civil War
(Freedmen’s Bureau)
•Image is they got rich off
the South.
What is a scalawag?
Southerner who
sympathized with the
Union and the
freedmen.
What is sharecropping?
•Freedmen & many small white farmers
became trapped in this new system of
economic exploitation in the South.
•In exchange for land, a cabin, and
supplies sharecroppers agreed to raise a
cash crop and give half the crop to their
landlord.
•High interests rates charged for goods
bought on credit transformed
sharecropping into a system of economic
dependency and poverty.
What was the
Wade-Davis Bill
(1864)?
•It was a bill passed by the
Radical GOPs in Congress.
•Harsher plan than Lincoln’s.
•Required over 50% of the CSA
to taken an “ironclad oath” of
allegiance to the U.S. before
reentering.
•Lincoln pocket vetoed it!
What was Lincoln’s Plan
for Reconstruction?
10% Plan: When 10% op
pop. Of a state (based
on the 1860 census)
swears an oath of
allegiance to the Union,
that state can regain
it’s rights in the Union.
Who assassinated Pres.
Lincoln at Ford’s
Theater (April 15, 1865)?
John Wilkes Booth
Who assumes the
presidency upon
Lincoln’s death?
VP Andrew Johnson
What was Johnson’s
plan for Reconstruction?
•Lenient Plan
•Lincoln’s 10% Plan + 13th
Amendment + Amnesty for
all CSA
•Except CSA officers &
people w/ more than
$20,000
•Pres. Pardons available 
What are the
requirements for the
former Confederate
states under the
Reconstruction Act of
1867?
- They would be divided into 5
military districts headed by Union
generals.
- Voters, including African Americans,
would elect delegates to draft new
constitutions giving black men the
right to vote.
- They had to ratify the 14th
Amendment to be readmitted to the
Union.
What’s the best word to
describe Lincoln's
original plan for
Reconstruction, which
Johnson largely
followed?
lenient
What did the 13th
Amendment do?
Abolish slavery
Why is the midterm
election of 1866
significant?
Radical Republicans
gained a 2/3rd majority
in both the House & the
Senate.
###################
Who are the Radical
Republican leaders in
Congress after the 1866
election?
•Speaker of the House of
Rep. = Thaddeus Stevens
•Senate Majority Leader =
Charles Sumner
What was the BIG
constitutional question
after the Civil War?
•Did the Southern states
actually secede or were they
merely in rebellion?
•Lincoln & Johnson
believed in rebellion
•Radical GOP
Congress believed
they left
What was the purpose of
the Military
Reconstruction Act of
1867?
To restrict the power of
the president over
Reconstruction AND to
punish the South.
Also, to take power & vote
away from former CSA
leaders
What did the 14th
Amendment do?
•Granted citizenship to former slaves
and black people of the North.
•Protected citizens from the States!
•States can’t deprive citizens of life,
liberty, or property w/out due process
of law.
•Equal Protection of the laws = States
must enforce laws equally for all
citizens.
Why does Sec. of
State Seward
purchase Alaska
for $7 million from
Russia in 1867?
•Seward was an expansionist.
•He wanted to the spread U.S.
influence throughout the
Pacific as a means of
enhancing the nation’s trade
and military standing.
•Seward’s Folly/ Seward’s Ice
Box
What were “Jim Crow”
laws and when did they
start getting passed in
the South?
When? 1866 in reaction to
the Civil Rights Act of
1866
What? Black codes or
state laws limiting the
new freedmen’s civil
liberties (economic &
personal freedoms)
Why did U.S. Grant win
the presidential election
of 1868?
•Civil War Union hero
•Votes of former slaves
in the South gave him
an edge.
•Not surprising he was
a BIG supporter of the
15th Amend. 
Why did many Southern
states change their
voting qualifications
adding literacy tests,
poll taxes, and
grandfather clauses to
qualify to vote?
Southern Democrats
didn’t want freedmen to
be able to vote.
South didn’t want
freedmen in political
office.
What is Pres. Grant’s
administration or
presidency famous for?
•SCANDALS
List two scandals that
occurred during Grant’s
administration.
•Credit Mobilier Scandal
•Whiskey Ring
•Gold Ring/Black Friday
•Tweed Ring
What was the Credit
Mobilier Scandal?
•U.S. Congressmen were stockholders in
the Union Pacific Railroad.
•In 1867, two Congressmen formed
Crédit Mobilier, a dummy construction
company fobbed off as responsible for
completing the transcontinental railway's
last 600 miles.
• In the process, U.P. stockholders and
the federal government were bilked out
of millions of dollars. 
•When it appeared that an investigation was
going to be launched, the Congressmen who
formed the company bribed influential
congressmen and were able to head off
scrutiny.
•Nevertheless, the fraud was exposed in 1872.
•It was apparent that VP Schuyler Colfax had
been bribed with stock. House Speaker James
A. Garfield was linked to the dealings, but his
participation was never proven.
•Despite the loss of $20 million (a huge sum in
the 1870s), no prosecutions ever occurred. 
What was the Whiskey
Ring?
•After the Civil War, federal liquor taxes were
raised to extremely high rates to help pay off
the cost of the fighting.
•To avoid the high tax, many of the nation’s
distillers bribed officials in the Department of
the Treasury, to pay lower taxes.
•The Sec. of Treasury discovered the dishonesty
and launched a massive investigation.
•In the end, more than 100 officials were
convicted. Grant, much to his discredit,
successfully shielded his private secretary,
Orville E. Babcock. 
What was the Gold Ring
that caused Black
Friday?
•In 1869, speculators Jim Fisk
and Jay Gould attempted to
corner the nation’s gold market
by buying up lots of gold at
cheaper prices & then selling it
after gold prices soared.
•Caused gold prices to tank &
hurt the economy.
•########################
What did the 15th
Amendment do?
•Gave all male citizens
(black & white) the
right to vote.
How did the Southern
states respond to the
th
15 Amendment?
•Pass Jim Crow state laws
adding voting qualifications
like:
•Literacy tests
•Grandfather clauses
•Poll taxes
Who was running for
president in 1876?
•GOP = Hayes (Union officer)
•Democrat = Tilden (NY)
What problem occurred
in the presidential
election of 1876?
•Tilden won the popular vote and
had 184 electoral votes to
Hayes's 165, with 20 votes
uncounted.
The 20 electoral votes in dispute
in 3 states: (Florida, Louisiana,
and South Carolina); each party
reported its candidate had won
the state.
What was the Corrupt
Bargain #2 or the
Compromise of 1877?
•GOP/North wins the election
by getting all 20 disputed EC
votes.
•Democrats/South are
“redeemed.” The GOP agree
to end Military
Reconstruction.
Why did Congressional
Reconstruction end in
1877?
•Election of 1876 was contested.
•Ended in basically a tie between
GOP Hayes & Demo. Tilden.
•Compromise of 1877/Corrupt
Bargain #2
What is the legacy of
Reconstruction for most
African Americans?
•Poverty & discrimination
What are the effects of
Reconstruction?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
KKK emerged in the South
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
Black men elected to state federal congress
GOP splits into 2 factions: Radicals (HalfBreeds) and Conservatives (Stalwarts)
Sharecropping/tenant farming
Johnson impeached & Legislative Branch
dominates
Freedmen’s Bureau & carpetbaggers
Jim Crow laws
Public education in South 
Who was the 1st black U.S.
Senator?
Hiram Revels
(Mississippi)