Industrialization
Key Issue #1: Where is Industry
Distributed?
Four Industrial Regions
•
¾ of the world industrial production is in
four regions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
•
NW Europe
Eastern Europe
Eastern North America
East Asia
Less than 1% of the world’s land is
devoted to industry
Four Industrial Regions
2
1
3
4
Europe
• Four Main Industrial Districts
–
–
–
–
United Kingdom
Rhine-Ruhr Valley
Mid-Rhine
Northern Italy
• Became important because of their
proximity to raw materials (coal and iron
ore) and markets (large concentrations of
wealthy consumers)
United Kingdom
• The Industrial Revolution
originated in northern
England and southern
Scotland
• Late 1900’s – industry was
expanded by attracting
high-tech industries
• Japanese companies have
built more factories in the
United Kingdom than any
other European country
Rhine-Ruhr Valley
• Location – mostly in NW
Germany, extends in to
Belgium, France, and the
Netherlands
• Iron and Steel
Manufacturing
• Heavy-metal industries –
locomotives, machinery,
and armaments
Mid Rhine
• Western Europe’s second most important
industrial center
• SW Germany, NE France, and Luxembourg
• German portion – lacks raw materials, but it
is the center of the consumer market
• The most central industrial area in the EU
• The French portion – Alsace and Lorraine –
contains Europe’s largest iron-ore field, and
produces 2/3 of France’s steel
Northern Italy
•
•
•
•
The Po River Basin
Textile manufacturing – 1800s
Numerous workers willing to work for low wages
Inexpensive hydroelectricity from the Alps
Eastern Europe Industrial Districts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Central
St. Petersburg
The Volga
The Urals
Kuznetsk
Eastern
Ukraine
7. Silesia
4
2
1
3
7
6
5
Central Industrial District
• Russia’s oldest, centered around Moscow
• Produces ¼ of the country’s output
• Specialize in textiles (linen, cotton, wool,
and silk), chemicals, and light industrial
goods
St Petersburg Industrial District
• Railways
• Specializes in shipbuilding
• Goods that meet the needs of the local
market (processed food, textiles and
chemicals)
The Volga Industrial District
• Along the Volga and Kama Rivers
• Grew during WWII when plants in the
Central and Ukraine regions were occupied
by the Germans
• Largest petroleum and natural gas fields
The Urals Industrial District
• The Ural Mountains
contain more than
1,000 types of minerals
• Iron, copper,
potassium, bauxite
(aluminum ore), and
salt
• Industrial development
is hindered by a lack of
nearby energy sources
Kuznetsk Industrial District
• Russia’s most important manufacturing
district east of the Ural Mountains
• Contains the country’s largest reserves of
coal and iron ore
Eastern Ukraine Industrial
District
• Donetsk coalfield – contains one of the
world’s largest reserves of coal
• Also – iron ore, manganese, and natural gas
Manganese
Silesia
• Southern Poland and northern Czech
Republic
• Near coalfields but iron ore must be
imported
North America
• Concentration in the NE U.S. and SE
Canada
• The east coast was tied to Europe from its
founding
• By 1860 – The United States had become a
major industrial nation, second to the
United Kingdom
U.S. Industrial Areas
1.
2.
3.
4.
New England
Middle Atlantic
Mohawk Valley
Pittsburg-Lake
Erie
5. Western Great
Lakes
3
5
4
1
2
New England
• Developed in the early 19th century,
beginning with cotton textiles
• European immigrants
• Now – relatively skilled but expensive labor
Middle Atlantic
• Between NYC and Washington D.C.
• The largest U.S. market
• Industries that depend on foreign markets or
imported raw materials have located here:
NYC, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and
Wilmington DE
• Other firms seek to be near the financial,
communications, and entertainment
industries (NYC)
Mohawk Valley
• Upper New York state along the Hudson
River and Erie Canal
• Buffalo
• Inexpensive, abundant electricity, generated
by Niagara Falls has attracted aluminum,
paper, and electrochemical industries
Pittsburgh-Lake Erie
• The area between Pittsburgh and Cleveland
is the nation’s most important steel
producing area
• Close to Appalachian coal
• Minnesota became an important source of
iron ore
• Great Lakes
Western Great Lakes
• Extends from Detroit and Toledo to
Chicago and Milwaukee
• Chicago
– Dominant market between the Atlantic and
Pacific coasts
– Center for transportation networks
• Automobile manufacturing
Canada’s Industrial Areas
• St. Lawrence Valley-Ontario Peninsula
• Hydroelectric power from Niagara Falls
• Car manufacturing, aluminum, papermaking, flour mills, textile manufacturing,
and sugar refining
East Asia
• Heterogeneity – the most heterogeneous
region in terms of level of development
• Japan – one of the world’s wealthiest
countries
• China – second largest economy, behind the
U.S.
• China has abundant resources of coal, iron
ore, and minerals, but the rest of East Asia
has very few
East Asia
• Labor force = East Asia’s most abundant
resource
• Although industry was devastated after
WWII, Japan became an industrial power in
the 1950’s and 1960’s by offering low
priced products
• Highly skilled jobs
• Japan is the world’s leading manufacturer
of automobiles, ships, cameras, stereos, and
TVs
East Asia
• Uneven
Distribution
• Japan’s industry is
concentrated in the
central region
between Tokyo and
Nagasaki
• China’s
manufacturing is
clustered near the
East Coast