INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
BY: DAKOTA, HOLT, LYDIA, ERIC
COLD SORES
Fever Blisters
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Small blisters
Herpes simple virus(HSV-1)
Spread from using eating utensils, kissing, or touches infected saliva.
Around or on the mouth, on the face, inside or on the nose.
Can also show up anywhere on the body.
MOLES
• Cells in the skin grow in a cluster instead of going throughout the
skin.
• Cells are called melanocytes, this is what gives the skin the color.
• Moles can become darker after exposure of the sun, teen years
and during pregnancy.
• Can be raised or flat.
• Congenital nevi moles are present at birth and are more likely to
become skin cancer than moles that appear after birth.
• Dysplastic nevi moles are larger than average and have a
irregular shape.
• They have dark brown centers and lighter, uneven edges.
• People who have 10 or more dysplastic nevi have a 12 times
higher risk of skin cancer.
• Can be skin cancer if they grow or bleed and does not heal.
ACNE
Disorder of the hair and oil glands.
Red bumps and pimples.
Shows up on the face, chest and back.
Appears when pores in our skin gets clogged up by dead skin cells
sticking together from a lot of sebum is being produced.
• Acne can also be made from p.acnes are in our pores and they
multiply quickly.
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EPIDERMIS
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Most superficial layer of the skin.
Covers almost the entire body surface
Protects the deeper and thicker dermis layer of the skin.
Structurally, the epidermis is only about a tenth of a millimeter think but is
made of 40 to 50 rows of stacked squamous epithelial cells.
The cells receive their nutrients via diffusion of fluids from the dermis.
The epidermis is arranged into 4 distinct layers: the palmar surface of the
hands, plantar surface of the feet.
The skin is thicker than in the rest of the body and there is a fifth layer of
epidermis.
The stratum basale is the deepest region of the epidermis.
The stratum lucidum is made of several rows of clear, dead keratinocytes that
protect the underlying layers.
Outermost layer is the the stratum corneum.
It is made of many rows of flattened, dead keratinocytes that protect the
underlying layers.
Dead keratinocytes are constantly being shed from the surface of the stratum
corneum and being replaced by cells arriving from the deeper layers.
DERMIS
• The dermis is the deep layer of the skin found under the epidermis.
• Mostly made of dense irregular connective tissue along with nervous tissue,
blood, and blood vessels.
• Much thicker than the epidermis.
• Gives the skin its strength and elasticity.
• There are two distinct regions within the dermis: the papillary layer and the
reticular layer.
• The papillary layer is the superficial layer of the dermis that borders the
epidermis.
• Contains many finger-like extensions called dermal papillae that protrude
superficially towards the epidermis.
• The dermal papillae increase the surface area of the dermis and contain
many nerves and blood vessels that are projected toward the surface of the
skin.
• The dermal papillae provides nutrients and oxygen for the cells of the
epidermis.
• The nerves in the dermal papillae are used to feel touch, pain, and
temperature through the cells of the epidermis
DERMIS/ HYPODERMIS
• The reticular layer is the deeper layer of the dermis and is the ticker and
tougher part of the dermis.
• The reticular layer is made of dense irregular connective tissue that contains
many tough collagen and stretchy elastin fibers.
• The elastin fibers run in all directions to provide strength and elasticity to the
skin.
• The reticular layer also contains blood vessels to support the skin cells and
nerve tissue to sense pressure and pain in the skin.
Hypodermis
• Underneath the dermis.
• The hypodermis is made up of loose connective tissues.
• It serves as the flexible connective between the skin and the underlying
muscles and bones.
• It is also the flexible connective tissue for a fat storage area.
ANATOMY OF THE HAIR
• Hair is an accessory organ of the skin.
• It is made of columns of tightly packed dead keratinocytes found in most
regions of the body.
• It helps protect the body from UV radiations by preventing sunlight from
hitting the skin.
• There are three major parts of the structure of the hair:
• Follicle
• Root
• Shaft
• Hair follicle is a depression of the epidermal cells deep into the dermis.
• The hair root is within the follicle.
• The hair root is below the skins surface.
• The follicle will produce new hair and the cells in the root push up to the
surface until they leave the skin.
• The hair shaft is the part of the hair that is found outside of the skin.
ANATOMY OF THE NAILS
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The nails are made of sheets of hardened keratinocytes.
The nails are found on the distal ends of the fingers and toes.
There are three main parts of the a nail: the root, body, and free edge.
The nail root is the portion of the nail under the surface of the skin.
The body is the visible external portion of the nail.
The free edge is the distal portion of the nail that has grown beyond the end
of the finger or toe.
The nail grows from a deep layer of epidermis tissue known as the nail matrix,
which surrounds the nail root.
The stem cells of the nail matrix reproduce to form keratinocytes.
The keratinocytes of the stem cells produce keratin protein and pack into
tough sheets of hardened cells.
Under the bail body is a layer of epidermis and dermis known as the nail bed.
The nail bed is pink because of the presence of capillaries that support the
cells of the nail body.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR
• The ear canal enhances sound vibrations.
• Once a vibration has been made it sets the bones in the middle of the ear in
motion to make fluid in the cochlea to vibrate.
• The vibration in the inner ear fluid causes the hair cells to move.
• Once this happens it changes the movement into electrical impulses.
• The electrical impulses are transmitted by the auditory nerve to the brain to
be made into sound.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HAIR
• there are three phases of the hair.
• The anagen phase is where the hair is in active growth.
• In the anagen phase the hair follicle enlarges which is when it reaches the
characteristics of the onion shape and a hair fiber is produced.
• The catagen phase starts when the anagen growth phase comes to the end.
It will signal the end of the active growth of hair.
• It can last for 2-3 weeks, this is when the hair converts to a club hair.
• The telogen phase is the last phase and this is when the hair goes into a
resting phase.
• During this phase the hair falls and the hair follicle re-enters the growth phase.
PHYSIOLOGY OF SKIN
• The process of keratin accumulating within keratinocytes is known as
keratinization.
• When the stem cells multiply it pushes the older keratinocytes towards the
surface of the skin and into the superficial layer of the epidermis.
• Once the keratinocytes have reached the stratum granulosum they have
become flatter, harder and more water- resistant.
• Once the cells have reached this point the cells are removed from the
nutrients that diffuse from the blood vessels in the dermis that the cells go
through the process of apoptosis which is when the cell digests its own
nucleus and organelles, only leaving a tough, keratin-filled shell behind.
• The dead keratinocytes form a very flat, hard and tightly packed keratin
barrier to protect the underlying tissues when they move into the stratum
lucidum and stratum corneum.
• The homeostasis of the body is when the body gets cold it reduces the body
temperature through sweating(made by the sudoriferous glands) and
vasodilation.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN
• The sudoriferous glands delivers water to the surface of the body and it
evaporates the sweat. When the sweat is evaporates which absorbs heat
and cools the body’s surface.
• Vasodilation is the process through which smooth muscle lining the blood
vessels in the dermis relax and allow more blood to enter the skin.
• Blood transport heat through the body body to pull heat away from the core
so it can be radiated out of the body from the skin.
• When we get goose bumps it is the arrector pili muscles contracting.
• When the arrector pili form goose bumps it contracts to move the hair follicle
and lift the hair shaft upright from the surface of the skin. This allows air to be
trapped under the hairs to insulate the surface of the body.
• Vasoconstriction is the process of smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels
in the dermis contracting to reduce the flood of blood to the skin. This lets the
skin cool off while the body stays in the body’s core to maintain heat ans
circulation to the organs.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NOSE
• The nose brings in warm humidified air into the lungs.
• It also filters out particles in inspired air.
• First-line immunologic defense by taking in inspired air to a mucous- coated
membranes that have immunoglobulin.
• The air comes in contact with the olfactory nerves, which gives us the sense
of smell.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE
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Physiology of the eyes
The cornea allows light waves from an object to enter the eye and then it
goes to the pupil.
The pupillary light response will make the pupil get smaller or bigger
depending on how much light is going into the eye.
the crystalline lens, which is behind the iris and pupil, bends the light more.
This is when the images becomes reversed and inverted.
The light will then go through the vitreous humor which makes up 80% of the
eye’s volume. The light will then go to the macula in the retina to give us the
best vision.
When the light is in the retina the light impulses are changed into electrical
signals.
In the optic nerve, visual pathway, and the occipital cortex the electrical
signals are interpreted by the brain as a visual image.
LEVELS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
Simple
• Poriferates
Intermediate
• Arthropods
Complex
• Chordates
SIMPLE INTEGUMENT - SPONGES
• Sponges have a simple epithelium, known as the
pinacoderm, which covers the external surface and
lines the internal waterways of the sponge. Some
sponges deposit needlelike spicules of calcium
carbonate in gel beneath the outer layer.
INTERMEDIATE INTEGUMENT INSECTS
• Arthropods adopt an elaborate exoskeleton. Insect
epidermis lies on a membrane and secrets a tough
cuticle composed of chitin. Chitin is an advanced
polysaccharide containing amino acids designed
to be both tough and flexible. Although the primary
purpose of the integumentary system is protection,
the exoskeleton of arthropods also acts as a
waterproof covering by secreting a wax like
covering through dermal glands. This was covering
is often resposible for brightly covered insects.
COMPLEX INTEGUMENT - HUMANS
• The human integumentary system is a complex
combination of the epidermis, dermis, and
hypodermis layers of skin which creates the body’s
largest organ. These intricate sections do everything
from produce vitamins and hormones to combat
bacteria and viruses to regulating body
temperature and protecting the body from
radiation. The weaving of the integumentary system
with the circulatory and respiratory systems is what
makes the human integument so complex.