Chapter 13- Bones and Muscles
CUE WORDS or QUESTIONS
NOTES WRITTEN
What are the levels of
Cell- basic unit of life (example- red blood cell)
X organization in
multicellular organisms?
(from smallest to largest)
 Cells are differentiated, meaning they aren’t all the same
Tissue- group of specialized cells that perform the same function
1. Muscle tissue-makes your body move by contracting (shortening)
2. Nervous tissue- connects your brain to your body
3. Connective tissue- provides support and connects body parts
4. Epithelial tissue- covers surfaces of the body (inside and out)
(example- blood)
Organ- group of tissues that work together to perform a function
(example- heart)
Organ system- group of organs that work together to perform a specific
function
(example- circulatory system)
Organism- organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis
(example- you!)
What is homeostasis?
X
What is an organ system?
How do organ systems work
together?
Homeostasis- process by which an organism maintains a stable internal
environment even if the external environment changes
 No matter how hot or how cold it is your body tries to maintain the
temperature of 37 °C (you shiver when cold, & sweat when hot)
Organ systems:
1. Integumentary system- barrier that protects the body from injury
2. Skeletal system- supports the body and gives it structure
3. Muscular system- moves the body
4. Circulatory system- transports food and oxygen, and collects wastes
5. Respiratory system- takes in O2 and gets rid of CO2
6. Digestive system- breaks down food into small, useable molecules
7. Excretory system- removes wastes from the blood stream
8. Immune system- protects body from pathogens
9. Reproductive system- produces sex cells and hormones
10. Nervous system- processes information (inside and outside the body)
11. Endocrine system- releases hormones which regulate organ activities
SUMMARY
X
CUE WORDS or QUESTIONS
NOTES WRITTEN
Skeleton- your framework, made of all the bones in your body
X What is the function of
the skeletal system?
What allows bones to move?
What holds bones together?
X
Where are red blood cells
made?
 Newborns have 275, adults have 206
Function:
1. Provide shape and support (backbone is the center, made of
vertebrae)
2. Movement (muscles pull bones to make the body move)
3. Protects organs (skull protects the brain)
4. Produce blood cells (bone marrow makes red blood cells, mostly in
the femur and humerus)
5. Stores minerals and materials (calcium and phosphorus)
Joint- place where two bones come together (allow bones to move)
Immoveable- little or no movement (example- bones of the skull)
•

Moveable:
•
1. Hinge- forward or backward motion (example- knee)
2. Ball and socket- motion in all directions (example- shoulder)
3. Pivot- rotation (example- neck)
4. Sliding (gliding)- sliding over the other bone (example-wrist)
Ligaments- connective tissue that holds bones together
Cartilage- connective tissue that is flexible and protects the bones (keeps
them from rubbing together)
Compact bone- hard and dense and surrounds the bone
Spongy bone- lightweight but strong, located at the ends of the bone
Red marrow- makes blood cells
Yellow marrow- stores fat
Muscle type
Which muscle tires less easily?
Conscious
control?
Microscopic
appearance
Location
Characteristics
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
How do muscles work?
SUMMARY
X
Muscles work in pairs, one contracts (shortens and thickens) while the other
rerelaxes
Tendon- connects muscle to bone