Human Physiology Study Guide Final Exam—Study all notes!
Ch 35: Nervous system: Parts of a neuron- dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin
sheath, nodes
How does an impulse travel in a nerve? What is a reflex?
Synapse is gap between one neuron and the next—neurotransmitters cross the
gap
Main parts of brain- cerebrum and its lobes, cerebellum, brain stem including
pons and medulla oblongata, thalamus, hypothalamus—be able to describe or
label
Central vs peripheral nervous system—somatic and autonomic divisions
*parts of the eye- rods and cones, lens, retina, pupil, optic nerve, cornea,
aqueous humor- pg. 907—be able to label picture and tell functions
*parts of the ear-auditory canal, cochlea, hammer, anvil, stirrup, tympanum, oval
window, semicircular canals-- be able to label picture and tell functions
describe how various drugs affect nervous system- stimulants, depressants,
alcohol, etc.
Ch. 36 and Binder: Skeletal system- names of major bones—be able to label
diagram!
structure of bones- parts of a bone
function of bone marrow
types of joints- ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle
tendons connect muscle to bone; ligaments connect bones to other bones
Ch. 36 and Binder: Muscular System --types of muscle- skeletal, smooth,
cardiac.
Names of muscles in notebook—deltoid, biceps, triceps, rectus abdominus,
quadriceps group, latissmus dorsi, gastrocnemius, etc.
Describe what happens when a muscle contracts (pg. 928-929)
Ch 37 Circulatory system- arteries, veins, capillaries- what is function of each?
**Names of chambers and parts of heart—atria, ventricles, valves, vena cava,
aorta, pulmonary veins, septum—describe function and be able to label picture
pulmonary vs systemic circulation
*path of blood in heart
what is the pacemaker/sinoatrial node?
What is blood pressure and how is it measured? What causes hypertension and
what is that?
What is atherosclerosis?
Components of blood- plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
How does blood clot?
What does the lymphatic system do?
Ch 37 Respiratory system- parts: pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolibe able to label picture and tell functions. What do cilia and mucus do?
How are CO2 and O2 exchanged in the lungs?
How does the diaphragm muscle help us to breathe?
Ch 38 Digestive and Excretory systems-Nutrition- calories—definition and how many do we need?, benefits of
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water. Know how many calories per gram in each.
What is the difference between unsaturated vs saturated fat? What are risks of
eating too much fat?
Definitions of vitamins and minerals and which vitamins are fat or water soluble.
*Parts of digestive system- mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large
intestine—what happens in each part? Parts of small intestine. What is
peristalsis? What is chyme? What are villi? What do the pancreas and liver do?
What is an ulcer and what causes it?
What causes heartburn? Chemical vs mechanical digestion and where they take
place.
Name what types of enzymes and chemicals are in the major organs—example
pepsin in stomach.
Excretory System—What do our kidneys do and how do they work? Be able to
label a diagram of a nephron like the picture in your binder. What is the function
of a glomerulus, tube of Henle, and Bowman’s capsule? Remember that kidney
function in both filtration and reabsorption. What materials are filtered out of the
blood? What is dialysis? What other organs help in excretion besides the
kidneys?
Ch 40 Immune system – describe germ theory of disease, what are pathogens?
*list 4 steps of Koch’s postulates pg 1032
how are diseases spread and what can affect the rate of spread? what do
antibiotics and vaccines do?
Nonspecific defenses—keeping germs out, inflammatory response, interferon
pgs 1036-1038—what is benefit of fever?
Specific defenses- humoral vs cell mediated immunity
What are antigens and antibodies? Terms: macrophages, helper t cells, killer t
cells, supressor t cells, plasma cells, memory b cells?
What do B cells and T cells do? What is problem with T cells in organ
transplants?
Difference between active and passive acquired immunity
Problems in immune system- allergies, asthma. What are histamines?
What are autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases? Examples?