Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Function
Lesson 1 Cells
A cell is the basic unit that makes up all living
things.
 They are so small that they can only be seen
using a microscope.
 They carry out life processes.
Organelle- small structures in a cell that have
specific jobs, for example, chloroplasts.
Organelle/
Cell Part
Nucleus
Vacuole
Cell
Membrane
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Control center
Storage centera few large ones
Skin that holds
cell together;
provides
structure and
transport
Stiff wall around
cell membrane
Helps give plants
their shape
Has chlorophyll-
Control center
Storage centermany small ones
Skin that holds
cell together;
provides
structure and
transport
Has none
Has none
where plants
makes food=
photosynthesis
Mitochondria Provides energy
Cytoplasm
Gel-like material
that surrounds
all parts
Provides energy
Gel-like material
that surrounds
all parts
Diffusion- process that spreads substances
through a gas or liquid. For example, smelling
bacon cooking at the Deli across the street
because the food molecules diffuse through the
air.
 osmosis- diffusion of water across a
membrane. It does not allow any substances
that were dissolved in the water. Osmosis
helps to keep water inside cells.
Two Important Cell Functions:
In the chloroplast of plant cells:
Photosynthesis- the process by which plants make food
The formula for photosynthesis:
water + carbon dioxide + sunlight = sugar + oxygen + water
Here is the formula using chemical symbols:
H2O + CO2 + sunlight = C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
In the mitochondria of both plant and animal
cells:
Respiration- the process by which cells use
food (glucose/sugar) to release energy, which
is then stored in a specialized molecule called
ATP.
The formula for respiration:
glucose + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water
Here is the formula using chemical symbols:
C6H12O6 + O2 = energy + CO2 + H2O
Stored in ATP molecules until needed
ATP - a molecule that stores energy
 Organisms make new cells by cell division
Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Function
Lesson 2 How Are Cells Specialized?
A group of cells that has a common structure and
function is called a tissue.
 Connective tissue joins other tissue together
 Epithelial tissue cover things
Organs- are made up of several tissue types that
work together to perform one or more functions.
Organ Systems- are groups of organs that work
together to perform complex tasks.
1.Circulatory system- carries oxygen to the
body and removes carbon dioxide and other
wastes. Includes: the heart, arteries, and
veins.
2.Urinary system- removes liquid wastes and
regulates the amount of water and salt in the
blood. Includes: the kidneys, the bladder
3.Musculoskeletal System- supports the body
and enables movement. Includes: the bones
and muscles.
4.Nervous System- controls movements and
other organ systems. Includes: the brain.
5.Digestive System- obtains nutrients from
foods. Includes: the stomach.
6.Endocrine System- chemical messenger
system. Includes: glands- specialized groups
of cells that make and send out hormones.
Hormones act as messages telling other organs
what to do or when to do it.
7.Types of glands: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas,
adrenal, and thymus
Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Function
Lesson 3 How Does Disease Affect Cells?
Infectious disease-disease caused by organisms
or viruses. Bacteria and fungi are often causes of
infectious disease. Examples: salmonella and
cholera.
A contagious disease can be spread easily from
one person to another. For example, a cold.
Non-infectious disease-disease caused when a
body system does not function properly. They
cannot spread from one person to another. For
example, sickle-cell anemia and diabetes.
Three main lines of defense against disease
1.Body’s physical and chemical defensesbarriers include skin, saliva, tears, earwax,
and mucus.
2.Body’s processes that kick in- defense
mechanisms such as, inflammation and the
production of phagocytes. Phagocytes are
white blood cells that surround and consume
the invading agents.
3.Immune system- uses special cells that
travel through the body and recognize
invading pathogens, or harmful invaders.
Antibodies fight invaders.
Vaccines can help prevent disease. Your body is
exposed to an inactive version of a virus. The body
responds by creating antibodies to fight the virus.
Should it enter the body again, your body has
immunity to it.