Final Exam Review PP
Which of the following describes the
Stono Rebellion?
 A) a group of Virginia colonists, unhappy with the presence of
Indians in the colony, attacked various Indian tribes, burned down
the capital of Jamestown and forced the royal governor and his
troops to flee
B) a charismatic black preacher inspired a slave uprising that resulted
in the deaths of 56 whites in Virginia
C) promised their freedom by the Spanish governor of Florida, a
group of mostly Catholic slaves organized a rebellion in South
Carolina
D) a group of vigilantes living in Pennsylvania murdered 20 Indians
following the French & Indian War
E) 26 slaves were hanged upon discovery of plans of a revolt in
Virginia organized by a slave named Gabriel
Answer:
 C) promised their freedom by the Spanish governor of Florida, a
group of mostly Catholic slaves organized a rebellion in South
Carolina
 Explanation: The 1739 Stono Rebellion was the largest slave
uprising in the British American colonies. A group of about 20 slaves
seized arms, marched south towards Florida and were eventually
captured or killed. The revolt resulted in the deaths of over 100
whites and blacks and led to the passage of the 1740 Negro Act
limiting the privileges of slaves. Other choices: A)Bacon's Rebellion;
B) Nat Turner's Revolt; D) Paxton Boys; E) Prosser's (or Gabriel's)
Rebellion.
Which of the following statements
about Anne Hutchinson is not true?
 A) she was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony
B) she was accused of teaching both men and women in her
home
C) when on trial, she admitted to receiving divine revelation
from God for her beliefs
D) she was accused of preaching Quaker doctrines
E) she and most of her family were eventually killed by Indians
in 1643
Answer
 D) she was accused of preaching Quaker doctrines
 Explanation: Anne Hutchinson took a courageous stand when confronted by
the political and religious authorities in Massachusetts Bay. She was put on trial
for what were considered her heretical beliefs and accused of criticizing the
Puritan ministers as well as teaching both men and women in Bible studies in
her home. She was expelled from Massachusetts Bay in 1638. In her trial
testimony she stated to the court "...you have no power over my body, neither can you
do me any harme, for I am in the hands of the eternall Jehovah my Saviour, I am at his
appointment, the bounds of my habitation are cast in heaven, no further doe I esteeme of
any mortal man than creatures in his hand, I feare none but the great Jehovah, which hath
foretold me of these things, and I doe verily beleeve that he will deliver me out of our
hands, therefore take heed how you proceed against me; for I know that for this you goe
about to doe to me, God will ruine you and your posterity, and this whole state."
 The 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts
A) resulted in no actual arrests of newspaper editors
B) made it easier for naturalized citizens to attain voting
status
C) decreased the level of partisanship in American politics
D) led to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which
established the principle of nullification
E) were supported equally by Alexander Hamilton and
Thomas Jefferson
Answer
 D) led to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which
established the principle of nullification
 Explanation: The Federalist-sponsored Alien and Sedition Acts
were passed by Congress during the quasi-war with France and
intended to limit criticism of the government and to make it
more difficult for naturalized citizens to vote. Thomas Jefferson
and James Madison wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
in response, encouraging states to disobey national laws they
found unconstitutional. This principle of nullification became a
key philosophical tenet of the states' rights movement that led to
the secession of the South prior to the Civil War.
 When George Washington decided to not seek a third term
as president, he wrote a Farewell Address in 1796 in which
he
A) suggested that the Constitution be changed by acts of
Congress as well as amendments
B) urged Americans to support the U.S. Bank
C) warned of the dangers of entangling foreign alliances
D) called for the establishment of a national university
E) made no mention of the impact of partisan politics
Answer
 C) warned of the dangers of entangling foreign alliances
 Explanation: Washington's Farewell Address provided
important guidance for the nation. He warned of the danger
of factionalism, urged that the Constitution only be changed
by amendments, and encouraged the avoidance of foreign
alliances: "It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances
with any portion of the foreign world..."
 The Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson tended to favor
A) maintenance of the public order, even if that required
federal troops
B) strict interpretation of the Constitution to defend states'
rights
C) an affiliation with the British in foreign affairs
D) the establishment of a national bank
E) a strong, centralized national government
Answer
 B) strict interpretation of the Constitution to defend states' rights
 Explanation: One of the main goals of the Republicans was to
resist the attempts of the Hamilton-led Federalists to expand the
powers of the national government. The Republicans opposed the
congressional charter of the Bank of the U.S., for example, as this
was not listed in Article I of the Constitution as a power of
Congress. Federalists responded that the "necessary and propoer"
clause gave Congress the latitutde to enact this type of legislation.
 Which of the following statements about the Report on
Manufactures is inaccurate?
A) it was proposed by Alexander Hamilton
B) one of its goals was to raise revenue for the national
government
C) it proposed "bounties" or subsidies to American industries
D) it was supported enthusiastically by representatives from both
New England and Southern states, including Thomas Jefferson
and James Madison
E) it recommended moderate tariffs to spur economic growth in
the U.S.
Answer
 D) it was supported enthusiastically by representatives from
both New England and Southern states, including Thomas
Jefferson and James Madison
 Explanation: Alexander Hamilton's Report on
Manufactures proposed a plan of subsidies and tariffs to
provide support for American industries. Jefferson and
Madison, along with others in the South, opposed elements
of the plan, particularly the subsidies to industry.
 The rebellion led by Daniel Shays
A) took place in western Pennsylvania and was in response
to a tax on whiskey
B) was dismissed by virtually all observers as a minor
incident
C) involved debt-ridden farmers seeking relief from their
mortgage payments
D) resulted in no actual casualties or deaths
E) greatly concerned Thomas Jefferson, then in France
Answer
 C) involved debt-ridden farmers seeking relief from their mortgage
payments
 Explanation: Daniel Shays led a group of farmers in a revolt in
western Massachusetts in an attempt to get out from under crushing
mortgage debts. The rebellion resulted in four deaths before it was
suppressed. Most participants, including Shays, were eventually
pardoned. But it concerned some observers, such as George
Washington, who saw it as an indication of the potential for domestic
unrest. Completely unalarmed was Thomas Jefferson, who wrote
"The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of
patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure."
 Since the addition of the Bill of Rights in 1791, the U.S.
Constitution has been amended 17 times. Which of the following
proposed amendments was not approved?
A) fixed the date for the start of Congress (January 3rd) and the
inauguration of the president (January 20th)
B) equal rights for men and women
C) income tax allowed to be collected by national government
D) Washington, D.C. being represented in the Electoral College
E) presidency limited to two terms or a maximum of 10 years
Answer
 B) equal rights for men and women
 Explanation: The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was first
proposed to Congress in 1923 by Alice Paul. It read "Men and
women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every
place subject to its jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation." Despite numerous attempts, it
has never reached the 3/4 of the states approval requirement for
the addition of an amendment. All of the other amendments have
been approved: A) 1932; C) 1909; D) 1960: E) 1947.
 Which of the following is a feature of the 1787 Northwest
Ordinance?
A) slavery was forbidden in the territory north of the Ohio
River
B) all state debts were to be assumed by Congress
C) a section of land was to be set aside for education
D) land was to be divided into townships, six miles on a side
E) it authorized the seizure of Indian land by federal land
agents without compensation
Answer
 A) slavery was forbidden in the territory north of the Ohio River
 Explanation: The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established the
pattern for the admission of new states to the United States.
Significantly, they were to enter as equals to the original 13. By
banning slavery, it essentially established the Ohio River as the
division between free and slave states. It also made reference to
lands settled by Indians:"The utmost good faith shall always be
observed towards the Indians; their land and property shall never be taken
without their consent; and, in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall
never be invaded or disturbed." Unfortunately this portion of the
Ordinance was rarely enforced.
 One result of the Great Awakening was that it
A) renewed colonists' respect for authority
B) unified colonial congregations
C) reduced religious enthusiasm in the colonies
D) caused farmers to participate more fully in colonial
government
E) led to a greater awareness of democratic concepts, such
as freedom of conscience
Answer
 E) led to a greater awareness of democratic concepts, such
as freedom of conscience

Explanation: The Great Awakening led to divisions among
Protestant congregations into New and Old Light factions,
increased religious fervor, helped erode respect for religious
authority by challenging some of the traditional
denominations, and promoted democratic concepts,
including a sense of freedom of conscience. It had no impact
on farmer participation in colonial government.

Which of the following statements characterizes both the First
and Second Great Awakening?
A) Enlightenment thinking led to a new appreciation of the
natural laws that govern the universe
B) membership in the Anglican Church increased sharply
C) revivals took place exclusively in camp meetings, often in
wilderness settings
D) Protestant ministers led religious services that often featured
emotional responses from attendees
E) a Calvinist belief in salvation solely through election by God
Answer
 D) Protestant ministers led religious meetings that often featured
emotional responses from attendees

Explanation: Both the First Great Awakening (1730s and
1740s) and the Second (early 19th century) featured appeals to
emotion that led to conversion experiences for participants. Each
were important elements in the development of American
revivalism which grew in the 20th century and included massive
gatherings in tents and sports stadiums. While most preachers of
the Great Awakening such as Jonathan Edwards and George
Whitefield were Calvinists, during the Second Great Awakening
the concept of Arminianism, which preached that individuals had
a role in their salvation, gained ground.
American System
 Which of the following was not part of Henry Clay's
American System?
A) the building of canals by the national government
B) local or "pet" banks independent from the national bank
C) protective tariffs
D) a national bank
E) the building of roads by the national government
Answer:
 B) local or "pet" banks independent from the national bank
 Explanation: The American System was Clay's grand
scheme to further the economic growth of the U.S. following
the War of 1812. It sought to support American industry by
building roads and canals financed by the federal government,
a national bank, and high protective tariffs. Clay's chief
opponent, President Andrew Jackson, opposed a national
bank and supported local or "pet" banks.
Missouri Compromise
 Which of the following is/are true of the Missouri
Compromise?
A) maintained the balance of slave and free states in the U.S.
Senate
B) admitted Missouri as a slave state
C) admitted Maine as a free state
D) prevented the establishment of any more new slave states
north of latitude 36°30'
E) all of the above
Answer:
 E) all of the above
 Explanation: Henry Clay proposed the Missouri
Compromise in an attempt to prevent conflict between
northern and southern states. It brought Maine, formerly
part of Massachusetts, in to the U.S. as a free state and
Missouri as a state allowing slavery. It also established the
36°30' latitude line as a boundary between slavery and
freedom for future states.
Marbury v. Madison
 Which of the following statements about the 1803 Marbury v. Madison case are
accurate?
I. It established the principle of judicial review, in which the Supreme Court
can rule a law unconstitutional
II. It involved federal judges appointed by John Adams prior to his leaving
office in 1801
III. It overturned parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789
IV. It was a clear and complete victory for the Federalists, as it made for a
more powerful Supreme Court
V. It was a clear and complete victory for the Democrat-Republicans, as it
denied Federalists control of federal judgeships
A) I, II, III, and V only
B) I, III, and IV only
C) I, II, and III only
D) I, II, and IV only
E) all of the statements are accurate
Answer:
 C) I, II, and III only
 Explanation: As John Adams left office in 1801, he appointed a
number of Federalist judges to positions in an attempt to continue
Federalist influence. Incoming President Thomas Jefferson refused
to recognize the appointment of these "midnight judges," leading
to the Marbury case. Chief Justice John Marshall awarded a partial
victory to both the Federalist and Democrat-Republican positions,
as the Federalist appointees were not awarded the judgeships, but
the Supreme Court's power was signficantly expanded, as
nowhere in the Constitution is it stated that the Court can
overrule a law (in this case the 1789 Judiciary Act) of Congress.
Identify the items below that were elements
of Henry Clay's American System
 I. Roads and canals paid for by the
federal government
II. Low tariffs to keep domestic prices
down
III. High tariffs to protect American
industry
IV. Support for the Second Bank of the
U.S.
 (A) I, II, and IV only
(B) II, III, and IV only
(C) I, III, and IV only
(D) I and II only
(E) III and IV only
Answer:
 (C) I, III, and IV only
 Explanation:
Clay and his supporters promoted the American System
which included internal improvements, such as roads and
canals, paid for by the federal government, the Second Bank
of the U.S., and high protective tariffs to protect American
industry.
Republican Motherhood
 (A) was unrelated to the eventual granting of the right to vote to
women
(B) stated that 19th century women were essentially equal with
men
(C) included the concept that women had the important role of
instilling their children with values conducive to a healthy
republic
(D) was opposed by virtually all Christian ministers
(E) was familiar as a term to 19th century historians
Answer:
 Answer:
(C) included the concept that women had the important role of instilling their children with
values conducive to a healthy republic
Explanation:
The American Revolutionary War not only changed the world in terms of the concepts of
personal independence and democracy, it altered the traditional view of the role of women.
While not granting women anything near to equality with men, the ideals of the Revolution led
many Americans to see women as essential in transmitting newly-held values to the next
generation. Historian Linda Kerber writes: "Republican Motherhood. . . guaranteed the steady infusion
of virtues into the Republic, . . .The mother, and not the masses came to be seen as the custodian of civic
morality."This important duty led to an increasing public sphere role for women and to the
founding of women's colleges, including Mount Holyoke. The term "Republican Motherhood"
began to be used by historians in the late 20th century.
In the 1803 Marbury v. Madison decision, the
Supreme Court
 (A) established the principle that the federal government had
more authority than state governments
(B) allowed the Federalist judges appointed by outgoing
President John Adams to take their positions
(C) determined it did not have the power to rule a law of
Congress to be unconstitutional
(D) established the tradition of judicial review and became an
equally powerful branch of the federal government
(E) acknowledged its inferior role to both Congress and the
president
Answer:

(D) established the tradition of judicial review and became an
equally powerful branch of the federal government

Explanation:
By refusing to allow the last-minute "Midnight Judges"
appointments of outgoing Federalist John Adams, Chief
Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial
review by overruling a law of Congress(the Judiciary Act of
1789). While Jefferson's Democrat-Republican judges
assumed office, this decision in fact was a huge victory for
those desiring a more powerful judicial branch, which now
had the authority to challenge both the laws of Congress and
the actions of the president, as in U.S. v. Nixon, in which
President Richard Nixon was required to turn over Watergate
tapes to a special prosecutor appointed by Congress.
Which of the following statements about the
Second Great Awakening is/are accurate?
 I. It led to the growth of several denominations,
including Baptists and Methodists
II. In some areas, it led to biracial congregations as
both whites and blacks underwent conversion
experiences
III. Some of the revival meetings lasted for a week or
longer
IV. Polygamy became an accepted practice among
participants.
 (A) all of the statements are accurate
(B) none of the statements are accurate
(C) I, II, and IV only
(D) I, II, and III only
(E) I and III only
Answer:
 (D) I, II, and III only
 Explanation:
The Second Great Awakening was a series of religious revivals that
changed the landscape of American religion. Led mainly by Methodist,
Baptist, and Presbyterian itinerant preachers, the revivals often lasted for
days or weeks and included emotional responses from participants. The
revivals reached out to both blacks and whites and some churches
developed biracial congregations, though church leadership was still in
the hands of whites. Polygamy developed as a practice among Mormons,
a religious sect that developed in the 1830s.
 The Whig Party that arose in the 1830s
 (A) appealed to upwardly mobile groups in the North, such
as prosperous farmers, merchants, and skilled workers
(B) united both Northern and Southern factions in support of
high tariffs
(C) opposed the American System of roads and canals
financed with federal funds
(D) leaned heavily on the support of the Masons, an
organization that claimed George Washington, Henry Clay,
and Andrew Jackson as members
(E) was mainly comprised of Roman Catholics and nonevangelical Protestants
 Answer:
(A) appealed to upwardly mobile groups in the North, such as
prosperous farmers, merchants, and skilled workers
 Explanation:
The Whig Party formed itself with former members of the AntiMasonic Party and opponents of Andrew Jackson. Its Northern
and Southern wings disagreed on many issues, including slavery
and tariffs. Many of its members were evangelical Protestants who
supported the American System of Henry Clay and comprised the
newly emerging middle class.WhigWilliam Henry Harrison
defeated Democrat Martin Van Buren in the election of 1840, only
to die 32 days after his inauguration.
 Place these significant 1850s events in the correct chronological
order:

I. John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry
II. Lincoln elected president
III. Passage of Kansas-Nebraska Act
IV. Lincoln-Douglas Debates
V. Dred Scott decision
 (A) I-III-IV-V-II
(B) III-IV-V-I-II
(C) III-V-IV-I-II
(D) IV-III-V-I-II
(E) V-III-IV-II-I
 Answer:
(C) III-V-IV-I-II Explanation: From the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act until
Lincoln's election in 1860, the U.S. witnessed a deteriorating political climate
as the debate over slavery's existence and extension dominated discussion. The
1857 Dred Scott decision, in which Congress' right to control slavery in the
territories was overturned, helped to further harden positions, which were
debated by senatorial candidates Lincoln and Douglas in the 1858 Illinois
contest. Brown's unsuccessful attempt in 1859 to launch a slave revolt in
Virginia added more fuel to the fire. Within a month of Lincoln's election,
South Carolina declared its intention to secede from the Union.

III-Kansas-Nebraska Act-1854
V-Dred Scott decision-1857
IV-Lincoln-Douglas debates-1858
I-John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry-1859
II-Lincoln elected president-1860
What did the Ku Klux Klan, literacy tests,
and grandfather clauses have as a
common intent?

(A) preventing Southern
black citizens from voting
(B) keeping poor whites
under control
(C) keeping the Republican
Party in power in the South
(D) preventing labor unions
from forming
(E) preventing Southern
states from rejoining the Union
Answer:
 (A) preventing Southern black citizens from voting
 Explanation: The Ku Klux Klan terrorized blacks and
Republicans throughout the South. Literacy tests were applied to
blacks to prevent them from voting, as were grandfather clauses
which stated that one was eligible to vote only if his grandfather
could vote. All were effective means to counter the political gains
made by blacks following the Civil War.
The Compromise of 1877

(A) proved to be a huge victory for the ex-slaves and
Freedmen's Bureau programs
(B) awarded the presidency to Tilden, the Democratic
candidate
(C) marked the first time a presidential election had been
disputed
(D) effectively ended Reconstruction, as federal troops were
withdrawn from the South and Hayes was named president
(E) provided for the continued occupation of Southern
states by the U.S. military
Answer:
 (D) effectively ended Reconstruction, as federal troops were
withdrawn from the South and Hayes was named president
 Explanation: The disputed election of 1876 provided an
opportunity to end the military governance of the South and
provide Republicans with the presidency. Democrat William
Tilden gathered more popular votes than Republican Rutherford
Hayes, but several state electoral slates were disputed. An
electoral commission awarded the presidency to Hayes and
federal troops left the South in what was termed the
Compromise of 1877.
 In the 1890s which of the following would most likely have
advocated the abolition of child labor, better working conditions
for women, one day off during the week, and the right of every
worker to a living wage?
(A) a member of the Grange
(B) a Wall Street banker
(C) a Social Gospel minister
(D) a factory owner
(E) a western cattle rancher
Answer:
 (C) a Social Gospel minister
 Explanation: The leaders of the Social Gospel movement which
emerged in the late 19th century attempted to apply biblical
teachings to problems associated with industrialization and
urbanization. Under the leadership of Washington Gladden and
Walter Rauschenbusch the movement gained strengthen among
liberal Protestant denominations.
 All but which of the following statements are true of the
Populist Party?
 (A) it joined with the Democrats in supporting William
Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election
(B) it supported the unlimited coinage of silver
(C) its roots were in the urban reform ideals of Social Gospel
ministers
(D) it supported restrictions on immigration
(E) it favored the public ownership of railroads
 Answer:
(C) its roots were in the urban reform ideals of Social Gospel
ministers
 Explanation: Arising from the farm alliances of the 1870s and 1880s,
the Populists responded to the growth of industrialism with a series of
proposals considered radical by many in the 1890s. The Populist Party
opposed the "concentrated capital" of banks and big businesses and
criticized many of the effects of industrialism on American society It
supported many labor union goals, including restricting immigration.
The 1892 Populist Party platform stated: "The conditions which surround us
best justify our co-operation; we meet in the midst of a nation brought to the verge
of moral, political and material ruin. Corruption dominates the ballot-box....The
people are demoralized;... public opinion silenced.... homes covered with
mortgages, labor impoverished, and the land concentrating in the hands of
capitalists."
Child labor was one target
of Progressive reforms
Which of the following would most likely
have supported Progressive reforms in the
first decades of the 20th century?
(A) leaders of urban political machines
(B) steel and oil company owners
(C) white middle class city residents
(D) bankers
(E) migrant farm workers
Answer:
(C) white middle class city residents
Explanation: Progressivism was a
largely urban movement of young
white middle class and professional
citizens who sought to use government
to help address the ills of society.
Progressives had their greatest impact
on American life from 1900-1920.
 The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

(A) was used to settle the Russo-Japanese War and earned
Theodore Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize
(B) was passed by both houses of Congress
(C) in effect reversed the Monroe Doctrine
(D) asserted that the U.S. had the right to intervene militarily in
Latin America to preserve order
(E) warned Europe that the U.S. desired a sphere of influence in
China
Answer:
 (D) asserted that the U.S. had the right to
intervene militarily in Latin America to
preserve order
 Explanation: The Roosevelt Corollary,
presented in a speech to Congress in 1904,
extended the Monroe Doctrine by asserting
that if economic order was needed to be
maintained in a Latin American nation, the
U.S. would intervene.
 The Scopes Trial indicated that

(A) American fundamentalism was dead
(B) Darwin's theory of evolution could be taught without
controversy in American public schools
(C) tension between rural, traditional values and urban, modern
values was increasing in American society
(D) religious teachings no longer had meaning for most Americans
(E) the Creation story was accepted as metaphorical, not literal by
most Tennessee residents
Answer:
 (C) tension between rural, traditional values and urban, modern values was increasing
in American society
 Explanation: The 1925 Scopes Trial in Dayton, Tennessee served as a microcosm of
the tensions growing in American society among a number of groups. During the trial,
defense attorney Clarence Darrow cross-examined prosecuting attorney William
Jennings Bryan in a stunning exposé of the literal biblical interpretation held by many
traditional believers.
 The containment policy of the U.S. to restrict Soviet
expansion during the early years of the Cold War was first
promoted by which of the following individuals?

(A) U.S. diplomat George Kennan
(B) British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
(C) Secretary of State George Marshall
(D) Senator Joseph McCarthy
(E) President Harry S. Truman
 Answer:
(A) U.S. diplomat George Kennan
 Explanation: Preventing the expansion of Soviet influence
was the central tenet of containment, a policy first
recommended by George Kennan in a 1946 telegram.
Kennan explained: "My conviction that problem is within our
power to solve and that without recourse to any general military
conflict." Containment represented a middle ground position
between confrontation and detente and guided U.S. policy
through much of the the Cold War.
 The Bay of Pigs invasion

(A) resulted in a thaw in American-Soviet relations
(B) was planned and organized by CIA agents during the
Eisenhower administration, but approved by newly elected
President Kennedy
(C) took place after U-2 flights over Cuba revealed the
presence of offensive Soviet missiles being installed
(D) was supported by massive American air support
(E) was intended to return Fulgencio Batista to power in
Cuba
 Answer:
(B) was planned and organized by CIA agents during the
Eisenhower administration, but approved by newly elected
President Kennedy
 Explanation: The failed invasion at the Bay of Pigs was organized
by the CIA during the Eisenhower administration but approved
and carried out in the first months of President Kennedy's
administration in 1961. Its goal was to foment a revolt among
anti-Castro forces and overthrow the pro-Soviet Castro regime.
Previiously planned U.S. air support was not provided and the
invaders were easily captured and imprisoned. The embarassing
defeat for U.S. policy emboldened the Soviet Union which in
1962 placed offensive missiles in Cuba and led to a major Cold
War confrontation.
 In the 1978 Iranian hostage crisis

(A) the Shah of Iran re-established control of the nation
(B) the Ayatollah Khomeini announced that a new secular
government would replace the Shah's regime
(C) the hostages were released by their captors after 444
days, just as Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as president
(D) a daring rescue mission ordered by President Jimmy
Carter resulted in the freeing of the hostages at the American
Embassy
(E) one group of the hostages was executed by their
Iranian captors
 Answer:
(C) the hostages were released by their captors after
444 days, just as Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as president
 Explanation: A group of 66 Americans were taken hostage
at the U.S. Embassy in Teheran in 1978 by Iranian militants
following the Islamic leader Ayatollah Khomieni and calling
themselves the National Guard. A rescue attempt by the U.S.
failed as helicopters crashed in the desert and eight American
soldiers were killed. All of the hostages were released on
January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan was inaugurated
president. The crisis proved to be one of a series of
embarassing events for the Carter administration.
 In the Iran-Contra crisis

(A) the CIA followed congressional guidelines in carrying
out its support for the contra rebels in Nicaragua
(B) President Reagan quickly admitted the U.S. role and
assumed full responsibility for the actions of Col. Oliver
North and other U.S. personnel
(C) one goal was the freeing of American hostages being
held at the U.S. embassy in Iran
(D) Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger was indicted
on two counts of perjury and one count of obstruction of
justice
(E) arms were sold to Iran through Lebanese agents
 Answer:
(D) Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger was indicted on two
counts of perjury and one count of obstruction of justice
 Explanation: Reagan's National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane
approved a plan to attempt to both free American hostages being held in
Lebanon and provide assistance to the anti-communist contra forces in
Nicaragua. Iran was subject to an American arms embargo during its war
with Iraq and Congress had passed measures to restrict aid in Nicaragua.
Israel ended up sending 96 American-made antitank missiles to Iran.
Pres. Reagan was called to testify before the Tower Commission
investigating the scandal and offered conflicting testimony about his own
knowledge of the affair. National Security aide Oliver North, who
helped coordinate the complicated transactions, was convicted of minor
violations, but his conviction was overturned on appeal. Weinberger was
indicted, but pardoned by President George H.W. Bush in 1992 before a
trial could begin.
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution resulted in
(A) the withdrawal of the French troops from Vietnam
(B) the overthrow of the Diem regime in South Vietnam
(C) an escalation in the bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong
(D) a vote of Congressional support for increased U.S. military activity in Vietnam
(E) a formal declaration of war on North Vietnam
Answer:
(D) a vote of Congressional support for increased U.S. military activity in Vietnam
Explanation: While not a formal declaration of war, the Tonkin Gulf Resolution authorized an expansion
of U.S. military activity in Vietnam. It passed by overwhelming votes of 416-0 in the House of
Representatives and 88-2 in the Senate.