STUDY GUIDE CHAPTERS 4 and 5
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
AP BIOLOGY
Companion to Campbell 9th Ed
CHAPTER 4
Answers should be written on separate paper. This study guide is not used on quizzes.
Since these molecules are the basis of everything else we will study, be sure to carefully read the entire chapter
and check for your own understanding.
A. Which element is the basis for the organic compounds which make up living things?
Can you remember the number of valence electrons the above element has? ____
Concept 4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
B. Usually, organic compounds contain _________as well as _______. Using this generalization, which of these
compounds are organic compounds?
CO2
Amino acid (basic unit of a protein)
CH4
Lipid
Water
C6H12O6
Carbon monoxide
C. The concept of vitalism was disputed in Stanley Miller’s experiment.
List 4 reactants in this experiment.
List 4 types of products that were produced after subjecting these reactants to a spark.
How did the above experiment refute the concept of vitalism?
.
CONCEPT 4.2 Carbon molecules can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms.
D. How many valence electrons are in each? H,- ____ O- ___, N-___, C- ____
How many bonds does each of the above generally make?
E. Name the three types of isomers and explain how they are different.
F. You will have to identify each functional group when shown a diagram, see Figure 4.9.
CHAPTER 5
These terms are sometimes used interchangeably:
Macromolecules- Organic Compounds- Carbon Compounds
CONCEPT 5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers.
G. What are the four main classes of large biological molecules? Which class does not consist of polymers?
How many molecules of water are need to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 20 monomers long?
H. What is the chemical formula for each: Glucose, galactose, fructose
Inspect the drawings. What type of isomers are glucose and galactose? What kind of isomers are glucose and
fructose?
I. Give at least two examples for each:
Monosaccharide –
DisaccharidePolysaccharideJ. There are four main types of polysaccharide listed in bold in the book. In detail, compare their structures and
their functions.
K. After a cow is given antibiotics to treat an infection, a vet gives the cow a drink of “gut culture” containing
various prokaryotes (bacteria). Why is this necessary?
L. Having completed this section, notice that in every carbohydrate, there are ___times as many hydrogens as
carbons and oxygens. The general formula for a carbohydrate must be _____
CONCEPT 5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules.
M. Complete the following as a table or in words, your preference.
Components
Examples
Lipids
Triacylglycerol
Phospholipid
Steroid
Functions
N. Imagine that you are making pasta and you put a bit of oil in the water. What shape does a membrane that
surrounds an oil droplet take? (It is generally not recommended to add oil when cooking pasta, it reduces the
adhesion of your sauce.)
O. Which type of lipid is described?
 Signaling molecules (hormones)
 Two components of cell membranes
 Energy source
 Insulation
P. What are the monomers of protein?
Define polypeptide.
With respect to a polypeptide, what is a protein?
Q. Figure 5.15 List each type of protein (there are 8). Write the function and any examples given. This applies to
just about every topic in Biology, we will see proteins in almost every chapter.
R. Draw the structure of Glycine, Alanine, and Phenylalanine.
You will be quizzed on these three on the Functional Group/ Amino Acid Quiz.
S. Figure 5.20 Exploring Levels of Protein Structure
The linear order of amino acids is the structure. It is like _______in a long word.
The patterns of - helix and  pleated sheet (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet) compose the
_____________structure.
____________ bonds stabilize this structure.
The three dimensional shape is called the __________structure.
The main side chain interactions that stabilize this structure are _______ and ____ Define these terms.
Some proteins have two or more polypedtide chains, this is called the _____________structure.
T. How many polypeptides are in hemoglobin?
Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin in detail.
Spider web’s _________ make it stronger by weight than __________
There is an important picture on the bottom of page 83 that is sometimes overlooked. Write the 5 interactions
that influence the folded structure of a protein. Make sure that you remember the main properties of each
interaction.
U. What causes sickle cell disease and what is the effect on the cell and organism?
V. Which may cause denaturation? Hot temperature, cold temperature, low pH, neutral pH, high pH, change in
salinity.
W. What is the job of a chaperonin (chaperone protein)? Name three diseases that are associated with misfolded
proteins.
X. Where would you expect a polypeptide region that is rich in the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine to be
located in the folded polypeptide? (Hint, look at the chart on page 79 and see what group these belong to.)
CONCEPT 5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.
This is mainly review material from Bio 1, so read as a review.
Y. The nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides. You are familiar with another nucleotide (from Biology and from
chapter 4) that contains adenine, ribose and three phosphates. What is this nucleotide and what is its function?
Z. Read DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution. Explain how DNA and amino acid comparison can be
used to analyze evolutionary relationships.
Note: There is a good review of this material at the end of Chapter 5