PRESENTATION ON
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
By:
Shri. S.C. Girotra
Senior Consultant
Ed.CIL, 10-B, I.P. Estate
New Delhi - 110002
Presentation on Disaster Management
by Shri. S.C. Girotra, Sr. Consultant, TSG
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India is a vast country having very large population.
Although India cover approximately only 2.5% of the
land but has around 16% of the world population.
There are substantial
variation in geographical
conditions, climatic conditions but large chunk of land
and population is prone to Cyclone, Earthquake, floods
and whether vagaries.
The school building need special provisions in the
design to avoid sudden collapse to save guard, the
children population.
The school buildings are generally used in case of
disaster as shelter for the general public.
Hence the school buildings are to be safe which can
with stand the natural calamities.
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There have been earthquakes in Lattur in
Maharashtra, Uttar Kashi in Uttranchal and other
part of the country. The earthquakes which
occurred on 26th January, 2001 in Bhuj/Kutch in
Gujarat was the most damaging one, shook the
country most. The other earthquake which shook
J&K (Indian part) and (Pakistan occupied part) and
did lot of damages to the property and humanity.
Gujarat State after devastation rose to the occasion
and with the help of experts from all over the
country prepared necessary designs for their
buildings for rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Measures Taken Under SSA
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Technical Support Group (TSG) has been regularly
providing necessary resource support to States at
National Level and individually to the States, in
Quarterly Review Meetings and otherwise to the
State Project Engineers.
The resource support is also shared in JRMs,
Secretary and SPD meets and in Regional Review
Meetings.
TSG utilized the expertise of SSA Gujarat engineers
for bringing awareness in all the SSA States and
Union Territories Engineers for preparing their
designs which can withstand the intensity of
earthquake from sudden collapse.
Some of the important slides of the presentation
shared are
SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF
IS 1893 (Part – 1 – 2002)
INDIA
Zone II
Zone III
Zone IV
Zone V
SEISMIC ZONES
Seismic Zone Risks due to Earthquake
Location in India
Zone V
Risk of wide spread collapse Bhuj, Shrinagar, Jammu,
& distruction
Gopalgang, North - East
States, Andamanand Nickobar
Zone IV
Risk of collapse & heavy
damage
Zone III
Risk of damage
Zone II
Risk of minor damage
Ratnagiri, Amrutsar, Simla,
Chandigarh, Dehradun, Delhi,
Patna, Patan, Jamnagar,
Rajkot, Dwarka
Trivendrum, Kochi,
Lakshadweep, Mangalore,,
Panji, Pune, Mumbai, Agra,
Lucknow, Varanasi, Gaya,
Culcatta, Bhubanswar,
Chennai, Vijaywada
Over 60% of India’s land under Seismic
Zones III, IV & V
INDIAN SEISMIC CODE
Sr.
Indian Seismic Code No.
1
IS 1893 (Part 1- 2002)
2
IS 4326 - 1993
3
IS 13828 - 1993
4
IS 13920 - 1993
Description
Criteria for earthquake resistant design of
structure
Practice for earthquake resistant design and
construction of building.
Guidelines for improving earthquake
resistant of low strength masonry building.
Ductile detailing of renforece concrete
structure subject to seicmic force.
HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
SCHOOL
An earthquake resistant building has six
virtues
• Good Structural Configuration :
Size, shape and structural system carrying
loads are such that they ensure a direct and
smooth flow of inertia forces to the ground.
• Lateral Strength
The maximum lateral (horizontal) force that is
can resist is such that the damage induces in it
does not result in collapse.
• Adequate Stiffness :
Its lateral load resisting system is such that the
earthquake induced deformations in it do not
damage its contents under low – to – moderate
shaking.
• Good Ductility :
Its capacity to undergo large deformations under
severe earthquake shaking even after yielding, is
improved by favorable design and detailing
strategies.
• Construction quality :
• Soil Conditions :
HORIZONTAL BANDS
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Plinth Band
Sill Band
Lintel Band
Roof Band
Gable Band
Resource Support Provided to Individual
States for Earthquake Resistant Buildings
● Independent campaign was launched particularly for
sensitive States like J&K, North-Eastern States and
Bihar where presentation on earthquake resistant
building were given to most of the State engineers.
STEPS TAKEN BY INDIVIDUAL STATES
● Gujarat of-course is a pioneer State in taking
measures for earthquake resistant building and have
their designs prepared in accordance with SIEMIC
Zones.
● Uttranchal had their school designing prepared from
CBRI Roorkee and is implementing the same.
● Bihar has also designed their buildings in accordance
with SIEMIC Zone requirement long time back and
recently got wetted the same from Prof. (Dr.) Arya,
adviser to Government of India on SIEMIC matter.
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Meghalaya has also got their designs wetted from
PWD engineers for SIEMIC requirement.
Arunachal is building pre-feb bamboo structures in
some of the districts.
Assam has designed their school buildings with
necessary SIEMIC resistant requirements.
J&K recently revised their designs and cattered the
seismic requirement. State was advised to stop
using Randam Rubble masory.
Uttar Pradesh has also now designed their school
buildings in accordance with SIEMIC requirement
conforming to IS Code
Large number of States/UTs have initiated
processes for designing their building in
accordance with Indian SIEMIC Code. Other States
are following suit
Quality Parameters
● Technical Support Group (TSG) laid stress on quality
control measures during construction right from
inception of SSA, in their meet at States and at
National Level. Some of the important slides of the
presentation for bringing awareness about quality
parameters are as under :
Preparation of Architectural and Structural Design
● For state context specific designs, engagement of
competent architects, structural engineers and
preparing geographic, climatic and in accordance
with seismic, cyclonic, flood prone, Tsunami
requirements and fire safety precautions, use of IS
codes are essential.
TESTING OF BUILDING MATERIAL
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Testing of the building material is essential as
tested material will lead to quality
infrastructure. The various test need to be
performed for building material and building
technologies are:
I.
Sieve analysis for (i) Fine sand (ii) Coarse
sand
II.
Water absorption test for bricks
III. Compressive strength test for bricks
IV. Compressive strength test for Cement
concrete cubes
V.
Determination of consistency of concrete by
slump test
VI. Cement mortar test for ascertaining ratio of
cement and sand in the cement mortar.
• TESTING EQUIPMENTS
Sieve Set
Motorised Sieve Shaker
Compression Testing Machines
with Load Gauges
Cube Moulds
Slump Test Apparatus
5
1ODIA
2.5
10
1.3
0.2
THICK
AT LEAST 1.6 mm
THICK
30
0.2 THICK
0.6
ALL DIMENSIONS
ARE IN CM.
2 ODIA
FIG - 1
ESSENTIAL MACHINERY
CONCRETE MIXER & VIBRATOR - Mechanical mixing of
cement concrete and vibrating with vibrator will helps in
maintaining proper cement water ratio and producing
homogenous mix for attaining appropriate strength.
3RD PARTY EVALUATION DURING CONSTRUCTION:
● There are huge targets for the year 2006-07 and 2007-08,
it is necessary to have in-built quality control system
during construction. As an additional precaution to
safeguard quality measures, 3rd party inspection system
during construction shall be introduced in the State. The
3rd party inspection will not only impart guidance to the
field engineers but will alert the field engineers and the
community to built quality structure and adopt quality
control tests. 4th JRM in its report have recommended
mandatory 3rd Party Independent Evaluation of Civil
Works during construction.
● Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Maharashtra are
having 3rd party inspection system already introduced
some other states have initiated the process.
Fire Safety Measures
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After Dhabwally fire tragedy in Haryana, in 2001,
Kumbakonam tragedy took place on 16th July, 2004
where around 90 children were burnt alive, the
tragedy Shook the conscious of the country.
Immediately Shri Arjun Singh, Hon’ble Minister of
Human Resource and Development Government of
India, wrote to Chief ministers of all the States/UTs
vide latter dated 27th July, 2004 to take necessary
precautions to safe guards school buildings from
fire hazards.
The supplementary agenda for State Education
Secretaries and SPDs meet, on 28th – 29th
September, 2004 was taken up on safety in school
building, where State were asked to initiate steps to
ensure safety in school buildings. Some of the
steps discussed in the meeting were
1.
Providing adequately wide entrances and exits in all
buildings to facilitate quick dispersaal of children
and staff in the event of emergency.
2.
Ensuring that wall openings in classrooms are not
less than 20% of floor area, if necessary by
appropriate modifications.
3.
Removing/replacing all inflammable material in
school buildings.
4.
Constructing kitchen sheds for mid-day meals in a
manner so as to minimise fire hazards.
5.
Providing fire-fighting arrangements in all schools.
6.
Regular training of teachers and children in fire
safety and evacuation drills
7.
Appropriate inspections of existing buildings to
determine their structural safety.
8.
All the new constructions to be in accordance with
the National Building Code and IS 8827
(Requirements of School Buildings), IS 456 (Design
Code with Seismic Provisions), IS 2406 (Fire
Protection Norms for School Buildings) and IS
14435:1997.
RETROFITTING OF BUILDINGS STRUCTURES
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In the national work shop on civil works held at
Bhuj, Gujarat in November, 2005 presentation was
made by PWD engineers (Gujarat) on Retrofitting of
existing structures particularly school buildings.
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The cost of Retrofitting is around 10%.