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Biology Study Guide – Fall 2012 Semester Exam – 15 points
****To prepare for the Semester Exam, go through the following 3 steps!****
1. First, RE-READ Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15 and 27.
2. Then, REVIEW all the HOMEWORK assignments and the NOTES that you took in class.
3. Finally, ANSWER the following questions to make sure you understand the following concepts.
1. What are three examples of polysaccharides?
2. What are characteristics of carbohydrates?
3. What is the difference between starch and cellulose?
4. What do a group of amino acids form?
5. What is a triglyceride made of?
6. Why are carbohydrates a good source of energy? How do plant cells store energy?
7. What are characteristics of Prokaryotes? What do E. coli (bacteria)contain?
8. What are differences between plant and animal cells?
9. Which is bigger, a bacteriophage or E. coli (bacteria)?
10. What is the lytic cycle of viruses? What is the lysogenic cycle of viruses?
11. What is diffusion? What is facilitated diffusion? What is active transport?
12. What is osmosis? Describe hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. (p. 99)
13. What are characteristics of the lipid bilayer? What part is polar? What part is non-polar?
14. What are some characteristics about the membrane proteins in the lipid bilayer?
15. What part of a lipid bilayer is hydrophobic? What part is hydrophilic?
16. What do proteins like the Na+/K+ pump look like in the membrane? Draw p.94 – Figure 5.5
17. What are properties of the endoplasmic reticulum?
18. What is the function of mitochondria? What kind of cells have mitochondria?
19. What is the function of chloroplasts? What kind of cells have chloroplasts?
20. What evidence shows chloroplasts and mitochondria may have originated by endosymbiosis?
21. Give examples of passive diffusion.
22. What is cellular respiration? What are some products of Glycolysis? Kreb’s cycle?
23. What is the function of NAD+ in cellular respiration? Where do the electrons from NADH go?
24. Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur in the cell?
25. How many molecules of Acetyl-CoA are produced from glucose?
26. How much ATP is produced during aerobic respiration? How much CO2 is produced?
27. What is the chemical reaction for Photosynthesis?
28. What reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts?
29. What reactions occur in the stroma of chloroplasts?
30. How are the Light-Dependent Reactions different from the Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin
Cycle)? What is produced during each part of Photosynthesis?
31. What is the source of oxygen produced during Photosynthesis?
32. What do plants need to make carbohydrates like glucose?
33. How are Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration similar? How are they different?
34. What is DNA? What are the 4 bases of DNA? What is a double helix?
35. What are characteristics of DNA? Where are the major and minor grooves of the double helix?
36. What did the Meselson and Stahl experiment prove about DNA replication? (p.263-264)
37. What is the Central Dogma of Biology in regard to DNA, RNA, and Protein?
38. What is transcription? What is translation? Draw p295 Figure 15.20.
39. What are characteristics of RNA? Draw all three types of RNA.
40. What is the difference between a codon and anti-codon? Which is on mRNA?
41. How are DNA and RNA different? How are they the same?
42. What is the function of the ribosome?
43. What is Glycolysis? What is the Kreb’s Cycle? Where do these processes occur?
44. What are differences between the Light-Dependent and Light-Independent reactions of
Photosynthesis?
45. What is carbon fixation?
46. What is Mitosis? What are all the phases of Mitosis?
47. What is Cytokinesis?
48. What are centrioles? How do they function during Mitosis?
49. What is the longest part of the Cell Cycle?
50. What is Meiosis? What are all the phases of Meiosis? How is it different from Mitosis? Draw
the phases of both Mitosis and Meiosis below.