Achieving Sustainable Design
with Automated Parking
Don Monahan
Vice President
Walker Parking Consultants
Presentation Outline
• Case study illustrating construction cost
comparison for automated parking vs. a rampaccess, underground parking structure.
• LEED credits for an automated parking
structure vs. a ramp-access parking structure.
• Building code issues with automated parking
facilities.
Site Plan
Ramp-Access Design Isometric
Ramp-Access Design Level B1
Ramp-Access Design Level B2 & B3
Ramp-Access Design Level B4
Ramp-Access Design
Car & Floor Area Tabulation
LEVE
L
STALL
AREA
EFFICIENC
S
Y
(SQ. FT.)
(SF/STALL)
B1
75
34,150
455
B2
96
37,150
387
B3
96
37,150
387
B4
79
30,318
384
TOTA
L
346
138,768
401
Automated Parking – Level B1
Stairs & Elevators
Retrieval Lane
Waiting Area
L1
L2
L3
L4
L6
L7
L8
L9
Entry & Exit
Ramp
L5
Retrieval Lane
90 High Bay Spaces
Automated Parking Option - Level B2/B3
These spaces
may need to be
sacrificed
depending on
how the
elevators and
stairs can be
supported
above.
Retrieval Lane
Retrieval Lane
168 Spaces Per Level
Automated Parking
Car & Floor Area Tabulation
LEVE STALL AREA
EFFICIENC
L
S
Y
(SQ. FT.)
(SF/STALL)
B1
90
34,150
379
B2
168
37,150
221
B3
88
19,448
221
TOTA
L
346
90,748
262
Comments:
• Added 80 stalls compared to ramp-access design (23% increase).
• Eliminated an entire basement level (30,318 sf less floor area or 22% decrease).
• Parking efficiency improved 36%.
Automated Parking Section
Required above lifts
1’ 6”
Required in retrieval aisle
System Height
Note: Depth below grade reduced by 13’-2”
Automated Parking Option
Automated Parking Capacity and Height
System
Level
Structure
Depth
Vehicle
Clearance
Total
Height
Parking
Spaces
1
3’ 0”
7’ 0”
10’ 0”
90
2
9”
6’ 8”
7’ 5”
168
3
9”
5’ 6”
6’ 3”
168
Total
4’ 6”
19’ 2”
23’ 8”
426
Construction Cost Comparison
• Delete lowest basement level
– 48,020 sf X $125 per sf = $6,002,500
• Automated Parking System Cost
– $19,500 per space X 426 sp = $8,307,000
• Net Additional Cost = $2,304,500
Volume Comparison
Ramp-Access Garage
Automated Garage
Leve
l
Area
SF
Height
FT
Volume
CF
Leve
l
Area
SF
Heigh
t FT
Volume
CF
B1
34,150
10
341,500
B1
34,150
10’ 0”
341,500
B2
37,150
10
371,500
B2
37,150
7’ 5”
275,529
B3
37,150
10
371,500
B3
19,448
6’ 3”
121,550
B4
30,318
10
303,180
B4
0
0
0
1,387,680
Total
Total
738,579
(53%)
Automated Parking Energy Use
Task
Low
High
Average
Loading
.0169
.0169
.0169
Storage
.1228
.4408
.2818
Retrieval
.1228
.4408
.2818
Total
.2625
.8984
.5804
Cost Per Car Parked
@ ¢.11 cents/kWh
¢.028
¢.098
¢.064
Vehicle Emissions Comparison – CO2
Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association,
Parking magazine, March 2009
Vehicle Emissions Comparison – NO2
Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association,
Parking magazine, March 2009
Vehicle Emissions Comparison – CO
–
Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association,
Parking magazine, March 2009
Vehicle Emissions Comparison - VOC
Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association,
Parking magazine, March 2009
Energy Consumption
Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association,
Parking magazine, March 2009
LEED V2.2 Analysis – Sustainable Site
Item
Description
Points
Avail.
Automated
Garage
Ramp
Garage
Prereq 1
Construction Pollution Prevention
1
1
1
Credit 1
Avoid building on or near protected land
1
1
1
Credit 2
Two story development density
1
1
0
Credit 3
Remediate and build on Brownfield site
1
0
0
Credit 4.1
Public Transportation Access
1
1
1
Credit 4.2
Bicycle storage/changing rooms (5%)
1
1
1
Credit 4.3
Prefer. parking for fuel-efficient vehicles (5%)
1
1
1
Credit 4.4
Minimize capacity/preferential carpool parking
1
1
1
Credit 5.1
Protect or restore habitat
1
0
0
Credit 5.2
Maximize open space > garage footprint
1
0
0
Credit 6.1
Post stormwater ≤ Prior stormwater
1
1
1
Credit 6.2
Capture and treat stormwater
1
1
1
Credit 7.1
Cover 50% of parking spaces
1
1
1
Credit 7.2
Roofing Solar Reflectance Index ≥ 78
1
1
1
Credit 8
Light pollution reduction
1
1
1
SubTotal
14
12
11
LEED V2.2 Analysis – Water Efficiency
Item
Description
Points
Avail.
Automated
Garage
Ramp
Garage
Credit 1.1
Reduce irrigation by 50% from baseline
1
1
1
Credit 1.2
No potable water use or no irrigation for landscape
1
1
1
Credit 2
Reduce building sewage effluent by 50%
1
0
0
Credit 3.1
Reduce water use by 20% from baseline
1
0
0
Credit 3.2
Reduce water use by 30% from baseline
1
0
0
SubTotal
5
2
2
LEED V2.2 Analysis – Energy & Atmosphere
Item
Description
Points
Avail.
Automated
Garage
Ramp
Garage
Prereq 1
Performance verification of building energy systems
1
1
1
Prereq 2
Energy systems ≤ ASHRAE 90.1-2004 limits
1
1
1
Prereq 3
Zero use of CFC-based refrigerants
1
1
1
Credit 1
Optimize Energy Performance <<< ASHRAE 90.1
10
10
6
Credit 2
On-site renewable energy (i.e. solar or wind)
3
3
3
Credit 3
Enhanced commissioning of energy systems
1
1
1
Credit 4
Minimize ozone depletion & global warming
1
1
1
Credit 5
Measurement/verification plan to evaluating energy
system performance
1
1
1
Credit 6
Green Power (35% of electricity for 2 yrs)
1
1
1
SubTotal
20
20
16
LEED V2.2 Analysis – Materials & Resources
Item
Description
Points
Avail.
Automated
Garage
Ramp
Garage
Prereq 1
Storage & collection of recyclables
1
1
1
Credit 1.1
75% existing building structure re-use
1
0
0
Credit 1.2
100% of existing building structure re-use
1
0
0
Credit 1.3
Maintain 50% of interior Non-structural elements
1
0
0
Credit 2.1
Recycle or salvage 50% of demolition debris
1
1
1
Credit 2.2
Recycle or salvage 75% of demolition debris
1
1
1
Credit 3.1
Re-use 5% of material value with salvaged
demolition debris
1
0
0
Credit 3.2
Re-use 10% of material value with salvaged
demolition debris
1
0
0
Credit 4.1
Use recycled content ≥ 10% of material value
1
1
1
Credit 4.2
Use recycled content ≥ 20% of material value
1
0
0
Credit 5.1
Manufacture 10% of materials within 500 miles
1
1
1
Credit 5.2
Manufacture 20% of materials within 500 miles
1
1
1
Credit 6
Use 10% more materials than 5.1 extracted,
recovered or harvested within 500 miles
1
0
0
Credit 7
Certified wood ≥ 2.5% of value of all materials
1
0
0
SubTotal
14
6
6
LEED V2.2 Analysis – Indoor Environment
Item
Description
Points
Avail.
Automated
Garage
Ramp
Garage
Prereq 1
Meet ASHRAE 62.1-2004 indoor air ventilation reqmts
1
0
0
Prereq 2
Minimize environmental tobacco smoke exposure
1
1
1
Credit 1
Monitor ventilation system performance
1
1
0
Credit 2
Provide additional outdoor air ventilation
1
1
0
Credit 3.1
Implement indoor air quality plan during construction
1
1
0
Credit 3.2
Implement indoor air quality plan before occupancy
1
1
0
Credit 4.1
All adhesives and sealants shall comply with SCAQMD
1
1
1
Credit 4.2
Do not exceed VOC limits by SCAQMD for paint & coatinngs
1
1
1
Credit 4.3
All carpet should be Carpet & Rug Institutes green label
1
0
0
Credit 4.4
Wood products shall contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins
1
0
0
Credit 5
Minimize exposure to hazardous particulates & chemicals
1
1
0
Credit 6.1
Provide lighting system controllability by users
1
1
0
Credit 6.2
Provide thermal comfort controllability by users
1
1
0
Credit 7.1
HVAC systems & building envelope per ASHRAE 55-2004
1
1
0
Credit 7.2
Implement a thermal comfort survey within 6 to 18 months
1
1
0
Credit 8.1
Provide daylight & views to 75% of occupied areas
1
0
0
Credit 8.2
Provide daylight & views to 90% of occupied areas
1
0
0
SubTotal
15
12
3
LEED V2.2 Analysis – Design Innovation
Item
Description
Points
Avail.
Automated
Garage
Ramp
Garage
Credit 1.1
Low mercury lighting*
1
1
1
Credit 1.2
Management plan for car pooling/bus transit*
1
0
1
Credit 1.3
Hybrid Zipcar on site for employee use*
1
0
0
Credit 1.4
Use non-hydraulic, energy-efficient elevators*
1
1
1
Credit 1.x
Install snow melting system/eliminate de-icers*
1
0
0
Credit 2
Use LEED Accredited professional
1
1
1
SubTotal
6
3
4
Project Totals
69
55
42
* - Previously accepted Innovation in Design Credits
LEED Certification Levels
• Certified
26-32 points
• Silver
33-38 points
• Gold
39-51 points
• Platinum
52-69 points
• Conventional Garage = LEED Gold
• Automated Garage = LEED Platinum
Note: Stand-alone parking garages cannot be LEED
certified, however, they can contribute points
toward any occupied space on the same site.
Building Code Issues for Automated
Parking Facilities
• Use & Occupancy Classification
• Access
• Fire Protection
• Ventilation
Use & Occupancy Classification
• Group S-2 Occupancy Classification for low hazard (noncombustible) storage.
• Section 406.2 of International Building Code (IBC) applies to
storage of motor vehicles. Doesn’t adequately address the
special case of automated rack storage of automobiles in an
unoccupied storage vault.
• Section 413 of IBC indicates high-piled stock or rack storage
in any occupancy group shall comply with Chapter 23 of the
International Fire Code (IFC).
• Storage of motor vehicles is classified as a Class I
commodity.
Access
• Section 406.3.8 of IBC indicates “Where no persons
other than parking attendants are permitted, there
shall not be less than two 36-inch wide exit
stairways”.
• Chapter 23 of IFC requires a minimum of one
access door in each 100 lineal feet of the exterior
wall that faces the fire department access road.
• 24-inch wide aisles required for fire department
access (i.e. ladders and catwalks).
Fire Protection
• High piled storage area greater than 2500 sf
•
•
•
•
requires automatic fire extinguishing system.
Maximum pile dimension equals 100 feet (between
aisles).
Maximum storage height equals 40 feet.
Maximum pile volume equals 400,000 cubic feet.
Type of construction:
TABLE 503 (partial). ALLOWABLE HEIGHT AND BUILDING AREAS
Group
Type of
Construction
Fire Rating
Type 1AThree Hour
Type 1BTwo Hour
Type IIAOne Hour
Type IIBNon-rated
S-2
Stories
Unlimited
11
5
4
Allowable Area
Unlimited
79,000
39,000
26,000
Ventilation
• Smoke venting at ceiling required.
• No ventilation of vehicle emissions required.
• Ventilation rate of 0.05 cfm per sf of floor area
required (1/15 of airflow required for
dispersing vehicle emissions).
Summary
• Automated Parking Garages provide equivalent capacity to a
conventional, ramp-access garage in approximately half the
volume.
• Automated Parking Garages pollute far less than
conventional, ramp-access garages.
• Automated Parking Garages provide more LEED certification
points than conventional, ramp-access garages.
• Automated Parking Garages should be designed as highpiled, rack storage facilities in accordance with the provisions
of Chapter 23 of the IFC for Class I commodities.