EOC Review Part II
A New Industrial Age Chapter 6
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Causes of Industrialization in U.S.
Abundance of natural resources, government support of business, large
population to buy products and work
Edwin Drake uses oil drill to remove oil from below earths surface
Bessemer process- removes impurities from iron; turns iron into steel; steel
is stronger, lighter; steel makes technological innovation possible; used to
produce machinery, bridges, RR, structure for skyscrapers…
Thomas Edison- light bulb, phonograph, movie camera, system for producing
and distributing electricity; electricity allowed factories to be located
anywhere
Age of Railroads
-1890 over 200,000 miles of RR; dangerous work; workers earned very little;
- RR linked the nation, stimulated growth of iron, steel, coal, lumber and
glass industries; helped towns and cities grow; linked previously isolated
towns and cities; promoted trade and interdependence; develop use or
RR time which sets 24 time zones
- Scandals plague the RR companies
- Fights RR w/ Munn v, Illinois – states won right to regulate RR
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Big Business and Labor
Corporate Leaders: John D. Rockefeller (oil), JP Morgan (banking), Andrew
Carnegie (steel) – sometimes referred to as robber barons. Often they had a
monopoly; Some say they took advantage of the working class
New business practices; vertical integration, horizontal integration, trusts, holding
company
Social Darwinism – applied Darwin’s theory of evolution to the business world;
strongest businesses would survive; some business leaders used this to justify
their business practices
Working conditions very poor; long hours, low wages, dangerous conditions; the
abundance of available labor allowed these conditions to occur especially in jobs
that did not require a lot of skill
Due to poor working conditions we see the rise of labor unions- labor unions
always fight workers rights; more $, better conditions, benefits
American Federation of Labor: craft unions, Samuel Gompers & Adolph Strasser
founded it
Several strikes – Great Strike of 1877 – RR; Homestead strike – steel
Homestead Strike (1892): iron & steel workers struck Carnegie Steel & was
broken up by guards
Panic of 1893
Pullman Strike (1894): Cleveland sent in federal troops to break up strikers
As unions got stronger employers began to make it more difficult for them to
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organize, government rules in favor of employers,
Sherman Antitrust Act passes – made it easy for employers to stop a strike; all
they had to say was that the strike interfered with interstate commerce
Haymarket Square Riots (1886): reduced support of labor unions & Knights of
Labor
Florida- Henry Plant builds RR helping to move Florida’s produce to the North; Henry
Flagler begins development of eastern Florida; hotels begin to attract tourists;
Chapter 7 Immigrants and Urbanization
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Push and pull factors – push factors – something pushing you out of your
territory; examples; poverty, famine, war, lack of opportunity, restrictive
government…; pull factors – something positive; pulling you to a new territory;
examples; freedom of religion, free education, participate in government,
abundant jobs…
No requirements (passport…) to enter U.S. but did have to pass physical exam
upon entry
Old Immigrants – immigrants coming to U.S. before 1890 – mainly from
Northwestern Europe; many were farmers
New Immigrants – came in after 1890; from Southern and Central Europe; many
were unskilled laborers
Difficult journey to get to U.S.; most coming from Europe enter through Ellis
Island; Asia enter through Angel Island
Asian immigrants more difficult time settling in; targets of first immigration laws;
Immigrants face challenges once here – getting a job, finding a place to live; often
they settled in neighborhoods where people had the same ethnic background;
more comfortable – same language, food, religion…
Many native born Americans thought of the country as a melting pot (blending
together of cultures); many new immigrants did not want to give up their customs
As immigration increases anti – immigrant feelings emerge
Rise in nativism – increase in anti-Asian sentiment
Chinese immigration suspended – Chinese Exclusion Act (1882); Gentleman’s
Agreement (1907) limits Japanese immigration
Challenges of Urbanization
Increase in population leads to urbanization- cities have a difficult time keeping
up with the rapid increase in population especially in the northeast
Large immigrant population settle in cities; also migration from the country to the
city; industrialization had increased efficiency on the farm and not as many
farmers needed to produce food
Americanization movement – designed to assimilate diverse groups into the
dominant culture
Cities find it difficult to provide decent housing; see the rise of tenements, also
problems with clean drinking water, sewage, crime, fire…
Social Gospel Movement: wanted better social & education services in cities
(Jane Addams) ; set up community centers in slums to provided assistance to
people that needed it
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settlement houses provided aid—Jane Addams’ Hull House in Chicago
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New Religious Organizations: Salvation army (1878), Mary Baker Eddy’s First
Church of Christian Scientists
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Politics in the Gilded Age
Political machines offer services to voters and businesses in exchange for
political/financial support; they controlled the activities of a political party
in a city
Political machines structured like a pyramid
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City boss
Ward boss
Precinct worker/captain
immigrants
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Many immigrants helped to support the political machine; political
machines provided needed services to immigrants
Precinct captains, ward bosses and the city boss worked together to elect
their candidates and guarantee the success of the machine
Political machines controlled access to city government jobs, contracts, and
business licenses…
Political machines often abused their power; most notorious case was Boss
Tweed head of Tammany Hall in New York cities Democratic party
Florida – Factories bring thousands of Cuban workers to Florida; thousands of
immigrants come to Florida (Greeks to Tarpin Springs work in sponge trade;
Cubans to Tampa – cigars)
Chapter 8 Life at the Turn of the Century
Science and Urban Life
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Increase in population of cities leads to major changes
Lack of space and development of steel leads to skyscrapers and bridges
Development of mass transit- allowed cities to develop outward- use of electric
streetcars
As cities get more crowded they begin to use urban planning – overall plan for the
city; use of space in city becomes more efficient
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Advancements happening so fast; changes in printing allowed printed materials to
be made cheaper; more people reading, helps to increase literacy
Developments of airplanes and photography; photography increases circulation of
newspapers; field of photojournalism
Expanding Public Education
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1965 – 1895 – states begin passing laws requiring children to attend school; ages
and length of school year varies state to state
children began attending school at younger ages; more mothers working; children
attend school
new industrial age demanded some higher skilled jobs, managerial jobs
More attending high school- high schools begin to expand curriculum to meet the
needs of the new industrial economy
African Americans were mostly excluded from post secondary education; less
than 1% attended high school; vast discrimination
Immigrants were encouraged to attend schools; hoping to “Americanize”
College enrollment also increased; major changes in curriculum- more course
language, sciences, psychology
African Americans: Booker T. Washington led Tuskegee Institute
emphasizing vocational education; believed racism would end once blacks
acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value
W.E.B. Du Bois – first African American to receive doctorate from
Harvard; believed Blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the
African American community would have well educated leaders
Segregation and Discrimination
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Throughout the South African Americans still faced wide spread
discrimination
Southern states tried to keep African Americans from exercising their right
to vote; southern states passed poll taxes (annual tax to vote) and literacy
tests; use of grandfather clauses allowed whites in South to keep their
voting rights excluded them from having to pay poll tax or pass literacy test
Jim Crow Laws – laws in South that segregated the races
1896 – Supreme Court Case Plessy v. Ferguson- Supreme Court ruled that
the separation of the races in public accommodations was legal
Discrimination wide spread in the south; violence common; in the north
African Americans still faced discrimination; forced into segregated
neighborhoods; faced discrimination in the workplace
Discrimination also in the west; some Mexicans and African Americans
forced in debt peonage (system that bound laborers into slavery in order to
work off a debt to employer)
The Dawn of Mass Culture
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People had more leisure time; amusement parks, bicycling, tennis, rise of
spectator sports, baseball
Rise in literacy contributed to increase in circulation of newspapers
Opening of art galleries, libraries museums in most large cities
Shopping centers emerge in cities; creation of large department stores,
emergence of national chains (able to buy in bulk and sell cheaper)
Companies began to sell products through catalogs
Florida – Henry Flagler’s RR extends to Key West; Florida first state to require
RR to carry African Americans in separate cars;
By the turn of the century, Florida's population and per capita wealth were
increasing rapidly; the potential of the "Sunshine State" appeared endless. By the
end of World War I, land developers had descended on this virtual gold mine. With
more Americans owning automobiles, it became commonplace to vacation in
Florida. Many visitors stayed on, and exotic projects sprang up in southern Florida.
Some people moved onto land made from drained swamps. Others bought canalcrossed tracts through what had been dry land. The real estate developments
quickly attracted buyers, and land in Florida was sold and resold. Profits and prices
for many developers reached inflated levels.
Chapter 9 The Progressive Era
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Origins of Progressivism
Progressive Movement had 4 goals
o Promoting social welfare- ease harsh conditions of industrialization;
YMCA opens libraries…; Salvation Army opened soup kitchens
o Promoting moral improvement- felt morality was the key to
improving lives; wanted immigrants and poor city dwellers to uplift
themselves by improving their personal behavior; Big supporters of
Prohibition
o Creating economic reform – some Americans questioned the
American capitalist system; Muckrakers wrote about the corrupt side
of business and public life
o Fostering efficiency- put faith in experts and scientific principles to
make society and the workplace more efficient
Women very involved in all aspects of the Progressive Movement
Politics
LaFollette promotes state progressivism & “Laboratory of Democracy”—
initiatives (bill originated by the people), referendum (vote on an initiative)
recall (allowed voters to remove public officials from elected position),
Seventeenth Amendment (direct election of Senators) These changes gave
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more power to the people
Reformers wanted to protect workers and end child labor; performed
unskilled jobs for lower pay; children more prone to accidents
Women in Public Life
Women entered the workforce in larger numbers, better paying jobs in
industry; did receive less pay than men
As more women earn income many in poor conditions they begin to band
together to demand change
Many women that became active in public life had attended women’s
colleges
NACW and NAWSA – organized
Women Suffrage – three part strategy
o Convince state legislatures to grant women the right to vote
o Pursue court cases to test the 14th Amendment
o Push for a national constitutional amendment to grant women the
vote
Teddy Roosevelt Square Deal
-1904 Election: Teddy Roosevelt—presidential policy called the “Square
Deal” – used to describe the progressive reforms supported by Roosevelt
Food Regulations: Pure Foods and Drug Act (1906) & Meat Inspection Act
(1906) in response to The Jungle
Economy
Antitrust Policies: Northern Securities Cases; Standard Oil Case, by 1909
T. Roosevelt brought down 25 monopolies using the Courts and the
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Coal Strike: Teddy Roosevelt intervened in United Mine Workers action
against anthracite mine owners (1902)
Society & Culture
Muckrakers: investigative journalism—Lincoln Steffens’ The Shame of the
Cities, Ida Tarbell’s The History of Standard Oil, Upton Sinclair’s The
Jungle, Jacob Riis’ How the Other Half Lives
Roosevelt made conservation a concern during his presidency; set aside
land for forest reserve…
Progressivism Under Taft
William Howard Taft wins election of 1908
Taft cautiously pursued progressive agenda
Taft is unable to hold the Republican party together
Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson (Democrat), Teddy Roosevelt
(Progressive), William Taft (Republican)
Wilson wins the election
Wilson’s New Freedom
Implementing the “New Freedom”—calls for the reduction of tariffs,
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reform of bank laws, improvements on anti- trust laws
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act (1913): tariff rates reduced & graduated
income tax implemented
Federal Reserve Act (1913): Fed serviced banks
Sixteenth Amendment (1913) – legalized a federal income tax
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914): interpreted the Sherman Antitrust Act
Federal Trade Commission Act (1914): prohibited unfair trade w/o defining
them
Child Labor Act (1916): couldn’t interstate ship goods made by children
under 14—declared unconstitutional
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Foreign Relations
Navy: became 3rd largest in the war & naval college started
Pacific: US obtained Pearl Harbor in Hawaii (1886)
American Christian Missionaries active all over world
Josiah Strong – A Protestant Minister who expanded the idea of Manifest
Destiny to support American imperialism in the late 19th century
Emergence of Regional Empire
Politics
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Election of 1888: Benjamin Harrison (R) won electoral vote, but Cleveland
won popular vote
Oklahoma: First OK land rush (1889) “Oklahoma Sooners”
Economy
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890): prohibited combinations or conspiracies in
restraint of trade
McKinley Tariff (1890)
Society & Culture
Popular Amusements: vaudeville, circus, Wild West Shows, George
Eastman’s camera
Sports: baseball, boxing, cycling, basketball invented
Childrearing: parents less authoritative, golden age of children’s literature
Growth of Catholicism & Judaism in USA
Frederick Jackson Turner “The Significance of the Frontier in American
History” (1893)—closing of the frontier and the end of the “West”
D. Foreign Relations
1. Hawaii: American sugar planters overthrow
Queen Liliuokalani (1893)
Economic Depression
Politics
Election of 1892: Grover Cleveland (D) defeats Benjamin Harrison (R),
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Populists win 10% of the vote
Election of 1896: William McKinley (R) defeats William Jennings Bryan
(D)—Populist Party supported Bryan
Economy
Temperance: Anti-Saloon League
Florida – Pelican Island becomes America’s first wildlife refuge; By the turn of the
century, Florida's population and per capita wealth were increasing rapidly; the
potential of the "Sunshine State" appeared endless. By the end of World War I, land
developers had descended on this virtual gold mine. With more Americans owning
automobiles, it became commonplace to vacation in Florida. Many visitors stayed
on, and exotic projects sprang up in southern Florida. Some people moved onto land
made from drained swamps. Others bought canal-crossed tracts through what had
been dry land. The real estate developments quickly attracted buyers, and land in
Florida was sold and resold. Profits and prices for many developers reached inflated
levels.
State government began to represent a larger proportion of its citizens. Female
citizens won the right to vote in 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution became law. In 1937, the requirement that voters pay a "poll tax" was
repealed, allowing poor African American and white Floridians to have a greater
voice in government.
Content Focus
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These terms are given in addition to those found in the standards, benchmarks, and benchmark
clarifications. Additional items may include, but are not limited to, the following: agricultural
surplus, business monopolies, Cross of Gold, Farmers Alliance, government regulation of food
and drugs, Grange, Granger laws, Homestead Act (1862), industrialization, Interstate Commerce
Act (1887), populism, urbanization.
These terms are given in addition to those found in the standards, benchmarks, and benchmark
clarifications. Additional items may include, but are not limited to, the following: AfricanAmerican inventors, American Federation of Labor, Bessemer process, child labor, Chinese
Exclusion Act, Everglades, Gentlemen’s Agreement, government regulation, Great Migration,
Haymarket Riot (1886), Henry Flagler, Homestead Strike (1892), Ida Tarbell, immigration,
innovation, Knights of Labor, labor unions, market economy, muckrakers, National Woman
Suffrage Association, planned economy, political machines, Pullman Strike (1894), railroads,
settlement houses, Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1894), Social
Darwinism, Social Gospel movement, suffrage movement, transportation, urbanization, urban
centers.
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