Midterm Review
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy is the structure and
shape
Physiology is the function or the
job
Anatomists are concerned with the
body structures
Physiologists are concerned with
how the body is functioning
Anatomical
Position
Standing erect, feet
together toes
forward, arms at
the sides with the
palms facing
forward, thumbs
away from the
body
Directional Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Superior
Anterior / Ventral
Medial
Proximal
Superficial
Ipsilateral
•
•
•
•
•
•
Inferior
Posterior / Dorsal
Lateral
Distal
Deep
Contralateral
Sagittal
• Splits the
body or
organ
into two
sections,
right and
left
Midsagittal
• A sagittal section
that splits the
body or organ
into two exact
right and left
sections
Transverse / Cross
• Divides the body or
organ into two
sections, superior
and inferior
Frontal / Coronal
• Separated the body or
organ into two sections,
anterior and posterior
Maintaining Life
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
• Elimination of CO2 and
nitrogenous waste is an
example of________
Levels of Organization:
Chemical→ Cell → Tissue →
Organ→ System →Organism
11 Systems
Skeletal
Muscular
Cardiovascular
Nervous
Endocrine
Integument
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Lymphatic /
Immune
Reproductive
Body Cavities
• Dorsal: Cranial and
Spinal
• Ventral: Thoracic,
Abdominal and Pelvic
Nucleus
• Location
Usually central in the cell
• Function
Houses genetic
information, directs
cellular activity
* Bound by nuclear
envelope 2 layers with
pores
Mitochondria
• Location
Scattered throughout
the cell
• Cellular respiration
happens here
• Function
Control release of
energy from foods;
from ATP
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Location
In Cytoplasm near
nucleus
• Has ribosomes
• Function to
transports
proteins and
synthesizes lipids
for use in the
plasma membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Location: In
cytoplasm close to
rough ER
• Function: Lipid
Metabolism- Fat
synthesis and
breakdown
• Detoxifies drugs
and pesticides
• Steroid / Hormone
synthesis
Ribosomes
• Location
Attached to
membrane
systems (ER) or
scattered in the
cytoplasm
• Function
Synthesizes
proteins
Peroxisomes
• Location
Scattered in Cytoplasm
• Function
Detoxify alcohol,
hydrogen peroxide…
Nucleolus
• Location
Dark area of the nucleus
• Function
Storehouse and
assembly site for
ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
• Location
Near the nucleus in the
cytoplasm
• Function
Packages protein for
membrane, lysosomes or
export from the cell
2. Osmosis: The diffusion of Water
Tissue
Tissue- group of cells, similar in structure and
specialized for a particular function,
Four types:
1. Epithelial -covers body surface,glands
2. Connective - binds, supports, framework,
blood, fat
3. Muscle- contractile, (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
4. Nervous- brain, spinal cord, nerves
Four Type of Tissue
Classification of Epithelium
• Simple (one layer) or Stratified (many layers),
• 1. Squamous, 2. Cuboidal, 3. Columnar
Connective Tissue
•
Location - throughout the body, most abundant and
widely distributed. Most are well vascularized
**(except tendons, ligaments and cartilage which heal
slowly when damaged)
Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal Muscle – Voluntary, striated, long
cylindrical, multinucleate.
• Cardiac Muscle- Only in heart, involuntary,
striated, has intercalated disks.
• Smooth Muscle – Involuntary, no striations.
Stomach, uterus, blood vessels, visceral
organs
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac
Smooth Muscle
Nervous Tissue
• Neurons
• Irritability
and
Conductivity
• Supporting
Cells
Integument: The 5 Functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Physical protection (Primary Function)
Temperature Regulation
Protects against water loss
Excretion
Synthesis of vitamin D3
Serous, Mucous and Synovial Membranes
• Cutaneous: Lines the outside of the body (Skin).
Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue
• Serous: Line body cavities with no openings (thorax).
Squamous Epithelial Tissue
• Mucous: Line cavities that open to outside (anus,
nose) Secretion. Epithelial Tissue
• Synovial: Line joints (elbow). Only membrane made
of Connective Tissue
Structure of
Skin
2 layers – epidermis and dermis
Epidermis Layers from outer to inner
•
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
Dermis contains...
• 1. Elastic and fibrous connective tissue
• 2. Blood vessels integrated within to help
regulate body temperature
• 3. Nerve tissue carries sensory impulses
• 4. Hair follicles
• 5. Sebaceous Glands (Oil = Sebum)
• 6. Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat)
Subcutaneous contains...
• 1. Adipose tissue (insulation)
• 2. Larger blood vessels
• 3. Larger nerve fibers
Skin Color
•
1.
2.
3.
Is determined by 3 pigments
Hemoglobin – red pigment within rbc
Melanin – brown pigment in melanocytes
Carotene – orange-yellow pigment found in
both epidermal cells and dermal fat cells
Sebaceous Glands
• Attached to hair
follicles (usually)
• Secrete oil which
helps keep hair soft &
waterproof
• Acne is a bacterial
infection of the
sebaceous gland
Sweat Glands
• Most numerous in palms & soles
• Sweat is mostly water, but also salts and urea
and uric acid.
• Some are specialized such as the ones in the
ear (ear wax)
• Response to heat or emotional stress
Regulation of Body Temperature
• 37°C or 98.6°F
• Heat Lost = Heat Produced
• Thermometer is called the hypothalamus
(in the brain)
• Internal regulation is called homeostasis
(biological balance)
• Sweating, shivering, flushing, are
examples of temperature regulation
Axial Skeleton
• Longitudinal
axis
• Up and down
the center of
the body
• Skull,
vertebrae,
ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
• Limbs and girdles
• Where limbs
connect to the
axial skeleton
• Includes joints
cartilage and
ligaments
5 major Functions
• 1. Support
•
•
•
•
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Storage
5. Blood Cell
Formation
Microscopic Anatomy
• Osteocytes – Mature
bone cells found in
lacunae
• Lacunae – Cavities in
the matrix of the bone
tissue arranged in
concentric circles.
• Lamellae – The name
for the concentric
circles that the lacunae
are arranged in.
• Haversian Canals –
Found at the center of
the lamellae, they run
lengthwise through
bone matrix carrying
blood vessels and
nerves to all areas of
the bone.
Microscopic Anatomy
• Canaliculi – Tiny
• Volkmans
canals that radiate
(perforating)
outward from the
Canals –
(central) Haversian
Passageways that
Canals connecting
are at right angles
all bone
to the shaft.
• cells to a nutrient
supply.
Long Bone
Bone Anatony
• Periosteum : Covering
of bone
• Medullary Cavity: In
long bone, where
hematopoiesis (Blood
Formation) occurs.
• Osteon: Structural Unit
of bone
• Lamella: Concentric
matrix of calcium
• Trabeculae: Support
structures in spongy
bone
Chondrocytes,Osteocyte, Osteoblasts and
Osteoclasts
• Chondrocyte=
Cartilage cell
• Osteoclast= removes
bone
• Osteoblast= builds
bone
• Osteocyte= mature
bone cell, an
osteoblast trapped
in its matrix
More Bone Vocabulary
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•
•
•
•
•
Osteon: Structural Unit of Bone
Lamella: Rings of calcified matrix
Epiphysis: Ends of a long bone
Diaphysis: Shaft of bone
Periosteum: Strong fibrous covering
Medullary Cavity: Where hematapoiesis
(blood formation) occurs.
Vertebral Column : 7 cervical, 12
Thoracic, 5 Lumbar (24 total)
Bone Formation
• Bones begin as a cartilage model
• Ossification occurs when osteoblasts deposit
bone tissue over the cartilage model
• Cartilage disintegrates until there is only bone
with hyaline cartilage at the articular ends
• Formation is finished when the epiphyseal
plates is replaced by the epiphyseal line.
• Bones can keep growing as long as there is
cartilage in the epiphyseal plate.
Remodeling
Calcium levels in blood
Gravitational Pull
Calcium levels drop parathyroid glands release
Parathyroid Hormone (PHT)
activating osteoclasts which
break down bone and
release calcium into the
blood.
When calcium levels are
high, calcium is redeposited
as calcium salts, into the
bone matrix. (When bone is
formed)
Gravity places stress on
bones stimulating
osteoblasts to lay down new
matrix where they become
trapped and then mature
into osteocytes in that area.
Inactive people loose bone
mass as a result of the lack
of stress placed on their
bones. (Where bone is
formed)
Bone Marrow
• As humans mature, red
marrow is replaced by
yellow marrow, a site of
fat storage
• In babies the marrow is
red.
• Red Marrow is the site
of hematopoiesis (blood
formation) and in only
in some adult bones.
Bone Developmental Conditions
• Rickets
• Osteoporosis