Period 5
Essential Terms Projects
AP Language and Composition
Essential Terms
I. Mode of Rhetoric:
A. Expository- writing with the purpose to
inform, explain, describe or define the
authors subject to the reader.
1. Classification- searching for common
characteristics among various items and grouping
them accordingly.
2. Cause and Effect- process that describes how and
analyzes why something happens.
Expository cont.
3. Comparison/Contrast-pattern of development
that focuses on similarities and differences.
4. Definition- explanation of a words meaning;
pattern of development to explain something or
someone.
5. Analysis- pattern of development where the
author separates a piece of work.
B. Description
• Pattern of development that
presents a word picture of a
thing, person, situation, or
events. It relies on the five
senses- sight, hearing, taste,
touch, and smell.
C. Narration
• Pattern of development that tells a story.
D. Persuasion/Argument
• A method a writer uses to move an audience
to adopt a belief or follow a course of action.
To persuade an audience, a writer relies on
various appeals- to the emotions, to reason,
or to ethics.
– Persuasion is different from argumentation, which
appeals primarily to reason.
• Argumentation examples- “Declaration of
Independence”
II. Genres
A. Allegory- A narrative that serves as an
extended metaphor. Written in fables,
parables, poems, stories and genres.
•
Allegory's often have a strong moral or lessen.
The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story
that has characters, a setting, as well as other
types of symbols, that have both literal and
figurative meanings.
•
Example- “Young Goodman Brown”
B. Autobiography
• A biography of a person written by that
person.
– Example- “Into My Own” by Roger Kahn
C. Biography
• An account of a person’s life
written, composed or produced by
another.
– Example- “A Beautiful Mind” by Sylvia
Nasar
D. Chronicle
• Factual written account of important or
historical events in order of occurrence.
– Example- “Into My Own” by Roger Kahn
E. Diary
• A book in which daily events and experiences
are recorded.
– Example- “Diary of Anne Frank”
F. Essay
• A short work of nonfiction writing on a single
topic that usually expresses the author’s
impressions or opinions.
– Example of a typical essay prompt- According to
some people, elderly drivers should be required to
reapply for their driving licenses because with age
comes diminished vision, hearing, and reaction
time. How do you feel about this issue? Explain
what you think should be done and why.
G. Fiction/Non-Fiction
• Fiction; writing about imaginary events and
people
– Example- “The Hunger Games”
• Non-Fiction; prose writing based on facts such
as biography.
– Example- “The Yoga Directory”
H. Parody
• Imitation of style of a particular writer, artist,
or genre with deliberate exaggeration for
comic effect.
I. Prose
• Written or
spoken language
in its ordinary
form, with out
metrical
structure.
– ExampleEverything that
is not poetry.
J. Satire
• The use of humor, irony,
exaggeration, or ridicule to
expose and criticize people’s
stupidity or vices,
particularly in context of
contemporary politics and
other topical issues.
– Example- “Flatland” by Edwin
Abbott Abbott
K. Sermon
• A religious discourse, as a part of a church
service.
– Example- “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
by Jonathon Edwards
L. Stream of Consciousness
• Style of writing in which the thought and
feeling of writer are recording as they occur
– Example- Continuous writing.
Figures of Speech and
Sound Devices
Analogy
• Definition: Similarity in some respect
between things that are otherwise dissimilar.
• “Awesome is to me as lame is to you.”
Apostrophe
• Definition: a direct address to an absent or
dead person, idea, or quality.
• “Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are.
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky."
Conceit
• Definition: An elaborate parallel between two
seemingly dissimilar objects or ideas
• “Conceit that the entire universe has rolled
itself up into the person of the beloved.”
Cliché
• Definition: An expression that has been used
•
so frequently that it has lost its expressed
power.
“As old as the hills,” “Fit as a fiddle”
Epithet
• Definition: An adjective or phrase that
describes a prominent feature of a thing
• “You two-faced, two-timing satchel-butted
lazy lying twerp.”
Euphemism
• Definition: The use of decorous language to
•
•
•
express vulgar or unpleasant events or
actions.
“Passed away” instead of died
“Correctional facility” instead of jail
“Comfort woman” instead of prostitute
Hyperbole
• Definition: An excessive overstatement of
conscious exaggeration of fact.
• “I’m a billion percent done with you people.”
Imagery
• Definition: The formation of mental images,
•
figures, or likeness of things, or of such
images collectively.
"Languidly, and with no thought of going in, I
watched him, his hard little body, skinny and
bare, saw him wince slightly as he pulled up
around his vitals the small, soggy, icy
garment. As he buckled the swollen belt,
suddenly my groin felt the chill of death.”
Irony
• Definition: Use of words to convey a meaning
opposite of its literal meaning.
Verbal Irony
• Definition: When a person says one things
but means another.
• “Romeo and Juliet is the greatest play I’ve
ever had the pleasure of being forced to read
for class.”
Dramatic Irony
• Definition: Inherent in speeches or a situation
•
of a drama and is understood by the audience
but not grasped by the characters in the play.
“In Dracula, the reader knows that Dracula is
a vampire the whole time, but Johnathan
Harker doesn’t pick up on it until later.”
Metaphor
• Definition: A figure of speech in which a term
•
or phrase is applied to something to which it
is utterly not applicable in order to suggest a
resemblance.
“An emotional roller coaster”
Metonymy
• Definition: Substitution of one term or
another that’s generally associated with it
• “Suits” in place of businessmen
Oxymoron
• Definition: Association of two contrary terms.
• “Military intelligence”
• “Serious fun”
• “Reasonable attorney fees”
Paradox
• Definition: Statement that seems absurd or
•
even contradictory on its face, but expresses a
deeper truth.
“All animals are equal, but some are more
equal than others.”
Personification
• Definition: Use of human characteristics to
describe an animal or thing.
• “I watch the wind bow down the grass.”
Pun
• Definition: The humorous use of a word or
phrase so as to emphasize or suggest its
different meanings or applications, or the use
of words that are nearly alike in sound but
different in meaning; a play on words.
Simile
• Definition: A figure of speech in which two
•
•
unlike things are put into likeness by the use
of the words “like” or “as”.
“Now I’m feeling so fly, like a G6.”
“Do you ever feel like a plastic bag?”
Synecdoche
• Definition: A figure of speech in which a part is
•
used for the whole or the whole for a part, the
special for the general or the general for the
special.
“Referring to every soda ever as ‘coke’ instead
of by their brand name.”
Understatement
• Definition: The act or an instance of
understating, or representing in a weak, over
restrained way that is not borne by the facts.
It’s very obviously more than a
scratch, because he hasn’t got his
left arm anymore.
Alliteration:
• Definition: The commencement of two or
more stressed syllables of a word group either
with the same consonant sound or sound
group.
Onomatopoeia
• Definition: The formation of a word by
imitation of a sound made or associated with
its referent.
Assonance
• Definition: Rhyme in which the same vowel
•
sounds are used with different consonants in
the stressed syllables of the rhyming words
“Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear, Fuzzy Wuzzy had no
hair. Fuzzy Wuzzy wasn’t very fuzzy, was he?”
Diction
By: Vanessa Alvarez, Taylor Davis,
Benjamin Jackson,
Elysia Neris
Connotation and Denotation
• Connotation is the underlying emotional
meaning of a word or phrase.
• Connotation can be positive or negative.
• Denotation is the exact dictionary definition
of a word.
• For example: Slim and scrawny are two words
with similar denotation (thin), however, one
would much rather be considered slim than
scrawny.
Pedantic
• Pedantic- characterized by a narrow, often
ostentatious concern for book learning and
formal rules.
• In other words- stressing minor details
• English teachers are often pedantic when
grading papers.
Simple
• Simple- Characterized by basic sentence structures
with the purpose of conveying a simplistic voice for a
lower-level audience.
• Examples of simple diction: I don’t like cats. Cats
make me cry.
• Vs: Despite the fact that felines are lazy, foul-smelling
balls of fur, cat-lovers possess an inhuman strength
to look past these qualities and accept these aloof
creatures.
Monosyllabic v. Polysyllabic
• Monosyllabic- Diction characterized by words
with only one syllable
• Examples- Cat, mouse
• Polysyllabic- Diction characterized by words
with multiple syllables
• Examples- Feline, kitten, courteous,
melancholy
Euphonious v. Cacophonic
• Euphonious- pleasant in sound, or agreeable
to the ear.
• Example: Poetry, writing with meter and
rhyme
• Cacophonic- Having an unpleasant sound
• Example: Some foreign languages; hard
consonants
Figurative vs. Literal
• Figurative- language that transcends literal meaning.
Uses figures of speech to heighten and color the
meaning.
• Literal- Language that means exactly what it appears
to mean.
• Figurative: We’re going to kill them in this game!
(Chances are, nobody is actually dying, it’s just a
game.)
• Literal: The cat killed the mouse. (The mouse is dead.
Cats don’t play games.)
Active
• Active- Indicates that the subject is acting or
doing something.
• Example of active diction: The cat stalked its
prey stealthily.
• The cat is performing an action; therefore, this
is active diction.
Passive
• Passive- indicates that the subject of the
sentence is being acted upon, rather than
performing the action.
• Example of passive diction: The mouse was
chased by the hungry cat.
• A stronger, active sentence would be: The
hungry cat chased the mouse.
Overstated
• Overstated- To state in exaggerated terms
• Example: “That UF v. FSU game was a blowout!”
(calm yourself, the Gators did not win by that much)
• “Justin Bieber is the greatest male performer since
Elvis Presley!” (Funny. Even if you’re a fan, you can’t
say that he is better than artists like Michael Jackson
and Steven Tyler.)
Understated
• Understated- to express with restraint or lack
of emphasis.
• Example: Nutella is alright. (In reality, it’s one
of God’s greatest creations, “alright” doesn’t
adequately describe it)
• Example: Noa Grooms is pretty smart. (He’s a
genius, duh.)
Colloquial
• Colloquial- characteristic of or suited to
spoken language or informal writing.
• Includes words such as y’all and gonna
• Includes phrases such as “raining cats and
dogs” and “There’s more than one way to skin
a cat.”
Formal
• Formal Diction- relating to or involving
outward form of structure; elaborate,
technical, or polysyllabic vocabulary and
careful attention to the proprieties of
grammar
• In other words: Language that is lofty,
dignified, and impersonal
• Example: A textbook.
Non-standard
•
Non-standard- varying in form; not adhering to
convention
1. Slang- figures of speech in place of proper
grammar, newly coined and rapidly changing.
-Examples: Bling, Oh snap
2. Jargon- nonsensical or meaningless talk; the
language specific to a profession or group
-Example: Medical terminology
ESSENTIAL TERMS – VI. OTHER
LITERARY/RHETORICAL TERMS
Allusion
• A reference in literature to a
familiar person, place, or thing
• The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel
Hawthorne – References to the
bible
http://thewritersideoflife.wordpress.com/2010/04/19/the-scarlet-letter/
Ambiguity
• 1) Doubtfulness or uncertainty as regards to
interpretation
• 2)Something of doubtful meaning
• The Worn Path by Eudora Welty
• How we feel about the Chapter 7 Patterns test
Anachronism
• Representation of someone as existing or
something as happening in other than the
chronological, proper, or historical order
• Julius Caesar by Shakespeare –
Brutus:
Peace!
count
the
Cassius: The clock has stricken
Act II, scene i : lines 193 – 194
clock.
three.
Aphorism
• A brief statement of a principle
• To Kill a Mockingbird - "You never really
understand a person until you consider things
from his point of view - until you climb into his
skin and walk around in it.“
• Mr. Loudon - “Thou shall know thy
definitions!”
Audience
• An effective essay is always written with a
specific audience in mind. They are the people
who will read or hear your work, and you base
the information included in your essay off
that.
Invective
• An abusive, reproachful or venomous language used to
express blame or censure; also, a rude expression or
discourse intended to offend or hurt.
“Why should Caesar get to stomp
around like a giant, while the rest
of us try not to get smushed under
his big feet? What's so great about
Caesar? Hm? Brutus is just as cute
as Caesar. Brutus is just as smart as
Caesar. People totally like Brutus
just as much as they like Caesar.
And when did it become okay for
one person to be the boss of
everybody, huh? Because that's not
what Rome is about. We should
totally just STAB Caesar!”
- Gretchen, Mean Girls
Juxtaposition
• Placing two ideas (words or pictures) side by
side so that their closeness creates a new,
often ironic meaning.
• The rosebush in Scarlet Letter
Malapropism
• The substitution of an incorrect word for a
word with a similar sound, especially with
humorous results.
• Kiera’s puns
• Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare - the
nurse says the word "confidence" when she
really means conference, and "indite" instead
of invite.
Sensory Detail
• Details that involve your five senses
• Example: “The Scarlet Letter” by Nathaniel
Hawthorne
Shifts
• A change that takes place in the story that could involve time
or tone
• Time shifts: shows events happening at different periods of
time
-Example: “Indian Education” by Sherman Alexie
• Tone shifts: mood changing as the story progresses
-Example: “The Cask of Amontillado” by Edgar Allan Poe
Tone
• The author’s attitude toward the subject
• Example: “My Mother Never Worked” by
Donna Smith-Yackel
Point of View
•
The perspective from which the story is told
The Different Types of Views
•
First person- the story is told by a single character from their perspective
-Example: “Only Daughter” by Sandra Cisneros
• Third person1) Omniscient: narrator can direct the reader’s attention to the inner thoughts
of any of the characters and they can tell everything that is happening in the story
-Example: “The Open Boat” by Stephen Crane
2) Limited omniscient: narrator reveals the thoughts of one central character
-Example: “The Gift of the Magi” by O. Henry
3) Objective: no narrator is present and the character’s minds are not entered
at all; the reader can only view the work externally as an observer
-Example: “Thirty-Eight Who Saw Murder Didn’t Call the Police” by Martin
Gansberg
Style
• How the author uses words, phrases and
sentences to form his or her ideas. Style
distinguishes one writer from another
• The House on Mango Street vs. Scarlet Letter
Theme
• Life statement that is being conveyed to the
reader. It may be clear or unclear.
• Scarlet Letter – Don’t be a Puritan.
Thesis
• Specific subject + specific feeling or feature =
focused statement
• Oedipus Rex by Sophocles – Fate cannot be
avoided.
Voice
• Subject being acted upon or acting
– Active – Subject of a verb is acting or doing
something
– Passive – Subject of a verb is being acted upon
• Active – Mrs. Pearce made us do this project.
• Passive – This project was irritating.
Persuasion is used in advertisements, political speeches, telemarketing, an
many more. Common Techniques
include:
Slogan
Repetition Bandwagon
Testimonial Emotional Appeal Expert Opinion
• Persuasion is a process aimed at changing a person's (or a group's) attitude or
behavior toward some event, idea, object, or other person(s), by using written or
spoken words to convey information, feelings, or reasoning, or a combination
thereof.
• An argument
is an attempt
to persuade
someone of
something,
by giving
reasons or
evidence for
accepting a
particular
conclusion.
Most arguments can be
found in the
of literary
works.
In fact, making an
argument—expressing a
point of view on a subject
and supporting it with
evidence—is often the aim
of academic writing.
What are the
writer’s
qualifications?
How has the
writer
connected
him/herself to
the topic being
discussed?
Questions here and in next two slides from:
http://www.iupui.edu/~uwc/pdf/Rhetorical%20Triangle.pdf
• Logos is a logical appeal typically marked by facts,
Questions
figures,
and data.
to consider
Logos when
can also be thought of as the text of the argument,
as well as how well a writer has Isargued
his/her
point.
Is
the
the
argument
thesis
Is the thesis
identifying
supported
logical andby
clear
andand
arranged
reasons
in a wellLogos: Think: Logos = strong
“Logic”
specific?
credible
reasoned
evidence?
order?
Claims
also
• This
iscan
the
main
idea
that
Claims can be as
be as complex as
Once a claim is
simple as “Protons
are on,
an
argument
is
based
“The end of the
made, it must
positively charged and
South African
be
followed
byof
usually
seen
in
the
form
electrons are
system of
evidence that
negatively
charged.”
the
thesis
statement.
apartheid was
supports it.
inevitable.”
How?
Persons born
in Bermuda
are British
subjects.
What?
Harry is a
British
subject.
Why?
Harry was
born in
Bermuda.
3 Parts of Deductive Reasoning:
Premise (statement)
Evidence
Conclusion
Example:
All men could die.
Billy is a man.
Therefore, Billy could die.
Examples:
Table credit: http://changingminds.org/disciplines/argument/types_reasoning/induction.htm
Induction
from
Latin for
Say
this: comesNot
this:
'to atinduce'
or 'to
lead.'
Inductive
Look
how those people
are Those
people are all
behaving,
must be mad.
logicthey
follows
a trail, picking up
mad.
clues
that
lead
to
the
end
of
an
All of your friends are good.
Be good.
You can be good too. argument.
Heating was XXX, lighting was
YYY, parts were ZZZ, which
adds up to NNN. Yet revenue
was RRR. This means we must
cut costs!
We need to cut costs,
as our expenditure is
greater than our
revenue.
• Arguments
frequently contain
logical fallacies.
• Logical fallacies are
fake or deceptive
arguments that may
sound reasonable or
superficially true.
Oversimplification
Nonsequitur
Hasty
Generalization
Ad
Hominem
Types of
Logical
Fallacies
False
Analogy
Begging
the
Question
Doubtful
Authority
Either-Or
Reasoning
EXAMPLE:
“He’s
so
•This
is
when
one
• Argumentum Ad
evil you can’t
believe
attempts
to
refute
Hominem: literally,an
anything he
says!”
argument
by
attacking
"argument toward
the
the
opposition’s
man."
This practice
is
personal
character
or
• fallacious
Also called
a “personal
because
the
reputation.
attack”
or
“poisoning
personal
character
of
•A
corrupted
negative
theindividual
well” is
an
argument from ethos.
logically irrelevant to
the truthfulness of the
argument itself.
the statement
• Example:
When writers
assume “Women
as evidence
should
notargument
be permitted
join men's
for their
thetovery
clubs
because
the are
clubs
are for mento
conclusion
they
attempting
only”
notwhen
explain
why
women
prove.does
Also,
one
attempts
should
notabe
allowed
to join men’s
to prove
point
by rewording
the
clubs.
same statement repeatedly.
Either-or Reasoning
EITHER
THIS
OR
THIS
“Either
we build
a new
school,
or our
• This
fallacy
occurs
when
a writer
children will never make it to college.”
bases an argument on the idea that
there
or or you
“Eitherare
you only
drinktwo
our choices
brand of soda,
possible
outcomes
to aorsituation
will have
no friends
social life.”
when, in reality, there are several.
• The fallacy of comparing
two unrelated things to
another in order to draw a
conclusion.
EXAMPLE:
Just like
nails must
The
analogy
is
only
be hit on
acceptable
to the degree
the head
to
a reader
thinks that
make them
Employees
work employees are similar to
Arenails.
like
nails
“Some college student
John’s new boss
was tailgating me all the
The
fallacy
of
incorrectly
Joe is from Ohio. way up North Main Street
last night. This proves that
Joe
is
a
complete
applying one oralltwo
college students are
jerk to John. John
lousy drivers, and we
examples
to allshould
cases.
concludes that
pull their driver’s
licenses until they either
everyone from
grow up, learn to drive or
Ohio is a jerk.
graduate!”
• The fallacy of offering reasons or
conclusions that have no logical
connection to the argument at
hand
• Latin for “does not follow”
• Can occur when a conclusion is
drawn by skipping a step in the
argument.
• The fallacy of deceiving an audience by giving
simple answers or slogans in response to
complex questions, especially when appealing
to less educated or unsophisticated audiences.
Taxation is theft!
Sentence Structures
Basic Sentences
• Sentence with subject before verb
– Verb can be followed by an adjective, adverb, or
noun
– S-V: Jake poops.
– S-V-Adj: Jake is lazy.
– S-V-Adv: Jake is here!
– S-V-Noun: Jake is my mom.
• Every sentence is formed from a subject- verb
relationship such as these.
Interrupted Sentences
• A sentence in which the author inserts his or her own
thoughts on the matter
• "Taylor, I'm really happy for you--I'll let you finish--but
Beyonce had one of the best videos of all time!”
Interrupted Sentences continued
• Three ways to interrupt a sentence
– Comma/Interjection
• Jake, who really wants to be an astronaut, is going to
major in balloon making.
– Parentheses
• Jake (the fat cow) likes to eat cucumbers.
– Em dash
• Jake’s butterfly–beautiful and magical–flew away into
the sunset.
Inverted Sentences
• Sentence in which the predicate (verb) comes
before the subject (noun).
– Rarely has Jake eaten better food.
– Hardly ever does Jake wash his hair.
– “Never was seen so black a day as this.” (“Romeo
and Juliet”)
Inverted Sentences Continued
• Yoda is the master of inverted sentences.
– “Judge me by my size, do you?”
– “Lost a planet, Obi Wan has.”
– “Named must your fear be before banish it you
can.”
– “Wars not make one great”
Listing
• When items are grouped together in a
meaningful sequence.
– Jake likes to stargaze, play Madden 2001, and
braid his Barbie doll’s hair.
• A colon introduces a list
– Jake went to the grocery store and bought several
items: coconuts, beetle juice, bell peppers, and a
liter of Red Bull.
Enumeration
• An enumeration is a specific type of listing.
• An ordered, numbered, listing:
– First, Jake puts on his underwear, second, Jake
leaves his house, and third, Jake heads to Zumba
class.
Cumulative/Loose
• Basic sentence followed by many details
including phrases and clauses
• S-V-Modifiers/Details
– Jake pretends to ride motorcycles in the barren
fields of Alaska, with the great grizzlies and fat
lumberjacks.
– “Halfway between West Egg and New York City
sprawls a desolate plain, a gray valley where New
York’s ashes are dumped.” (“The Great Gatsby”)
Parallelism
• A balance within one or more sentences of
similar phrases that have the same
grammatical structure.
– Balanced
– Antithesis
– Chiasmus
Parallelism (Balanced)
• A sentence consisting of two or more parts
that are similar in structure and length.
– “It was the best of times it was the worst of
times.” (“A Tale of Two Cities”)
– “… -- that government of the people by the
people for the people, shall not perish from the
earth.”
– Jake doesn’t like washing rabbits or doing drugs.
Parallelism (Antithesis)
• Opposition or direct contrast within a sentence
• A counter proposition that is a direct contrast to
the original proposition.
– “Give me liberty or give me death.” (Patrick Henry)
– “We must learn to live together as brothers or perish
together as fools.” (Martin Luther King Jr.)
– “Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome
more” (Brutus in “Julius Caesar”, William Shakespeare)
Antithesis Cont.
• Character foils can also be considered a form
of antitheses
• Characters that compliment each other by
contrast
– Dumbledore and Voldemort
– Romeo and Mercutio
– Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
– Dimmesdale and Chillingworth
Chiasmus
• The figure of speech in which two or more
clauses are related to each other through a
reversal of structures in order to make a larger
point; the clause displays inverted parallelism.
The elements of chiasmus are often labeled in
the form A-B-B-A where letters correspond to
grammar, words, or meaning.
• A – But many that are first
B- Shall be last
B- and the last
A- Shall be first
Matthew 19:30
• One should eat to live, not live to eat. –Cicero
• And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can
do for you; ask what you can do for your country. –John F.
Kennedy
Sentence Types(Declarative)
• A sentence that ends in a period and makes a
statement.
– Jake won the Superbowl by himself.
– “When in the Course of human events, it becomes
necessary for one people to dissolve the political
bands which have connected them with another, and
to assume among the powers of the earth, the
separate and equal station to which the Laws of
Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent
respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they
should declare the causes which impel them to
separation.” (“Declaration of Independence”)
Sentence Types (Imperative)
• A sentence that makes a command.
• Use an implied subject.
– Take the coffee.
– (You) Take the coffee.
• Examples:
– “You have been the veterans of creative suffering.
Continue to work with the faith that unearned
suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go
back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back
to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums
and ghettos of our northern cities…” (Martin Luther
King Jr., “I Have a Dream”)
Imperative Sentences Cont.
• “You have been the veterans of creative
suffering. (You) Continue to work with the
faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.
(You) Go back to Mississippi, (you) go back to
Alabama, (you) go back to South Carolina,
(you) go back to Georgia, (you)go back to
Louisiana, (you) go back to the slums and
ghettos of our northern cities…”
Sentence Types (Exclamatory)
• Sentences that communicate strong emotion
or surprise.
• End in an exclamation point!
– “I can’t believe it! Reading and writing actually
paid off!” (Homer Simpson)
– Jake loves cats!
– “We can dance if we want to!” (The Safety Dance,
Men Without Hats)
Sentence Types (Interrogative)
• Sentences ending in a question mark that ask
a question.
– “WHERE IS MY COFFEE?” (Mrs. Pearce)
– “How did it get so late so soon?” (Dr. Seuss)
– “O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?”
(“Romeo and Juliet”)
– “If winning isn’t everything, why do they keep
score?” (Vince Lombardi)
Syntax/Sentence Structure
continued….
Sentence Types
• The are several different types of sentences
– Simple Sentence
– Compound Sentence
– Complex Sentence
– Compound Complex Sentence
• A simple sentence consists of one
independent clause.
Compound Sentence
• Sentence consisting of two independent
clauses, joined using a conjunction, a semicolon, or a colon.
• Sentence that includes an independent clause
and one or more dependent clauses, joined
using conjunctions or semi-colons.
Compound-Complex Sentence
• A sentence that includes two or more
independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses joined by conjunctions
and/or semi-colons.
Omission
• Rhetorical devices used to achieve certain
effects through the intended removal of
certain words.
– Ellipses
– Asyndeton
Ellipsis
• The omission of two to three words that
should be understood by the reader (they are
implied), usually uses “…”
Asnydeton
• A rhetorical term for a style of writing that
doesn’t use conjunctions.
Addition/Repetition for effect
•
•
•
•
•
Anadiplosis
Anaphora
Epistrophe
Polysyndeton
Punctuation
Anadiplosis
• The repetition of a word or phrase at the end
of one line or sentence at the beginning of the
next.
Anaphora
• Rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or
phrase at the beginnings of successive verses
or sentences.
Epistrophe
• The repetition of a word or phrase at the end
of successive verses or sentences.
Punctuation
• An important part or rhetoric, used to attain
certain effects through the use of spaces,
pauses, and interruptions.
– Parenthetical Aside
– Dashes
– Colon
– Semi-Colon
Parenthetical Aside
• Set off within or as if within parentheses;
qualifying or explanatory.
• When there is a break in a sentence in a set or
parentheses.
Dashes
• Occasionally used to set off and emphasis
information within a sentence.
Colon
• Used to introduce lists, examples, and
clarifications. Colons should always be
preceded by a complete sentence.
Semi-Colon
• Separate certain elements of a sentence, but
only to separate grammatically equivalent
elements- for example, two closely related
independent clauses.
Polysyndeton
• The repetition of conjunctions in a close
succession for a rhetorical effect.