Our Greatest Challenge:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHP9Rhooh0&list=PLaSHX1Y3kE0yqRjnOxIp9fBEmZbkb0qU&index=1
Probabilities of different global mean warmings (relative to pre-industrial
conditions) associated with different global CO2 emission trajectories
Source: Fawcett et al. (2015)
Figure 9.1 Hypothetical variation in atmospheric CO2 concentration
leading to stabilization at the indicated concentrations
700
CO2 Concentration (ppmv)
750 ppmv
650 ppmv
600
550 ppmv
500
450 ppmv
400
350 ppmv
300
2000
2025
2050
Year
2075
2100
Figure 9.2a: C emissions under BAU and as allowed
for stabilization at various CO2 concentrations
Figure 9-2b: Primary power from fossil fuels under BAU and
permitted with stabilization at 450 ppmv CO2
Simplification of Figure 9-2b
Required Carbon-Free Power (TW)
Figure 9.3: Trade-off between the rate of decrease in energy
intensity and the amount of C-free power required in 2025, 2050,
2075, and 2100 for stabilization of atmospheric CO2 at 450 ppmv
40
Total Primary Power in 2005
2100
30
2075
C-free Primary Power in 2005
20
2050
10
2025
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Rate of Energy Intensity Decline (%/yr)
3.0
Figure 2.1 Primary to Secondary to End-Use Energy
Losses
Primary
Energy
Transformation
Transportation
Distribution
Losses
Secondary
Energy
Utilization
Device or
System
Final
Useful
Energy
Figure 9.4a. A simple-cycle gas turbine and electricity generator, capable of
reaching efficiencies of 40%. Can rapidly increase or decrease power output,
so is ideal for complementing fluctuation wind and solar PV electricity sources
EXHAUST
FUEL
COMBUSTOR
SHAFT
ELECTRICITY
GENERATOR
COMPRESSOR
TURBINE
INTAKE AIR
Source: Williams (1989, Electricity: Efficient End-Use and New Generation Technologies and Their Planning Implications, Lund University Press)
Figure 9.4 Flows in a combined-cycle power generation using natural gas,
the best of which have an electricity-generation efficiency of 60%.
COOLING TOWER
CONDENSER
EXHAUST
ELECTRICITY
WATER
PUMP
STEAM TURBINE
STEAM
FUEL
HEAT RECOVERY
STEAM GENERATOR
COMBUSTOR
SHAFT
ELECTRICITY
GENERATOR
COMPRESSOR
TURBINE
INTAKE AIR
Source: Williams (1989, Electricity: Efficient End-Use and New Generation Technologies and Their Planning Implications, Lund University Press)
Exhibit 9-5. Heating energy requirements of residential buildings built at
different times in the past in various countries, in comparison with the
Passive House standard
Heating Energy Intensity (kWh/m2/yr)
500
Sweden
UK
Germany
Bulgaria
Slovenia
Portugal
Italy
Canada
Australia
400
300
200
100
Passive House Standard
0
1905
1915
1925
1935
1945
1955
1965
Mid-Decade Year
Source: Harvey (2013a)
1975
1985
1995
2005
2015
Exhibit 9-6. Estimated fuel energy use (largely for
heating) in Canadian multi-unit residential buildings
150
2
Fuel Use (kWh/m /yr)
200
Passive
House
Standard
100
50
)
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r
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al
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al
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Co
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as
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n
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Ha
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ll
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si
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nc
N
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ew
C
ol
In
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s
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es
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si
de
nc
N
C
e
Re
si
de
nc
e
Un
iv
er
In
ni
s
2
Thermal Energy Intensity (kWh/m /yr)
Exhibit 9-7. Thermal energy requirement for U of T student
residences
300
250
200
150
100
Passive
Building
Standard
for space
heating
load
50
0
Exhibit 9-8: Number of dwelling units meeting the
Passive House standard in Austria
12000
New during current year
10000
Number of Dwelling Units
Finished at start of year
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Exhibit 9-9: Examples of buildings in Austria that meet the Passive
House standard.
Exhibit 9-10: The Aarhus Municipal building, Denmark, which is intended to
meet the Passive Building standard.
Source: www.buildup.eu/cases/12312
Exhibit 9-11a: EnerModal Engineering headquarters building,
Waterloo, Ontario.
Measured heating+DHW: 23 kWh/m2/yr
Measured total onsite energy: 70 kWm/m2/yr
Cost premium: 10%, payback time: 20 years
Exhibit 9-11b: Annual energy costs of the Enermodal headquarters building
compared to that of an equivalent conventional building
Exhibit 9-12: Passive House level of insulation on display at
the 2009 Passive House Conference in Frankfurt
Insulation strips
here reduce the
thermal bridge
around the
window
frame
Insulation
layers
Exhibit 9-13 Residential heat exchanger (as part of a
mechanical (fan-driven) ventilation system)
Exhibit 9-14: Trends in energy use of new commercial buildings in California,
complying with various versions of the ASHRAE-90.1 building code
1.2
75% reduction:
Representative of
the improvement
needed everywhere
for a global zeroCO2 emission
scenario
Relative Energy Use
1.0
0.8
0.6
?
0.4
0.2
0.0
Stock
average
1999
2004
2007
Year of Construction
2010
2014
2020
Some unconventional lowenergy techniques in new
buildings
Exhibit 9-15: Clerestory window for daylighting, Oberlin College, Ohio
Clerestory
Source: Torcellini et al (2006)
Exhibit 9-16: External light shelf on one window, division of a window into
daylighting (upper)and viewing functions (lower) with an internal light shelf.
Source: Donald Yen, BCIT
Exhibit 9-17: Light shelves, Cambria Office, Pennsylvania. Light is
reflecting off the shelf onto the ceiling, becoming diffuse in the
process and eliminating glare.
Source: Torcellini, P., S. Pless, M. Deru, B. Griffith, N. Long, and R. Judkoff, 2006: Lessons Learned from Case
Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical Report
NREL/TP-550-37542.
Exhibit 9-18: Window with external blinds that can be
simultaneously used for shading and daylighting.
Source: Donald Yen, BCIT
Exhibit 9-18: Daylighting effects
Source: Donald Yen, BCIT
Exhibit 9-19: Solar chimneys
on the Building Research
Establishment (BRE) building
in Garston, UK. The sun
shines on the translucent
towers, heating the air and
forcing it to rise through the
tower, inducing the inflow of
cool air from the other side
of the building. Note the
external horizontal shading
devices between the towers.
Source: Copyright by Dennis Gilbert, View Pictures (London)
Exhibit 9-20: Winds catchers in Iran and Doha
Source: Koch-Nielsen (2002), Stay Cool: A Design Guide for the Built Environment
in Hot Climates, James and James, London
Exhibit 9-21a: Wind catcher at Sir Sanfred Fleming
College, Peterborough, Canada
Source: Loghman Azar, Line Architects, Toronto
Exhibit 9-21b: Airflow at Sir Sanfred
Fleming College, Peterborough, Canada
Source: Loghman Azar, Line Architects, Toronto
Exhibit 9-22: Energon Passive Office, Ulm, 21.7 kWh/m2/yr measured
heating + hot water demand, 67 kWh/m2/yr total onsite demand (a
typical German office building is around 280 kWh/m2/yr and a typical
Canadian office building is around 350 kWh/m2/yr total energy demand)
Intakes for
ground
conditioning
of ventilation
air
Exhibit 9-23: Wagner Passive Office with hot water storage of summer
solar heat for use in the winter, 23.1 kWh/m2/yr measured
heating+DHW energy use and 66 kWh/m2/yr primary energy use
Clerestory windows
for daylighting
Hot water tank
Solar
thermal
collectors
Exhibit 9-24: Centre for Interactive Research in Sustainability
(CIRS) building, UBC, Vancouver – Net Energy Positive
Retrofits of existing buildings
Exhibit 9-25a: A retrofit project in German that achieved a 90% reduction
in heating energy requirements. Before and after views are shown here.
Source: Wolfgang Greifenhagen, BASF
Exhibit 9-25b: Work details from the previous project: (a) installation of external insulation, (b)
installation of plaster with micro-encapsulated waxes that can absorb heat during the day and
release it at night if cool night-time air is circulated through the building.
Source: Wolfgang Greifenhagen, BASF
Exhibit 9-26: Installation of external pre-fabricated unit
over the pre-existing wall on another project in Germany,
Source: http://www.enob.info/en/refurbishment/
Exhibit 9-27: Retrofit of the Telus headquarters building in Vancouver, involving
construction of a second skin or façade over the first (done, in this case, to
increase earthquake resistance)
Source: Terri Meyer-Boake, School of Architecture, University of Waterloo, Canada
Exhibit 9-28: Measured energy savings from building retrofits
performed in various countries worldwide.
Source: Harvey (2013a)
ur
si
ng
ho
m
e
Sc
h
en
oo
tr
l
Se
es
co
id
en
nd
ce
ar
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y
rin
sc
tin
ho
g
ol
H
co
*
ig
hm
ri
pa
se
ny
D
ou
re
*
si
bl
de
enc
fa
m
e*
ily
ho
us
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e*
w
ho
us
in
Sp
g
or
ts
ha
ll*
Li
br
ar
y
S
ch
D
ay
oo
ca
l*
re
C
en
tr
e
S
tu
d
N
Heating+DHW Energy Intensity (kWh/m2 /yr)
Exhibit 9-29: Comparison of before and after energy use for heating and
hot water for buildings retrofitted in Germany under the EnOB Program
300
250
Before renovation
After renovation
200
150
100
50
0
Exhibit 9-30: Energy used to wash 200 3.2kg loads
per year, with heating of 1/3 of the water used by 50 K
700
600
Water heating
Annual Energy Use (kWh)
Motor
500
400
300
200
100
0
US preUS 2007 EU Worst
EU Best
2000Energy for the New Category
Source: Harvey (2010,
Reality, Vol. 1)Category
Chinese
impellor
Chinese
drum
2500
25
Energy Use
20
Adjusted Volume
3
2000
Adjusted Volume (ft )
Average Energy Use Per Unit (kWh/yr)
Exhibit 9-31a: Energy use by new refrigerators sold in the USA
1978 California
Standard
1500
1980 California
Standard
1000
15
10
1987 California Standard
1993 US Standard
500
5
2001 US Standard
0
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
Source: Rosenfeld (1999, Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 24, 33–82)
0
2000
Exhibit 9:31b: Average energy use by the
refrigerator stock in different countries
1500
USA
Energy Use (kWh/yr)
Canada
1000
Australia
Japan
Finland
500
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
UK
Netherlands
Germany
Italy
France
0
1973
1980
1990
Year
Source: Harvey (2010, Energy for the New Reality, Vol. 1)
1998
Transportation Energy Use
Private Transport Energy Use per Capita (MJ/yr)
70000
Exhibit 9-32: Relationship between private transportation
energy use and urban density
Sacramento
Houston
San Diego
60000
Phoenix
San Francisco
Portland
Denver
Los Angeles
Detroit
Boston
50000
Washington
Chicago
New York
R2 = 0.8594
Canberra
40000
Calgary
Melbourne
Winnipeg
Adelaide
Edmonton
Brisbane
30000 Sydney VancouverToronto
Montreal
Ottawa
Frankfurt
Perth
Brussels
Hamburg
Zurich
Stockholm
Munich
Vienna
Paris
20000
London
10000
Amsterdam
Singapore
Kuala Lumpur
Tokyo
Bangkok
Jakarta
Surabaya
0
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
Seoul
Hong Kong
Manila
200
225
Urban Density (person/ha)
Source: Newman and Kenworthy (1999, Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile
Dependence, Island Press, Washington)
250
275
300
325
Exhibit 9-34a: 2011 Argonne National Lab study, fuel and
electricity energy intensity for compact cars
Energy Intensity (MJ/km )
4.0
3.5
Fuel
3.0
Electricity
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Conventional
Today
HEV 2045
PHEV20
2045
Source: Harvey (2010, Energy for the New Reality, Vol. 1)
PHEV40
2045
BEV 2045
Exhibit 9-34b: Impact of vehicle choice from the
2011 Argonne National Lab study
6
Gasoline Conventional today
Energy Intensity (MJ/km)
Gasoline HEV Future
5
H2 fuel cell HEV future
4
3
2
1
0
Compact
Mid Size
Small SUV
Source: Harvey (2010, Energy for the New Reality, Vol. 1)
Mid Size
SUV
Pickup truck
Exhibit 9-35: Risks of different cars and light trucks
On Battery-Electric Vehicles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6Vzhl1ht
oM&list=PLaSHX1Y3kE0yqRjnOxIp9fBEmZbkb0qU
Exhibit 9-36a: Growth in global capacity to generate
electricity from wind, 1992-2013
350
300
Capacity (GW)
250
200
Other
China
India
US
Other European
Spain
Germany
150
100
50
0
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Source: Global Wind Energy Council, annual update reports
2006
2008
2010
2012
Exhibit 9-36b: Annual additions to global wind energy
capacity, 1996-2013
Source: Global Wind Energy Council, annual update reports
Exhibit 9.37 Middelgrunden wind farm, next to Copenhagen
Source: Danny Harvey
Exhibit 9-38: End-of-year installed offshore wind capacity (anchored to the
seabed), and annual additions of offshore wind, 2000-2013
8000
2000
Installed capacity (MW)
6000
Annual installation
1500
4000
1000
2000
500
0
2000
2005
2010
Year
Source: EWEA (2014)
0
2015
Annual installation (MW/yr)
Cumulative capacity
Exhibit 9-39a: A floating wind turbine prototype.
Source: The Guradian, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/23/drifting-off-the-coast-of-portugal-thefrontrunner-in-the-global-race-for-floating-windfarms?CMP=twt_gu
Exhibit 9-39b: A different floating turbine concept
Source: The Guradian, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/23/drifting-off-the-coast-of-portugal-thefrontrunner-in-the-global-race-for-floating-windfarms?CMP=twt_gu
Exhibit 9-40: A network of floating offshore wind farms proposed for the North Sea
From C. Macilwain (2010, ‘Supergrid’, Nature 468, 624-625)
Exhibit 9-41: Progression of rotor sizes over time
Exhibit 9-42a: Cumulative Installed PV Capacity,
end of 2004 to end of 2013
Installed Capacity (GWp-AC)
140
120
100
80
Rest of World
USA
China
Japan
Rest of Europe
Italy
Spain
60
40
20
0
2004
2006
2008
Year
Source: Annual IEA PVPS Reports
2010
2012
Exhibit 9-42b: Annual Installation of New PV Capacity,
2004-2013
Installation Rate (GWp-AC/yr)
40
35
30
25
Rest of World
USA
China
Japan
Rest of Europe
Italy
Spain
Germany
20
15
10
5
0
2004
2006
Source: Annual IEA PVPS Reports
2008
Year
2010
2012
Exhibit 9-43
Source: IEA PVPS Report: Snapshot of Global PV 1992-2013
Exhibit 9-44a Parabolic trough schematic
Source: Greenpeace (2005, Wind Force 12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the World’s
Electricity from Wind Power by 2020, Global Wind Energy Council, www.gwec.org)
Exhibit 9.44b Parabolic Trough Thermal Electricity,
Kramer Junction, California
Exhibit 9-44c: Parabolic Trough Thermal Electricity,
Kramer Junction, California
Exhibit 9-44d: Close-up of parabolic trough
Exhibit 9-45a: Central receiver schematic
Source: Greenpeace (2005, Wind Force 12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the World’s
Electricity from Wind Power by 2020, Global Wind Energy Council, www.gwec.org)
Exhibit 9-45b: Central tower solar thermal
powerplant in California
Source: US CSP (2002) Status of Major Project Opportunities, presentation at the 2002 Berlin Solar Paces CSP Conference
Exhibit 9-46a: Parabolic dish schematic
Source: Greenpeace (2005, Wind Force 12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the World’s
Electricity from Wind Power by 2020, Global Wind Energy Council, www.gwec.org)
Exhibit 9-46b: Parabolic dish/Stirling engine
for generation of electricity
Source: US CSP (2002) Status of Major Project Opportunities, presentation at the 2002 Berlin Solar Paces CSP Conference
Exhibit 9-47a: Concentrating solar thermal power capacity by
the end of each indicated year
4000
Installed Capacity (MW)
3500
3000
2500
Other
Spain
US
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Year
2010
2011
Source: compiled from annual editions of REN21 – Renewable Energy Update
2012
2013
Exhibit 9-47b: Distribution of CSTP capacity at
the end of 2013
Source: REN21- Renewable Energy Update 2014
Exhibit 9-48 Types of collectors for heating
and domestic hot water
Source: Everett (2004, Renewable Energy, Power for a Sustainable Future, 17-64, Oxford University Press, Oxford)
Exhibit 9-49 Installation of flat-plate solar thermal collectors
Source: www.socool-inc.com
Exhibit 9-50 Integration of solar thermal collectors
into the building facade
Source: Sonnenkraft, Austria
Exhibit 9-51: Integrated passive evacuated-tube
collector and storage tank in China
Source: Morrison et al (2004, Solar Energy 76, 135-140, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0038092X)
Exhibit 9-52: Growth in area of solar thermal collectors
for water heating, 1999-2012
450
Installed Area (millions m2)
400
350
300
250
200
Rest of World
Australia
Brazil
Japan
Germany
Turkey
US
China
150
100
50
0
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
Year
Source: compiled from annual editions of REN21 – Renewable Energy Update
2011
Chapter 10: Policies and
Individual Actions
Figure 12.1c Minimum of CSTP and wind electricity cost
(cents/kWh) (excluding transmission cost)
5
6
7
8
10
Figure 3.36 Transmission corridors transmitting
10 GW of electric power
800 kV AC
425 m
600 kV HVDC
150m
800 kV UHVDC
100m
Figure 7.12 Phytomass energy flows in the world food system.
Source: Wirsenius (2003, Journal of Industrial Ecology 7, 47–80)
Table 7.15 Ratio of phytomass energy input to the metabolizable
energy of animal products consumed by humans (MJ/MJ).
Region
East Asia
Eastern Europe
LA + Caribbean
N Africa + Mid East
North America +
Oceania
S&C Asia
SubSaharan Africa
Western Europe
Weighted world
average
Animal Product
Fatty Fatty Fatty
Poultry Beef
Pork Poultry
20
67
8.3
9.1
18
36
7.7
7.3
17
59
12
7.7
20
59
8.3
9.1
Beef
145
71
125
133
Pork
22
21
36
22
59
227
172
56
16
31
33
16
13
24
26
12
31
104
77
29
6.3
11
11
6.3
117
21
17
55
7.9
Milk
7.7
6.7
9.1
10
Eggs
7.7
7.7
7.1
7.7
6.7
11
11
5.9
4.8
10
19
5.3
5.9
9.1
10
5.3
8.0
7.7
7.4
Source: Computed from data in Wirsenius (2000, Human use of land and organic materials,
Ph D Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden)
Figure 7.13 Diet and waste in the food system
16
Food Energy Supplied (MJ/person/day)
Losses
14
Plant products
Dairy products
12
Meat
10
8
6
4
2
0
North
America +
Oceania
Western
Europe
Eastern
Europe
N Africa +
Mid East
LA +
Caribbean
East Asia
South & SubSaharan
Central Asia
Africa
Figure 7.15 Per capita meat consumption
in various countries
180
Annual per capita consumption (kg)
160
Seafood
140
Land meat
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Japan
US
China
EU
India
If time permits:
“There’s no Global Warming on Fox” Drew Fornarola - Hilarious!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZB8LCnWGVYU&list=PLaSHX1Y3kE0yqRjnOxIp9fBEmZbkb0qU