Blood Composition
12C SN 2015 - 16
• Blood is a fluid ________________ tissue
– __________ and ___________
– Amount in body depends on _______ and ____; about ___to ___ liters
• 55% Plasma
• 45% ___________ _____________ (blood cells)
– RBCs (95.1%)
– WBCs (0.1%)
– Platelets (4.8%)
• Plasma is liquid
– Water
– Salts
– Suspended substances
• Blood ______________
– ____________-clotting
– Prothrombin-clotting
– ____________- wound
healing,osmotic pressure
• _________________
– Vitamins
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Fats
• __________________
– Potassium
– Calcium
– Sodium
– others
• _____________
– Carbon dioxide
– Oxygen
– Nitrogen
• ___________ products
• Hormones
• Enzymes
Blood Function• Regulates
– Body _____________
– ___________ content of cells
– _______ level, acidity or alkalinity
• Protects
– --------------------– --------------------• Phagocytosis
• Makes ______________
• Transports
– _____________ from lungs to ___________ ________
– ___________ _____________ from body cells to __________
– _____________ from digestive tract to body cells
– Metabolic and w________ products from body cells to organs of __________,
(kidneys, lungs, skin, GI tract)
– ______ produced by muscles
– ______________ produced by endocrine glands to targeted tissues & organs
• All blood cells are formed in bone marrow
All blood cells are formed in _____ _________ – the process is called ________________
Three main types of blood cells– __________________
– __________________
– __________________
Formed Elements – Blood Cells:
• Erythrocytes
– RBCs
– Produced in red bone marrow
• ~1 million/min.
– Live ~120 days
– 4.5 – 5.5 million per mm3 (1 drop) or 25 trillion in body
– Mature cells
• lack ______________ (cannot reproduce by mitosis)
• shaped like a _________
• thinner center
– _________________ (Hgb)
• Complex protein
• Iron compound – heme
• Protein – globin
• Carries ____________ and __________ _______________
• Leukocytes/WBCs
– Leukocytes _______ from ____________ , _____________ (major part of
immune system)
– 5 Main types:
• Neutrophils
• Basophils
• Eosinophils
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes
– Respond to different types of infections
– As infections occur, numbers _____________, can run blood test to
determine type of infection pt has
 Polymorphonuclear (multi-lobed nuclei) granulocytes (granules in cytoplasm)
originate from red bone marrow (Myeloid tissue)
 Neutrophils
 Basophils
 Eosinophils
 Mononuclear (single nucleus) cells originate from myeloid tissue also, but mature
in lymphoid tissue. They are agranular.
 Lymphocytes
 Monocytes
• Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes / WBCs
• Neutrophils
• Nucleus with 3-5 lobes (poly morpho nuclear)
• Cytoplasmic granules
• 1st ______________ to arrive, highly motile
• ____________ immune system (not specific)
• Eat/phagocytize harmful ___________, fungi, &
other foreign invaders/antigens
• ______________________ - process in which neutrophils
surround and ingest/eat invader (antigen) by using
lysosomes to release powerful enzymes to destroy them
• Increased number of neutrophils indicates a non-specific
infection
• Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes / WBCs
• Basophils:
– Irregular shaped, bi-lobed nucleus (polymorphonuclear)
– Blue-black granules in cytoplasm
– Participate in ______________ ______________ ____________ toward
• ________________ – release _______________ that produce
_____________ ______________ and inflammation
• ________________
– Important also because they secrete a chemical, ________, which thins blood
– Increased number indicates ___________ or ______________ invasion
• Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes / WBCs
– Eosinophils
• Coarse granules
• Bi-lobed nucleus (polymorphonuclear)
• Circulate
• in __________ 8 – 12 hours
• in _____________ up to 12 days
• Produce ___________________ to combat ____________ __________
• Remove toxins
• Increased numbers usually indicate an _____________
• Mononuclear Leukocytes / WBCs
– Monocytes
• Largest WBC
• Considered agranular, mononuclear
• Circulate in __________ ___________ 1-3 days
• Become ____________________ when travel to tissue
• Takes 8 – 12 hours to get to target __________
• Increased number with _______________ _________________
– Macrophages ( ___ __________ ) – Multi-purpose:
• Take longer to arrive than neutrophils, but greater in number
• Destroy invaders/antigens in tissue, phagocytosis
• ____________/_____________________ immune system
• Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) to Helper T Cells
• ____________/_____________________ immune system
• Bacteria, fungus, virus, parasites
• Active in wound healing by clearing __________ cells
• Can suppress immune system & promote inflammation
• May hold key to autoimmune diseases
• Maintain insulin sensitivity in adipose cells of normal wt people; cause
insulin resistance in overweight people
• Macrophages in _______ are alveolar macrophages, in the ________ are Kupffer
cells, and in the ____________ are called mesangial cells
• Mononuclear Leukocytes / WBCs
– Lymphocytes
• Small WBCs
• Can pass through _______________ _________
• Agranular, mononuclear
• In ________ __________ and ___________ _____________
• Produce specific _______________ to fight specific antigens
• Provide ______________/_________________ Immunity
• Three types of Lymphocytes:
• B Cells
• T Cells
• NK Cells
• B Cells
• Release ________________ into blood
• Provide _____________/________________ Immunity
• Produced in bone marrow and mature in bone marrow
• Cloned by mitosis when antigens present
• Some live for ________ and have _____________
• ________ _________ if infected by same antigen in future
• T Cells
– Produced in bone marrow, mature in _____________ gland
• __________________T Cells (CD 4+ cells)
• Bind to antigens, release lymphokines,
creates inflammation to wall off & destroy
antigens
• Activate B Cells, Macrophages, & Cytotoxic
T Cells
• _______________ T Cells (CD 4+ and CD 8+ cells)
• Bind to antigens & destroy them
• Destroy _______________
• Induce programmed cell death (Apoptosis)
– only way to destroy invader living ______
___ ________
• _______________
• Cytoplasmic bacteria, parasites
• _________ T Cells, also called _________ T Cells
• Tell immune system ________ __ ______
• When this malfunctions, can have longterm inflammation or lead to autoimmune
disease
• _____________ T Cells
• May live for years
• ______________ the ____________ used
to destroy a specific antigen previously
• NK Cells ( _____________ ____________ Cells)
– Detect _________-induced molecules
– Do not attack invading organisms directly but instead destroy the
_________ _____ ________ that have either become ___________
or been infected with a _________
• Thrombocytes/Platelets
– Anucleated _____ _____________ from WBCs called megakaryocytes
– Formed in bone marrow
– Vary in shape and size; smallest of formed elements
– Critical for _____________ process
• Vessel cut> platelets collect> secrete serotonin so blood flow slows>
release thromboplastin> thrombin with fibrinogen> fibrin> fibers form
clot
• Dendritic cells
– phagocytic
– antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
• process antigen material and __________ ___ to the surface of T cells
• initiate ____________ - _____________ (Adaptive) immune responses
Blood Composition – Label:
Blood Types – Fill in Table:
Type and Cross match• Typed
– Recipient cells & serum mixed with known serum type
– Clumping if _____ a match d/t antigens on RBCs
– If same type, proceed to cross match
• Cross matched
– Recipient cells mixed with donor blood
– Clumping/ ___________________________ indicates incompatibility
– If compatible (no clumping), may transfuse
• Incompatibility can lead to a ___________________ _________________
– Fever
– Hemolytic anemia
– Renal failure
– Shock
– Death
–
–
–
–
–
–
O pos is ________ ____________ blood type
AB is _____________ major blood type
AB ________________ ________________
O ________________ ____________
Type O can only accept ___________
Are about 46 other types, they are rare
Rh Factor
Blood type
RBC Antigen
Present
Antibodies
Present
Rh Pos
D
None
Rh Neg
None
D
• First found in the Rhesus monkey
• If have Rh factor, called ___________________
• If don’t have it, are ___________________
Pregnancy• Rh _____ father and Rh _____ mother
– 70% of time, ________ inherits Rh pos
– During _____________ or at ________, baby’s blood can mix with mother’s
• If Mother and baby mix blood
– Mother makes Rh __________________
– With a _____________ pregnancy, the mother’s antibodies attack the fetus
• Anemia (erythroblastosis fetalis)
• Brain damage
• Miscarriage
• Still birth
• Precautions
– Know blood types
– Take Rho gam shots _____ _________________ and ______ _____________
• Prevents _______________ _________________ in mother