Blood Composition
2015 - 2016
12 C
Flurkey
Blood composition
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue
– Liquids and solids
– Amount in body depends on size and sex; about
4 to 6 liters
• 55% Plasma
• 45% formed elements (blood cells)
–RBCs (95.1%)
–WBCs (0.1%)
–Platelets (4.8%)
Blood Composition
• Plasma is liquid
– Water
– Salts
– Suspended substances
• Blood proteins
– Fibrinogen - clotting
– Prothrombin - clotting
– Albumin – wound
healing & osmotic
pressure
• Nutrients
– Vitamins
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Fats
• Electrolytes
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–
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Potassium
Calcium
Sodium
others
• Gases
– Carbon dioxide
– Oxygen
– Nitrogen
• Waste products
• Hormones
• Enzymes
Centrifuge
Blood Composition
• Major components are plasma and formed
elements
Blood Functions
• Regulates homeostasis:
– Body temperature
– Water content of
cells
– pH level
• Acidity or
alkalinity
– Blood pressure
• Protects
– Clotting
– Immunity
• Phagocytosis
• Makes Antibodies
Blood Functions
• Transports to and from 75 trillion body cells
– Oxygen from lungs to body cells
– Carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs
– Nutrients from digestive tract to body cells
– Metabolic and waste products from body cells to
organs of excretion (kidneys, lungs, skin, GI tract)
– Heat produced by muscles
– Hormones produced by endocrine glands to
targeted tissues or organs
Blood
• All blood cells are formed in bone marrow
through a process called hemopoiesis
• Three main types of Formed Elements (blood
cells):
– Erythrocytes
– Leukocytes
– Thrombocytes
Blood Cells – Formed Elements
• Erythrocytes
– RBCs
– Produced in red bone marrow
• ~1 million/min.
– Live ~120 days
– 4.5 – 5.5 million per mm3 (1 drop) or 25 trillion in body
– Mature cells
• lack nucleus (cannot reproduce by mitosis)
• shaped like a disc
• thinner center
– Hemoglobin (Hgb)
• Complex protein
– Iron compound – heme
– Protein – globin
• Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
Leukocytes / WBCs
•
Leukocytes guard from invasion, infection (major
part of immune system)
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5 Main types:
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Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Respond to different types of infections
As infections occur, numbers increase, can run blood
test to determine type of infection pt has
Leukocytes / WBCs
 Polymorphonuclear (multi-lobed nuclei)
granulocytes (granules in cytoplasm) originate
from red bone marrow (Myeloid tissue)
 Neutrophils
 Basophils
 Eosinophils
 Mononuclear (single nucleus) cells originate from
myeloid tissue also, but mature in lymphoid tissue.
They are agranular.
 Lymphocytes
 Monocytes
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes /
WBCs
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Neutrophils:
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Nucleus with 3-5 lobes (poly morpho nuclear)
Cytoplasmic granules
1st responders to arrive, highly motile
Innate immune system (not specific)
Consume/phagocytize
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Harmful bacteria
Fungi
Other foreign invaders/antigens
Phagocytosis - process in which neutrophils surround and ingest
invader (antigen) by using lysosomes to release powerful
enzymes
Increased number of neutrophils indicates a non-specific
infection
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes /
WBCs
• Basophils:
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Irregular shaped, bi-lobed nucleus (polymorphonuclear)
Blue-black granules in cytoplasm
Participate in innate immune response toward
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Allergies – release histamines that produce allergy sxs
and inflammation
Parasites
Important also because they secrete a chemical,
heparin, which thins blood
Increased number indicates allergy or parasitic
invasion
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes /
WBCs
• Eosinophils:
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Coarse granules
Bi-lobed nucleus (polymorphonuclear)
Circulate
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in blood 8 – 12 hours
In tissue up to 12 days
Produce antihistamines to
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Combat allergy sxs
Remove toxins
Increased numbers usually indicates an allergy
Mononuclear Leukocytes / WBCs
• Monocytes
– Largest WBC
– Considered agranular, mononuclear
– Circulate in blood plasma 1-3 days
– Become Macrophages when travel to tissue
• Takes 8 – 12 hours to get to target tisse
– Increased number with chronic infections
Mononuclear Leukocytes / WBCs
• Macrophages (in tissue) – Multi-purpose:
• Take longer to arrive than neutrophils, but greater in
number
• Destroy invaders/antigens in tissue, phagocytosis
– Innate/ Non-specific immune system
• Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) to Helper T Cells
– Specific/Adaptive immune system
» Bacteria, fungus, virus, parasites
• Active in wound healing by clearing dead cells
• Can suppress immune system & promote inflammation
– May hold key to autoimmune diseases
• Maintain insulin sensitivity in adipose cells of normal wt
people; cause insulin resistance in overweight people
• Macrophages in lungs are alveolar macrophages, in the liver
are Kupffer cells, and in the kidney are called mesangial cells
Mononuclear Leukocytes / WBCs
• Lymphocytes
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Small WBCs
Can pass through capillary walls
Agranular, mononuclear
In blood plasma and lymph tissue
Produce specific antibodies to fight specific antigens
– Provide Specific/Adaptive Immunity
• Three types of Lymphocytes:
– B Cells
– T Cells
– NK Cells
Lymphocytes
• B Cells
– Release antibodies into blood
• Provide Specific/Adaptive Immunity
– Produced in bone marrow and mature in bone
marrow
– Cloned by mitosis when antigens present
– Some live for years and have memory
• Faster response if infected by same antigen in future
Lymphocytes
• T Cells
– Produced in bone marrow, mature in Thymus gland
• Helper T Cells (CD 4+ cells)
• bind to antigens, release lymphokines,
creates inflammation to wall off & destroy
antigens
• Activate B Cells, Macrophages, & Cytotoxic T
Cells
• Cytotoxic T Cells (CD 4+ and CD 8+ cells)
• Bind to antigens & destroy them
• Destroy cancer
• Induce programmed cell death (Apoptosis) –
only way to destroy invader living inside a cell
• Viruses
• Cytoplasmic bacteria, parasites
Lymphocytes
• T Cells continued
• Regulatory T Cells, also called Suppressor T Cells
• Tell immune system when to stop
• When this malfunctions, can have long-term
inflammation or lead to autoimmune disease
• Memory T Cells
• May live for years
• Remember the strategy used to destroy a specific
antigen previously
Lymphocytes
• NK Cells (Natural Killer Cells)
– Detect stress-induced molecules
– Do not attack invading organisms directly but
instead destroy the body's own cells that have
either become cancerous or been infected with a
virus
Thrombocytes / Platelets
• Anucleated cell fragments from WBCs called
megakaryocytes
• Formed in bone marrow
• Vary in shape and size; smallest of formed elements
• Critical for clotting process
– Vessel cut> platelets collect> secrete serotonin so blood
flow slows> release thromboplastin> thrombin with
fibrinogen> fibrin> fibers form clot
Dendritic Cells
• Dendritic cells
– phagocytic
– antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
• process antigen material and present it to the surface
of T cells
• initiate antigen-specific/Adaptive immune responses
Blood Composition - Label
Blood Types – Fill In Table
If you have
blood type:
RBC Antigen
Present
Plasma
Antibodies
A
A
Anti-B
B
B
Anti-A
AB
AB
None
O
None
Anti-A & Anti-B
Universal
Recipient
Universal Donor
Recipient
Donor type Donor type Donor type
blood type: A
B
AB
A
Donor type
O
Anti-B
B
AB
(Universal Recipient)
O
(Universal Donor)
= Agglutinated blood
= Normal blood
Type & Cross match
• Typed
– Recipient cells & serum mixed with known serum
type
– Clumping if not a match d/t antigens on RBCs
– If same type, proceed to cross match
• Cross matched
– Recipient cells mixed with donor blood
– Clumping/ agglutination indicates incompatibility
– If compatible (no clumping), may transfuse
• Incompatibility can lead to Transfusion reaction
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Fever
Hemolytic anemia
Renal failure
Shock
Death
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O pos is most common blood type
AB is rarest major blood type
AB Universal recipient
O Universal Donor
Type O can only accept type O
• Are about 46 other types, they are rare
Rh Factor
Blood type
RBC Antigen
Present
Antibodies
Present
Rh Pos
D
None
Rh Neg
None
D
• First found in the Rhesus monkey
• If have Rh factor, called Rh positive
• If don’t have it, are Rh negative
Pregnancy
• Rh pos father and Rh neg mother
– 70% of time, fetus inherits Rh pos
– During pregnancy or at birth, baby’s blood can mix with
mother’s
Pregnancy
• If Mother and baby mix blood
– Mother makes Rh antibodies
– With a second pregnancy the mother’s antibodies
attack the fetus
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Anemia (erythroblastosis fetalis)
Brain damage
Miscarriage
Still birth
• Precautions
– Know blood types
– Take Rho gam shots 3rd trimester and after delivery
• Prevents antibody formation in mother