Environmental Science
PowerPoint Lecture
Principles of Environmental
Science - Inquiry and Applications,
2nd Edition
by William and Mary Ann Cunningham
Objectives Chapter 14
•Explain differences neoclassical, ecological economics & how views ecological processes and natural
resources
•Distinguish between different types, categories of resources
•Discuss internal & external costs, market approaches to pollution control and cost-benefit analysis
•Role of business, strategies for achieving sustainability
•Recognize push / pull factors to urban growth in the
less developed and more developed countries
•Appreciate how cities fail to be sustainable, how
become sustainable
•Understand causes / consequences city crowding,
pollution
•See connections: sustainable economic
development, social justice, & solutions urban
problems
Chapter Fourteen Key Terms
McGraw-Hill Course Glossary
 capital
 communal resource
management systems
 cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
 discount rate
 ecological economics
 ecological services
 externalizing costs
 gross national product (GNP)
 internalizing costs
• limits to growth
 Megacities
 nonrenewable resources
 open access system
 Pull factors
 Push factors
 renewable resources
 resources
 steady-state economy
"The Tragedy of the Commons"
Urbanization
Sprawl
Smart growth
Is this sustainable? If YES, how?
What are the transfer impacts of
sustainability in big cities?
This was not sustainable –
forests cut down to heat rocks
used in Maya buildings so have
patina on surface
Programme for Belize – Maya ruins
Classic experiment:
can humans live with
their wastes, grow
enough food and
survive!
EIGHT PEOPLE
ENCLOSED FOR 2
YEARS SURVIVING ON
BIO 2 RESOURCES
Bio 2, Arizona
BIO 2, Arizona
desert
Mimic
colony on
Mars –
survival
dependent
on limited
resource
base
Ocean, Desert,
Tropics, Savanna,
Agricultural area,
Mangroves
All food grown,
waste produced
contained in BIO2
+ nature
BIO 2, Arizona
+ food
+ people
BIO 2
Arizona
+ Climate
controlled
by high
technology
PROBLEMS IN BIO 2:
Oxygen levels = 16%
(normal 21%)
CO2 levels = 3,500
ppm [submarine air]
(normal 345 ppm)
Not enough food
Grumpy people
Topics in Chapter 14
• Urban Development and Sustainable
Cities
• Cities in Developing Countries
• Causes of Urban Growth
• Urban Problems in Developing
Countries
• Urban Sustainability in the Developed
World
What Causes Human
Footprint in Urban/Rural
Landscapes
Urban Development and Sustainable Cities
• Is there an inherent carrying
capacity for how large a city can
be?
• Is the most livable city a large
city or a small city – does size
matter?
• What makes a city sustainable?
Future Growth: Developing Countries
Developing
country
urban
urban
rural
rural
Topics in Chapter 14
• Urban Development and Sustainable
Cities
• Cities in Developing Countries
• Causes of Urban Growth
• Urban Problems in Developing
Countries
• Urban Sustainability in the Developed
World
Worlds Larges Metropolitan Regions
1990
#1 London (6.6 million)
#2 New York (4.2)
#3 Paris (3.3)
#4 Berlin (2.4)
Shift
big cities
#5 Chicago
(1.7) in
1995
#1 Tokyo (26.9)
#2 Mexico City (16.6)
#3 Sao Paulo (16.5)
#4 New York (16.3)
Europe,
and India
Asia(15.1)
to
#5 US
Mumbai,
Developing
world
#6 Vienna (1.6)
#6 Shanghai (13.6)
#7 Tokyo (1.5)
#8 St. Petersburg (1.4)
#9 Philadelphia (1.4)
#7 Los Angeles (12.4)
#8 Calcutta (11.9)
#9 Seoul S. Korea (11.6)
#10 Manchester (1.3)
#12 Moscow (1.1)
#13 Peking (1.1)
#10 Beijing (11.3)
#11 Osaka
#12 Lagos Nigeria (10.3)
1900 – 13 cities population > 1 million
(except Tokyo, Peking were in Europe or
North America)
1995 – 235 > 1 million (only 3 in developed
world)
Is there an inherent carrying
capacity for a city?
Zurich, Switzerland – most livable
city 2002
•Rapid urban growth perceived as problem but nations
urbanized last 50 yrs have highest average life expectancies
- Megacities have piped water, sanitation, schools, and health
care well above national averages
Predictions of megacity increases in size not occur:
- Mexico City 18 million people/2000 not 31 million predicted 25 yrs ago
- Kolkata(Calcutta) 13 million/2000 not 40-50 million predicted 1970s
(McGranahan & Satterthwaite 2003)
Where globally are world’s large urban centers?
ASIA (most world lives outside Europe, North America
What drives development urban centers?
- largest increases in their economies
U.S. Urban Core Agglomerations
Mostly coastal, transportation links
Linked flow information, capital,
labor, goods, services
Urban Growth
• Until recently, the vast majority of humanity
has always lived in rural areas
• Industrialization and urbanization – shift
from agrarian to industrial
• Nearly 50% of the world’s people now live
in urban areas (in decade = 80-90%)
• Megacities (megalopolises) – giant urban
complexes from merged cities
(Ex – Boston and Washington DC with 35
million people; Tokyo-Yokohama-OsakaKobe corridor with 50 million people)
Topics in Chapter 14
• Urban Development and Sustainable Cities
• Cities in Developing Countries
• Causes of Urban Growth
- Immigration Push-and-Pull
Factors
- Government Policies
• Urban Problems in Developing Countries
• Urban Sustainability in the Developed World
Can Development be Sustainable?
• Sometimes, development projects
cause environmental, economic,
and social disasters
• Other times, development projects
work more closely with both nature
and local social systems
We assume development is always
negative, non-sustainable
Causes Urban Growth – natural (Latin America,
East Asia), immigration (Africa, West Asia)
Jakarta
• Immigration push-and-pull factors
• Government policies – Zambia no agriculture so get
large pool workers into cobalt mining (50% of
economic revenue)
Sudan
Immigration push
factors – force
people out of rural
areas (drought,
wars, stopping
nomadic livestyle
Deserts. The Encroaching Wilderness. Ed. Allan and Warren. 1993 Oxford University Press
Tranvsvaal, South Africa
Immigration push factors – force people out
of rural areas (poor soils, hard to grow food,
hard to survive)
Malaysia dipterocarp forest
Brazil Amazon
Immigration push factors – forces people out of
rural areas (poor soils, hard to grow food, hard to
survive, population levels too high for resource
base)
Is Sustainable Development compatible with Extractive
Economies? How does equity fit in?
Population Density vs Forest Remaining in Maya
Forest remaining (% of Total)
Region (WA , Columbia Basin)
Immigration push factors –
poor soils, hard to grow
food, hard to survive,
population levels too high
for resource base
Maya
90
80
WA-state (1992)
70
60
50
Links: conservation, survival
of extractive communities,
natural green areas left
40
30
20
10
0
10
34
(Meyerson 2000)
40
100
Population Density (persons/km2)
200
Immigration
push factors –
poor soils, hard
to grow food,
few food
options to
survive,
population
levels too high
for resource
base
Cassava /
manioc,
Brazilian
Amazon
Integrated Conservation and
Sustainable Development
Programs – solutions for
keeping people in rural areas
not working well;
example of ecotourism
Tourists watch rare
Asian elephants
feeding, East
Malaysian state of
Sabah, Borneo
island.
Ecotourism
advocates say
revenues from
visitors to see
proboscis monkeys,
Asian elephants
living along forested
riverbanks could rival
money from
expanding oil palm
estates which
threaten their habitat.
Picture taken October 2,
2002. Reuters.
Rare Brazilian Parrot That Was Rescued From Animal
Smugglers November 13, 2002 . Reuters News Picture Service (Photo by JAMIL BITTAR)
Illegal animal smuggling in Brazil is a big business,
coming second only to drug and arms trafficking
Integrated Conservation and
Sustainable Development
Programs – solutions for
keeping people in rural
areas not working well;
example of non-timber
forest products
http://www.macduffeverton.com/Modern%20Maya/Mayaphoto_htmls/chicle.html
Integrated
Conservation and
Sustainable
Development
Programs –
solutions for
keeping people in
rural areas not
working well;
example of
conservation
ecotourism
Topics in Chapter 14
•
•
•
Urban Development and Sustainable Cities
Cities in Developing Countries
Causes of Urban Growth
• Urban Problems in Developing
Countries
- Air and Water Pollution
- Housing
- Urban Sprawl
- Smart Growth
•
Urban Sustainability in the Developed World
Urban Problems in
Developing Countries
Housing
• Around 100 million
people are
homeless
• Slums – 20% world
population lives
• Shantytowns - illegal
Developing countries –poor sanitation,
clean water, housing
Shantytowns, squatter settlements outskirts
Mexico City
Air and Water Pollution
• Dense traffic, smoky
factories, use of
wood or coal fires
• Lenient pollution
laws, corrupt
officials, ignorance
• Only 35% of urban
residents in
developing countries
have satisfactory
sanitation services
Seattle Times; November 14, 2004, Belarus region is rebuilding on top of Chernobyl radiation , by Mara D. Bellaby
Radiation contamination from Chernoybl
SERGEI GRITS / APIvan
Muzychenko and his son sort
freshly picked mushrooms,
gathered in a forest inside the
radiation-contaminated
Exclusion Zone. The men were
in the village of Bartolomeyevka,
206 miles southeast of Minsk,
Belarus, late last month.
Belarusians, many poor, ill-informed about radiation, returning villages requiring permanent
monitoring due to higher-than-average radiation levels. Tractors till farmland, cows graze and
residents fill their yards with vegetable gardens. Thyroid cancer rates high in children.
Others venture into "exclusion zones" — the worst-hit areas — to forage in
the forests for berries and wild mushrooms sold throughout the region.
Indian
commuters,
rush hour
traffic in the
central hub
of New
Delhi August 12,
2002 Reuters News
Services Story by JSG/RCS,
Photo by B MATHUR
Thick cloud of pollution over South Asia – UN
Panel climate change concerned (Air Pollution
has no boundaries, transfer effects)
Waste Management – Less developed countries
•Successful scavenger cooperatives (largely paper, scrap metal):
Columbia, Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, India, Indonesia
•Garbage produced more organic, dense, humid than industrialized
countries so need different solutions (waste technology developed in
industrialized countries limited application elsewhere)
CHINA In Beijing, a migrant worker sifting
for leavings. Natalie Behring, The New York Times
http://www.rider.edu/phanc/courses/richpoor/poverty/scavengers.htm
NICARAGUA Gleaning Managua's
rubbish piles for recyclable aluminum,
plastic, paper.Reuters
Scavengers live
on fringe of
wealth
PAKISTAN A girl
feeding her brother
while their parents
scavenge for salable
items from
Islamabad's trash.
http://www.rider.edu/phanc/courses/richpoor/poverty/scavengers.htm
BOSNIA A refugee
eating an American
military meal.The
Associated Press
Expanding economies in less developed countries
high energy needs (China, India - two highest expanding
economies)
Coal Vendor Makes Delivery
in Traditional Alleyway in
Beijing, CHINA: November 26, 2002
Story by ASW/RCS Photo by ANDREW WONG
Reuters News Service
In China, millions of
people suffer from
fluorosis caused by
pollution from burning
high fluoride coal. A
number of studies in
China found exposure to
indoor coal pollution
linked with higher rates of
lung cancer
Economic Development:
Black smoke billows from the chimneys of an
unlicensed pottery furnace on the outskirts of
Wuhan, 11/14/03 – use old tires, asphalt as fuel
(very polluting)
Economic
Development
– conversion
of forests to
agriculture
An environment worker distributes masks to motorists in
Indonesia'a city of Pontianak, West Kalimantan province –
haze from forest fires September 20, 2002 (Reuters News Service)
What Can Be Done to Improve Conditions in
Cities in Less Developed World (a la ‘class book’)?
• Civic action, environmental education
• Redistribution unproductive land,
squatters’ rights
• “Rolling land banks”
• Democracy, security, improved economic
conditions
• Social welfare safety net
• Local nontraditional exchange of good
How compare these solutions to more industrialized world?
Topics in Chapter 14
•
•
•
•
Urban Development and Sustainable Cities
Cities in Developing Countries
Causes of Urban Growth
Urban Problems in Developing Countries
• Urban Sustainability in the
Developed World
Urban Problems in the
Developed World
• Rapid growth of central cities in Europe,
North America has now slowed or even
reversed
• The good news: better air and water quality,
safer working conditions, fewer
communicable diseases
• The bad news: urban decay and sprawl,
transportation issues
Book treats developed from developing world
differently (problems same); Book suggests
different solutions for each part of the world
Green Business, Green Design –
decrease energy use + quality work environment
Native grass
roof – insulation,
reduce runoff
Natural lighting
Open design,
consider
adjacent areas
Award winning GAP Inc, San Bruno, CA –
best features of environmental design
NOT AS COMMON in Less Developed World
Developed World a
la book
but also less
developed world
problem
Urban Decay
and Sprawl –
Las Vegas,
Nevada
Transportation
• Most American cities
devote ~ 1/3 of their
land area to cars
• Freeways profoundly
reshape our lives
(opposite Europe but
changing – WalMart
proliferation)
• Public transportation is
expensive, difficult to
establish
Energy sources for cities: Wind power
Courtesy of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers An image of a field of electricityproducing turbines, superimposed on a photograph of the Cape Cod coast. If
the project moves ahead as planned, it would be the world's largest offshore
wind power plant.
By CORNELIA DEAN, Published: November 14, 2004, November 14, 2004. NY
Times, A Seashore Fight to Harness the Wind
Urban Sustainability in the Developed World
• Limit city sizes
• Greenbelts, open
space
• Development
planning
• Encourage walking,
car alternatives
• More diverse
housing
• Grow food locally
• Public participation
A Tale of Three Cities: Portland and
Vancouver get going while Seattle
Stalls by William Dietrich, Seattle
Times February 2, 2003
Seattle – few parks downtown & uninviting;
waterfront pales in comparison;
transportation choices limited; sidewalks
plainer; fewer street trees, housing choices
narrower, towers uglier
Note what indicators are used. What is
missing?
Conventional
Subdivision versus
Cluster Housing
(Open-Space Zoning)
Both plans
provide 36
home sites.
Quality of
environment
but not waste,
food
production
New Views of Urban Sustainability
• Tri-partite model = economic, social,
environmental requirements
• Life Cycle thinking and management
• Ecological Footprint measurement
• “Total cost” analysis = include externalities
and not just direct costs
• Move from Trade-off mentality to value
creation
Rowledge LR and CL Figge. 2000. Urban Sustainability. Executive Summary. Summary Report to the City of Seattle
January 2000 EKOS International
United
States –
organized,
large scale
recycling,
dumps
China – organized,
small scale recycling
Chinese Woman Collects Recyclable
Rubbish Along the Construction Site
of Main Dam of Three Gorges Dam
Hubei province, China, November 3, 2002. (Reuters)
CONSERVING RESOURCES -Scavengers
generalities in the Developing World
•Are immigrants from rural areas
•Respond to market demand, not environmental
considerations (disease problems)
•Material recovered variety conditions (open
dumps, garbage floating in canals, rivers)
•Authorities in Asia, Latin America not
recognize social, economic and environmental
benefits of scavenging
Genetically Engineered
Chicken That Has No
Feathers ISRAEL: May 22, 2002
Story by
HO, Photo by HO , REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE
- dubbed low calorie bird
because lack of feathers
means the chicken has
less fat
Grow enough food
in less space, less
waste materials,
food safety issues,
better quality?
Ban imposed by the
Ministry of
Agriculture &
Fisheries - outbreak
of Crimean Congo
Hemorrhages Fever
virus among Iranian
livestock - affects
animals, humans.
Idle animal traders sit, gossip
amid almost empty pens at the Antiobiotics,
Sharjah Animal Market, a result Hormone
of
Use – Beef
a ban on the import of Iranian
Production, Intl trade
livestock June 6, 2002. (Reuters News
Services 2002)
Successful Urban Development: Kalundborg,
Denmark
Industrial ecology where is life cycle based –
symbiotic web of materials and energy
exchange among network of companies, City
Statoil Refinery
Excess gas
Steam
Heated water
City district heating
Fish farms
Asnaes Power station
Sludge
Gyproc’s plasterboard factory
Fly ash
Novo Nordisk’s pharmaceutical
plant
Yeast
Nearby farms
Industrial Ecology (Kalundborg, Denmark)
Oil refinery
Coal-fired
power plant
Cement manufacturer
Steam
Local Farms
Heat
Heat
Heat
Steam
Sulfuric acid
producer
23
7
© 1 9 9 4 D e n e b a S y s te m s ,
I nc.
homes
Fish farm
Horticulture
greenhouses
Sheetrock plant
Pharmaceutical
plant
TRADITIONAL LIFE-CYCLE for FORESTS:
United States (representing industrialized countries)
Environmental services, biodiversity
FORESTS
82%
~18%
Fuelwood
Forest Products:
paper, building materials, packing
materials, furniture, clothing
16%
57%
27%
4) Burned
1) Landfill
2) Composting 3) Recycling
(A) turkey guts, skin, bones, fat, blood, and
feathers to useful products. After the firststage heat-and-pressure reaction, fats,
proteins, and carbohydrates break down
into (B) carboxylic oil, (C) a light oil further distilled into lighter fuels such as
(D) naphtha, (E) gasoline, and (F) kerosene.
The process also yields (G) fertilizer-grade
minerals derived mostly from bones and
(H) industrially useful carbon black.
Characteristics of Waste & Its Management in
Developed & Developing World
???
• Abundance of capital, high
labor costs, expensive waste
management systems (
• Formal waste management,
scavenging not part
• Lots waste generated (>1.5
kg garbage/day)
• Little organic material in
waste, contains more
packaging materials, higher
caloric content – burns well
• People not living on landfill
sites
• Abundance unskilled,
inexpensive labor, little
capital, labor intensive but
cheap waste management
systems
• Dynamic informal sector:
refuse collect, scavenging
as dominant income, many
from rural
• Little waste generated 0.1
kg garbage/day
• Highly organic wastes,
more dense and humid
(great for your livestock to
live with you at the landfill)
New Views of Urban Sustainability
• Tri-partite model = economic, social,
environmental requirements
• Life Cycle thinking and management
• Ecological Footprint measurement
• “Total cost” analysis = include
externalities and not just direct costs
• Move from Trade-off mentality to value
creation
Rowledge LR and CL Figge. 2000. Urban Sustainability. Executive Summary. Summary Report to the City of Seattle
January 2000 EKOS International
Rescue worker uses a special vacuum to
remove fuel oil from the oil-covered beach at the
fishing village of Malpica, northern Spain,
November 18, 2002. Story by PH, Photo by PAUL HANNA,
REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE
WHO PAYS FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
DISASTERS – is
economic externality?
An oil-covered seagull is
cleaned up at a wildlife
recovery center in La Coruna,
northern Spain, November 18,
2002. Story by AC, Photo by MIGUEL VIDAL,
REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE
Unidentified Nicaraguan affected
by the pesticide Nemagon,
protests outside the U.S.
Embassy in Managua, November
19, 2002.
Sustainable Urban environments has too
remember that natural disturbances still with us
and modify whether something is
“SUSTAINABLE”
Heavy smog engulfs Xian, the capital of China's
western province of Shaanxi, November 11, 2002. Reuters News Services
Development - Environment =
sustainable link? China's strategy develop west
progress smoothly (Li Zibin, Gross domestic product
(GDP) western regions 8.7% growth in 2000, 9.0% first 3
quarters of 2002.
Population Density vs Forest Remaining in Maya
Region (OR & WA predicted)
OR1992
90
80
OR-pre
WA1992
70
Forest remaining (% of Total)
(Meyerson 2000)
WA-pre
60
50
40
Maya
30
20
10
0
10
14
34
40
Population Density (persons/km2)
100
200
Multiple Goals Sustainable Development & Cities
Economic needs - access to adequate
income/livelihood; economic security when
unemployed, ill, disabled, or unable to work
Environmental needs – healthy, safe water
supply, sanitation, living environment
protected from environ hazards, recreation
Social, cultural and health needs – health
care, education, and transportation
Political needs – freedom participate in
national, local politics, develop ones home
and neighborhood, environmental
legislation
A Congolese villager surveys a recently destroyed
section of Virunga National Park in eastern Democratic
Republic of Congo, where thousands of Rwandans
poured across the border in May and June and slashed
and burned 15 square kilometres (six square miles) of
forest and rare mountain gorilla habitat, in this picture
taken on July 22, 2004. Story by FOR/AN/JV , Photo by STAFF, REUTERS NEWS
PICTURE SERVICE
A Congolese
Villager
Surveys a
Recently
Destroyed
Section of
Virunga
National Park
CONGO: August
5, 2004
Has been
unique
problem
to less
developed
world
Pursuit of renewable energy sources unique
to more developed nations since less
developed do not have enough energy
resources and mainly burn wood (> 50% of
world)
Wind power
Courtesy of the U.S. Army Corps of EngineersAn image of a field of electricity-producing turbines, superimposed
on a photograph of the Cape Cod coast. If the project moves ahead as planned, it would be the world's largest
offshore wind power plant.
By CORNELIA DEAN, Published: November 14, 2004