Environmental Science
PowerPoint Lecture
Principles of Environmental
Science - Inquiry and Applications,
2nd Edition
by William and Mary Ann Cunningham
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Objectives Chapter 14
•Explain differences neoclassical, ecological economics & how views ecological processes and natural
resources
•Distinguish between different types, categories of resources
•Discuss internal & external costs, market approaches to pollution control and cost-benefit analysis
•Role of business, strategies for achieving sustainability
•Recognize push / pull factors to urban growth in the
less developed and more developed countries
•Appreciate how cities fail to be sustainable, how
become sustainable
•Understand causes / consequences city crowding,
pollution
•See connections: sustainable economic
development, social justice, & solutions urban
problems
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Chapter Fourteen Key Terms
McGraw-Hill Course Glossary
 capital
 communal resource
management systems
 cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
 discount rate
 ecological economics
 ecological services
 externalizing costs
 gross national product (GNP)
 internalizing costs
• limits to growth
 Megacities
 nonrenewable resources
 open access system
 Pull factors
 Push factors
 renewable resources
 resources
 steady-state economy
"The Tragedy of the Commons"
Urbanization
Sprawl
Smart growth
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Multiple Goals Sustainable Development & Cities
Economic needs - access to adequate
income/livelihood; economic security when
unemployed, ill, disabled, or unable to work
Environmental needs – healthy, safe water
supply, sanitation, living environment
protected from environ hazards, recreation
Social, cultural and health needs – health
care, education, and transportation
Political needs – freedom participate in
national, local politics, develop ones home
and neighborhood, environmental
legislation
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A Congolese villager surveys a recently destroyed
section of Virunga National Park in eastern Democratic
Republic of Congo, where thousands of Rwandans
poured across the border in May and June and slashed
and burned 15 square kilometres (six square miles) of
forest and rare mountain gorilla habitat, in this picture
taken on July 22, 2004. Story by FOR/AN/JV , Photo by STAFF, REUTERS NEWS
PICTURE SERVICE
A Congolese
Villager
Surveys a
Recently
Destroyed
Section of
Virunga
National Park
CONGO: August
5, 2004
Has been
unique
problem
to less
developed
world
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Population Density vs Forest Remaining in Maya
Region (OR & WA predicted)
OR1992
90
80
OR-pre
WA1992
70
Forest remaining (% of Total)
(Meyerson 2000)
WA-pre
60
50
40
Maya
30
20
10
0
10
14
34
40
100
200
Population Density (persons/km2)
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Integrated Conservation and
Sustainable Development
Programs – solutions for
keeping people in rural areas
not working well;
example of ecotourism
Tourists watch rare
Asian elephants
feeding, East
Malaysian state of
Sabah, Borneo
island.
Ecotourism
advocates say
revenues from
visitors to see
proboscis monkeys,
Asian elephants
living along forested
riverbanks could rival
money from
expanding oil palm
estates which
threaten their habitat.
Picture taken October 2,
2002. Reuters.
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Rare Brazilian Parrot That Was Rescued From Animal
Smugglers November 13, 2002 . Reuters News Picture Service (Photo by JAMIL BITTAR)
Illegal animal smuggling in Brazil is a big business,
coming second only to drug and arms trafficking
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Integrated Conservation and
Sustainable Development
Programs – solutions for
keeping people in rural
areas not working well;
example of non-timber
forest products
http://www.macduffeverton.com/Modern%20Maya/Mayaphoto_htmls/chicle.html
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Integrated
Conservation and
Sustainable
Development
Programs –
solutions for
keeping people in
rural areas not
working well;
example of
conservation
ecotourism
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Topics in Chapter 14
•
•
•
Urban Development and Sustainable Cities
Cities in Developing Countries
Causes of Urban Growth
• Urban Problems in Developing
Countries
- Air and Water Pollution
- Housing
- Urban Sprawl
- Smart Growth
•
Urban Sustainability in the Developed World
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Urban Problems in
Developing Countries
Housing
• Around 100 million
people are
homeless
• Slums – 20% world
population lives
• Shantytowns - illegal
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Developing countries –poor sanitation,
clean water, housing
Shantytowns, squatter settlements outskirts
Mexico City
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Air and Water Pollution
• Dense traffic, smoky
factories, use of
wood or coal fires
• Lenient pollution
laws, corrupt
officials, ignorance
• Only 35% of urban
residents in
developing countries
have satisfactory
sanitation services
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Seattle Times; November 14, 2004, Belarus region is rebuilding on top of Chernobyl radiation , by Mara D. Bellaby
Radiation contamination from Chernoybl
SERGEI GRITS / APIvan
Muzychenko and his son sort
freshly picked mushrooms,
gathered in a forest inside the
radiation-contaminated
Exclusion Zone. The men were
in the village of Bartolomeyevka,
206 miles southeast of Minsk,
Belarus, late last month.
Belarusians, many poor, ill-informed about radiation, returning villages requiring permanent
monitoring due to higher-than-average radiation levels. Tractors till farmland, cows graze and
residents fill their yards with vegetable gardens. Thyroid cancer rates high in children.
Others venture into "exclusion zones" — the worst-hit areas — to forage in
the forests for berries and wild mushrooms sold throughout the region.
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Indian
commuters,
rush hour
traffic in the
central hub
of New
Delhi August 12,
2002 Reuters News
Services Story by JSG/RCS,
Photo by B MATHUR
Thick cloud of pollution over South Asia – UN
Panel climate change concerned (Air Pollution
has no boundaries, transfer effects)
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Economic
Development
– conversion
of forests to
agriculture
An environment worker distributes masks to motorists in
Indonesia'a city of Pontianak, West Kalimantan province –
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haze from forest fires September 20, 2002 (Reuters News Service)
Expanding economies in less developed countries
high energy needs (China, India - two highest expanding
economies)
Coal Vendor Makes Delivery
in Traditional Alleyway in
Beijing, CHINA: November 26, 2002
Story by ASW/RCS Photo by ANDREW WONG
Reuters News Service
In China, millions of
people suffer from
fluorosis caused by
pollution from burning
high fluoride coal. A
number of studies in
China found exposure to
indoor coal pollution
linked with higher rates of
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lung cancer
Economic Development:
Black smoke billows from the chimneys of an
unlicensed pottery furnace on the outskirts of
Wuhan, 11/14/03 – use old tires, asphalt as fuel
(very polluting)
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Waste Management – Less developed countries
•Successful scavenger cooperatives (largely paper, scrap metal):
Columbia, Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, India, Indonesia
•Garbage produced more organic, dense, humid than industrialized
countries so need different solutions (waste technology developed in
industrialized countries limited application elsewhere)
CHINA In Beijing, a migrant worker sifting
for leavings. Natalie Behring, The New York Times
http://www.rider.edu/phanc/courses/richpoor/poverty/scavengers.htm
NICARAGUA Gleaning Managua's
rubbish piles for recyclable aluminum,
plastic, paper.Reuters
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Scavengers live
on fringe of
wealth
PAKISTAN A girl
feeding her brother
while their parents
scavenge for salable
items from
Islamabad's trash.
http://www.rider.edu/phanc/courses/richpoor/poverty/scavengers.htm
BOSNIA A refugee
eating an American
military meal.The
Associated Press
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What Can Be Done to Improve Conditions in
Cities in Less Developed World (a la ‘class book’)?
• Civic action, environmental education
• Redistribution unproductive land,
squatters’ rights
• “Rolling land banks”
• Democracy, security, improved economic
conditions
• Social welfare safety net
• Local nontraditional exchange of good
How compare these solutions to more industrialized world?
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Topics in Chapter 14
•
•
•
•
Urban Development and Sustainable Cities
Cities in Developing Countries
Causes of Urban Growth
Urban Problems in Developing Countries
• Urban Sustainability in the
Developed World
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Urban Problems in the
Developed World
• Rapid growth of central cities in Europe,
North America has now slowed or even
reversed
• The good news: better air and water quality,
safer working conditions, fewer
communicable diseases
• The bad news: urban decay and sprawl,
transportation issues
Book treats developed from developing world
differently (problems same); Book suggests
different solutions for each part of the world
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Green Business, Green Design –
decrease energy use + quality work environment
Native grass
roof – insulation,
reduce runoff
Natural lighting
Open design,
consider
adjacent areas
Award winning GAP Inc, San Bruno, CA –
best features of environmental design
NOT AS COMMON in Less Developed World
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Developed World a
la book
but also less
developed world
problem
Urban Decay
and Sprawl –
Las Vegas,
Nevada
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Transportation
• Most American cities
devote ~ 1/3 of their
land area to cars
• Freeways profoundly
reshape our lives
(opposite Europe but
changing – WalMart
proliferation)
• Public transportation is
expensive, difficult to
establish
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Energy sources for cities: Wind power
Courtesy of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers An image of a field of electricityproducing turbines, superimposed on a photograph of the Cape Cod coast. If
the project moves ahead as planned, it would be the world's largest offshore
wind power plant.
By CORNELIA DEAN, Published: November 14, 2004, November 14, 2004. NY
Times, A Seashore Fight to Harness the Wind
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Urban Sustainability in the Developed World
• Limit city sizes
• Greenbelts, open
space
• Development
planning
• Encourage walking,
car alternatives
• More diverse
housing
• Grow food locally
• Public participation
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A Tale of Three Cities: Portland and
Vancouver get going while Seattle
Stalls by William Dietrich, Seattle
Times February 2, 2003
Seattle – few parks downtown & uninviting;
waterfront pales in comparison;
transportation choices limited; sidewalks
plainer; fewer street trees, housing choices
narrower, towers uglier
Note what indicators are used. What is
missing?
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Conventional
Subdivision versus
Cluster Housing
(Open-Space Zoning)
Both plans
provide 36
home sites.
Quality of
environment
but not waste,
food
production
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New Views of Urban Sustainability
• Tri-partite model = economic, social,
environmental requirements
• Life Cycle thinking and management
• Ecological Footprint measurement
• “Total cost” analysis = include externalities
and not just direct costs
• Move from Trade-off mentality to value
creation
Rowledge LR and CL Figge. 2000. Urban Sustainability. Executive Summary. Summary Report to the City of Seattle
January 2000 EKOS International
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34
Successful Urban Development: Kalundborg,
Denmark
Industrial ecology where is life cycle based –
symbiotic web of materials and energy
exchange among network of companies, City
Statoil Refinery
Excess gas
Steam
Heated water
City district heating
Fish farms
Asnaes Power station
Sludge
Gyproc’s plasterboard factory
Fly ash
Novo Nordisk’s pharmaceutical
plant
Yeast
Nearby farms
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Industrial Ecology (Kalundborg, Denmark)
Oil refinery
Coal-fired
power plant
Cement manufacturer
Steam
Local Farms
Heat
Heat
Heat
Steam
Sulfuric acid
producer
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7
© 1 9 9 4 D e n e b a S y s te m s ,
I nc.
homes
Fish farm
Horticulture
greenhouses
Sheetrock plant
Pharmaceutical
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plant
Genetically Engineered
Chicken That Has No
Feathers ISRAEL: May 22, 2002
Story by
HO, Photo by HO , REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE
- dubbed low calorie bird because
lack of feathers means the chicken
has less fat
REDUCE WASTE
STREAM: Grow enough
food in less space, less
waste materials, food
safety issues, better
quality?
37
Ban imposed by the Ministry of
Agriculture & Fisheries outbreak of Crimean Congo
Hemorrhages Fever virus
among Iranian livestock affects animals, humans.
Idle animal traders sit, gossip
amid almost empty pens at the
Sharjah Animal Market, a result of
a ban on the import of Iranian
livestock June 6, 2002. (Reuters News
Services 2002)
INCREASE
FOOD
PRODUCTION
FROM SMALLER
LAND BASE:
Antiobiotics,
Hormone Use in
Beef Production
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United
States –
organized,
large scale
recycling,
dumps
RECYCLE MATERIALS:
China – organized, small
scale recycling
Chinese Woman Collects Recyclable Rubbish Along the
Construction Site of Main Dam of Three Gorges Dam Hubei
province, China, November 3, 2002. (Reuters)
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LIFE-CYCLE for FORESTS: United States
Environmental services, biodiversity
FORESTS
82%
~18%
Fuelwood
Forest Products:
paper, building materials, packing
materials, furniture, clothing
16%
57%
27%
4) Burned
1) Landfill
2) Composting 3) Recycling
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(A) turkey guts, skin, bones, fat, blood,
feathers to useful products. After first-stage heatand-pressure reaction, fats, proteins, and
carbohydrates break down into (B) carboxylic
oil, (C) a light oil - further distilled into lighter
fuels such as (D) naphtha, (E) gasoline, (F)
kerosene. Process also yields: (G)
fertilizer-grade minerals mostly from bones
& (H) industrially useful carbon black.
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Characteristics of Waste & Its Management in
Developed & Developing World
???
• Abundance of capital, high
labor costs, expensive waste
management systems (
• Formal waste management,
scavenging not part
• Lots waste generated (>1.5
kg garbage/day)
• Little organic material in
waste, contains more
packaging materials, higher
caloric content – burns well
• People not living on landfill
sites
• Abundance unskilled,
inexpensive labor, little
capital, labor intensive but
cheap waste management
systems
• Dynamic informal sector:
refuse collect, scavenging
as dominant income, many
from rural
• Little waste generated 0.1
kg garbage/day
• Highly organic wastes,
more dense and humid
(great for your livestock to
live with you at the landfill)
42
New Views of Urban Sustainability
• Tri-partite model = economic, social,
environmental requirements
• Life Cycle thinking and management
• Ecological Footprint measurement
• “Total cost” analysis = include
externalities and not just direct costs
• Move from Trade-off mentality to value
creation
Rowledge LR and CL Figge. 2000. Urban Sustainability. Executive Summary. Summary Report to the City of Seattle
January 2000 EKOS International
43
Rescue worker uses a special vacuum to
remove fuel oil from the oil-covered beach at the
fishing village of Malpica, northern Spain,
November 18, 2002. Story by PH, Photo by PAUL HANNA,
REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE
WHO PAYS FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
DISASTERS – is
economic externality?
An oil-covered seagull is
cleaned up at a wildlife
recovery center in La Coruna,
northern Spain, November 18,
2002. Story by AC, Photo by MIGUEL VIDAL,
REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE
44
Unidentified Nicaraguan affected
by the pesticide Nemagon,
protests outside the U.S.
Embassy in Managua, November
19, 2002.
45
Sustainable Urban environments has too
remember that natural disturbances still with us
and modify whether something is
“SUSTAINABLE”
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Heavy smog engulfs Xian, the capital of China's
western province of Shaanxi, November 11, 2002. Reuters News Services
Development - Environment =
sustainable link? China's strategy develop west
progress smoothly (Li Zibin, Gross domestic product
(GDP) western regions 8.7% growth in 2000, 9.0% first 3
quarters of 2002.
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Pursuit of renewable energy sources unique
to more developed nations since less
developed do not have enough energy
resources and mainly burn wood (> 50% of
world)
Wind power
Courtesy of the U.S. Army Corps of EngineersAn image of a field of electricity-producing turbines, superimposed
on a photograph of the Cape Cod coast. If the project moves ahead as planned, it would be the world's largest
offshore wind power plant.
By CORNELIA DEAN, Published: November 14, 2004
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