Summary Chapter 1-2 General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith CH 1-2 Concepts to be Familiar With Classification of matter: pure substances & mixtures Homogeneous vs Heterogeneous Distinguish the difference between chemical and physical properties & changes We represent uncertainty with significant figures You do not need to memorize Sig Fig rules Scientific Notation Conversions within the metric system and non metric units Temperature conversions Density & Specific gravity Familiarity with how compounds will be drawn Molecular formulas Structure of an atom: protons, neutrons, electrons Atomic number, isotope mass number, atomic weight Navigate the periodic table: properties shared within a group, trends, metals/metalloids/nonmetals Determine valance electrons & draw electron dot representations Ionization Energy & Atomic Size Conversions & Equations To Memorize Unit Conversions Equations For metric units (m, kg, s, K, mole): mega (M) 106 kilo (k) 103 centi (c) 10-2 milli (m) 10-3 micro (μ) 10-6 nano (n) 10-9 Pico (p) 10-12 Density = mass / Volume d = m/V dH2O = 1 g/mL = 1 g/cm3 Time conversions: dhrms 1 mL = 1 cm3 T(kelvin) = T(°C) + 273.15 Specific Gravity = density substance / density of water y x 10x Coefficient: A number between 1 and 10. Exponent: Any positive or negative whole number. Elements & Molecules A Z X Elements on the Periodic Table X = Element symbol (ie O = oxygen) A = Isotope Mass Number = # protons + # neutrons Z = Atomic Number = # protons atomic number 6 C element symbol 12.01 atomic weight (amu) = weighted average of atomic weight of isotopes Molecular Formula: AxBy Drawing Molecules: Methane CH4 H H C H H Ex: CH3O Properties of Groups 1A 2A B B 7A 8A Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Transition Metals Lanthanide & Actinide Halogens Nobel Gases Very reactive Reactive Metals Metals except for H +2 ions Form ions with several different charges (oxidation states) +1 ions React with Oxygen to form compounds that dissolve into alkaline solutions in water Oxygen compounds are strongly alkaline Many are not water soluble Tend to form Reactive +2 and +3 ions Form diatomic Lanthanides molecules in 58 – 71 elemental state Actinides 90 – 103 -1 ions Actinides are radioactive Salts with alkali metals Inert Heavier elements have limited reactivity Do not form ions Monoatomic gases Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids Metals • Metallic luster, malleable, ductile, hardness variable • Conduct heat and electricity • Solids at room temperature with the exception of Hg • Chemical reactivity varies greatly: Au, Pt unreactive while Na, K very reactive Nonmetals • Brittle, dull • Insulators, nonconductors of electricity and heat • Chemical reactivity varies • Exist mostly as compounds rather then pure elements • Many are gases, some are solids at room temp, only Br2 is a liquid. Metalloids • Properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals • Metallic shine but brittle • Semiconductors: conduct electricity but not as well as metals: examples are silicon and germanium Valence Electrons Example: Determine the valence electrons of Selenium (Se): 1. Find Se on the periodic table 2. Focus on just the row (period) Se is in 3. Count the number of electrons in the s and p orbitals (ie, count to Se from the left side of the row) Count the number of elements in the row (period) that lead up to the element (Se). Remember, do NOT count the transition metals, lacthanides, and actinides. 1 2 X X X X X X Electron Dot Symbols: Represent the valence electrons by drawing them around the element symbol for Selenium. X X X X Se 3 4 5 6 Periodic Trends Size INCREASING Ionization Energy INCREASING