Chapter 5:
Histology
The Study of Tissues
•Epithelial
•Connective
•Muscle
•Nerve
Useful Websites
1.http://www.udel.edu/Biology/Wags/histopage/
colorpage/colorpage.htm
2.http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/an
atomy/histoweb/epithel/epithel.htm
Introductory Questions #1
**What are the next 20 terms for the week. Give
the first and 20th term.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
From the Introduction, why was Natalie’s baby
delivered by Caesarean section? Name the six
different types of tissues that the surgeon encountered
as they cut down to save the baby.
Name the four major types of tissues that will be
examined in this chapter. From these four types of
tissues which one would bone and blood be grouped
in?
What are some of the distinguishing characteristics of
epithelial tissue?
How is epithelial tissue anchored?
What do the following terms mean or indicate:
Simple, Stratified, Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar
Epithelial Tissues
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar (ciliated)
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified Columnar
Transitional Epithleium
Glandular Epithelium: (Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine)
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
•
•
•
•
Absorption
Excretion
Protection
Secretion
Key terms used to describe and ID epithelial tissues:
-Simple: single layer
-Stratified: multiple layers
-Squamous: thin and flat
-Cuboidal: cube-shaped w/large central nucleus
-Columnar: elongated cells
Characteristics of Epithelium
•
•
•
•
•
Lack blood vessels
Tightly packed
Regenerate frequently
Typical site for developing Cancer Tumors
Forms the lining of internal and external
structures and cavities.
• Covers most organs
• Attached to a nonliving substance called the:
Basal lamina (basement membrane)
Note**The basal lamina is dissolved away when cancer cells grow.
IQ# 2
• Match each type of epithelial lining with its location in
the human body.
Thyroid gland
A. Simple squamous
Air sacs in the lungs
B. Simple cuboidal
Mouth & throat
C. Simple columnar
Cornea of the eye
Fallopian Tubes
Lining of the blood vessels (endothelium)
Intestinal tract
Simple Squamous
Simple Squamous
(Pg 136)
-Alveolar lung sacs
-Endothelium of heart
& blood vessels
-Bowman’s capsule
in the Kidney
Simple Cuboidal
-Forms the lining of the
‘Kidney Tubules’
-Thyroid gland
-Ovaries
-Lines the Ducts of Glands
which include these glands:
-Salivary
-Pancreas
-Liver
(See page 137)
Simple Columnar
Simple Columnar
(See page 137)
Lines the:
-Stomach
-Intestinal tract
(large and small)
-Gallbladder
Note: notice the nuclei
forms a distinct single
row
Pseudostratified Columnar
Pseudostratified Columnar:
(See page 138)
-Possesses cilia
-Forms a single layer of
cells (looks stratified)
-Located as the lining for
the:
*Trachea
*Nasal cavities
*Bronchi
*Fallopian Tube
Flash Cards
• A total of (20) Flashcards must be made
• 5 cards for each type of epithelial tissue
– (2) image cards & (3) location cards
• Example: For Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue there are
Five cards to make:
– Simple Squamous & image (powerpoint)
– Simple Squamous & image (textbook image or other website)
– Simple squamous & locations (x3)
(This tissue lines the air sacs in the Lungs)
(This tissue makes up the Cornea in of the eye)
(This tissue makes up the endothelium of blood vessels)
Flash Card Breakdown
TISSUE TYPE
•
•
•
•
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
(ciliated)
TOTAL:
# CARDS
5
5
5
5
20 Cards
Simple Squamous (5 cards)
Simple Squamous
(Pg 136)
-Alveolar lung sacs
-Endothelium of heart
& blood vessels
-Cornea of the eye
Simple Cuboidal
(See page 137)
6 FLASHCARDS TO MAKE
-Forms the lining of the
-Kidney Tubules’
-Thyroid gland
-Ovaries
-Lines the Ducts of Glands
which include these glands:
-Salivary
-Pancreas
-Liver
Simple Columnar (5 cards to make)
Simple Columnar
(See page 137)
Lines the:
-Stomach
-Intestinal tract
(large and small)
-Gallbladder
Note: notice the nuclei
forms a distinct single
row
Pseudostratified Columnar
(6 cards to make)
Pseudostratified Columnar:
(See page 138)
-Possesses cilia
-Forms a single layer of
cells (looks stratified)
-Located as the lining for
the:
*Trachea
*Nasal cavities
*Bronchi
*Fallopian Tube
IQ# 2
1)Match each type of epithelial lining with
its location in the human body.
Thyroid gland
A. Simple squamous
Air sacs in the lungs
B. Simple cuboidal
Intestinal tract
C. Simple columnar
Fallopian Tubes
D. Pseudo Strat. Col.
Lining of the blood vessels
(endothelium)
Epithelial Tissues
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar (ciliated)
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified Columnar
Transitional Epithleium
Glandular Epithelium: (Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine)
IQ #3
1) Matching each type of epithelial lining with its location in the
human body.
-Intestinal tract
-Air sacs in the lungs
-Mouth & throat
-Male urethra
-Tubules of the kidney
-Nasal cavities & Resp. tract
(posseses cilia)
-Lines the urinary bladder
-Lining of an ovarian follicle
A. Simple squamous
B. Simple cuboidal
C. Simple columnar
D. Pseudostratified columnar
E. Stratified Squamous
F. Stratified cuboidal
G. Stratified columnar
H. Transitional epithelium
http://www.udel.edu/Biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/colorpage.htm
http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/epithel/epithel.h
tm
Stratified Squamous (5 cards)
• Lines the: See page 138
– Mouth cavity (cheek cells)
– Esophagus
– Skin surface
Keratinization occurs on outer layers of the
skin
-prevents water loss
-blocks chemicals from entering
-inhibits microorganisms from invading
Stratified Squamous
Keratinized & Unkeratinized
Stratified Cuboidal (5 cards)
• Stratified Cuboidal: See page 139
• Forms the lining of
-Ovarian follicles
-Seminiferous tubules
-Larger ducts of glands such as:
(mammary, salivary, sweat, and pancreatic)
Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified Columnar (5 Cards)
Stratified Columnar: See page 139
• Basal layers consist of cube-shaped cells
• Found in the:
– Male urethra
– Vas deferens
– Parts of the pharynx
Stratified Columnar
Transitional Epithelium (4 cards)
• See page 140
• Specialized to change in response to increased
tension
• Creates a barrier to prevent diffusion backward
• Forms the linings of:
– the Urinary bladder
– Passageways (Ureter) of the urinary system
Transitional Epithelium
Lab Ex 8
Pgs.
•
•
•
•
•
Lung (Alveolar sacs):
simple squamous
768, 778, 136
Intestinal tract (jejunum) simple columnar
702, 137
Kidney Tubules:
simple cuboidal
804, 137
Bronchi & Trachea:
pseudostratified columnar 759, 138
Bowman’s Capsule: simple squamous & simple cuboidal 804
(Kidney)
Lab Ex 8 (cont’d)
Text pgs.
•
•
•
•
Human Skin:
Pancreas:
Ovarian Follicle:
Seminiferous tubules:
(Testes)
Stratified Squamous
164-167
Stratified Cuboidal
517
Stratified Cuboidal
870 - 872
Stratified Cuboidal
856 - 859
IQ #3
1) Matching each type of epithelial lining with its location in the
human body.
-Intestinal tract
-Air sacs in the lungs
-Mouth & throat
-Male urethra
-Tubules of the kidney
-Nasal cavities & Resp. tract
(posseses cilia)
-Lines the urinary bladder
-Lining of an ovarian follicle
A. Simple squamous
B. Simple cuboidal
C. Simple columnar
D. Pseudostratified columnar
E. Stratified Squamous
F. Stratified cuboidal
G. Stratified columnar
H. Transitional epithelium
http://www.udel.edu/Biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/colorpage.htm
http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/epithel/epithel.h
tm
Lab Ex 8 (cont’d)
Text pgs.
•
•
•
•
Human Skin:
Pancreas:
Ovarian Follicle:
Seminiferous tubules:
(Testes)
Stratified Squamous
164-167
Stratified Cuboidal
517
Stratified Cuboidal
870 - 872
Stratified Cuboidal
856 - 859
Epithelial Tissues
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar (ciliated)
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified Columnar
Transitional Epithleium
Glandular Epithelium: (Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine)
Introductory Questions #4
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Exocrine glands have six different structural types. Name
them.
How do Merocrine glands, Apocrine glands, and Holocrine
glands differ? Where is each gland located?
How is serous fluid different from mucous?
A unicellular gland is also called a(n)
gland.
How does connective tissue differ from epithelial tissue?
What are the major types of cells that comprise connective
tissue?
7) Matching:
•
Mammary
•
Sebaceous gland
•
Ceruminous
•
Pancreatic glands
•
Salivary glands
•
Composed of Serous or mucous cells
A. Apocrine
B. Merocrine
C. Holocrine
Glandular Epithelium
http://www.med.uiuc.edu/histo/large/atlas/search.htm
• Cells specialized to produce and secrete
substances into ducts or into body fluids.
• 2 types: Exocrine and Endocrine
• Characterized by what they release and what
they release it into.
• Endocrine Glands: secretes into blood or tissue
– Ex. Hormones (Ch. 13)
• Six structural types of exocrine glands (pg 141)
• Simple exocrine glands: four types
• Compound exocrine glands: two types
Exocrine Glands
• Characterized by:
-Structure (six types)
-composition of their secretions (3 types)
Six Types of Glandular Epithelium
(Pg. 141)
• Simple
• Tubular
• Compound
• Branched
• Alveolar (sac like dilations)
**See table 5.3 for a summary of the
locations for each of these types of
exocrine glands.
Exocrine glands Classified
according to what it Releases
• Merocrine: FLUID is released
– Most glands are in this group
– Serous cells = prod. a watery secretion w/enzymes
– Mucous cells = prod. Thicker secretion rich in glycoprotein
(Salivary, Pancreatic, and sweat glands)
• Apocrine: Small portions of the cell are released
– Mammary glands, Ceruminous, and some sweat glands
• Holocrine: ENTIRE CELLS are released (fig. 5.12)
-
(Sebaceous Glands: oil in the skin)
Introductory Questions #4
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Exocrine glands have six different structural types. Name
them.
How do Merocrine glands, Apocrine glands, and Holocrine
glands differ? Where is each gland located?
How is serous fluid different from mucous?
A unicellular gland is also called a(n)
gland.
How does connective tissue differ from epithelial tissue?
What are the major types of cells that comprise connective
tissue?
7) Matching:
•
Mammary
•
Sebaceous gland
•
Ceruminous
•
Pancreatic glands
•
Salivary glands
•
Composed of Serous or mucous cells
A. Apocrine
B. Merocrine
C. Holocrine
Introductory Questions #5
**What are the next 20 terms for the week. Give the
first and 20th term.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Resident cells include
and
while a
wandering cell would be
.
Heparin and histamine are both released by
.
Name the three types of connective tissue fibers that are
produced by fibroblasts. How do these three fibers differ?
How is dense connective tissue different from loose
connective tissue?
From the collagen disorders listed on Pg. 145, which
disorder can cause deafness and bones to easily break?
Name the three types of cartilage found in the body. How
are these different from each other and where do we find
them.
What makes bone so rigid? What are the concentric circles
called seen within bone tissue?
Connective Tissue
• Characteristics:
-Good blood supply
-Cells spaced farther apart
-Occurs throughout the body (most mass)
• Functions:
-Bind
-Fill spaces
-Support
-Store fat
-Protect
-Prod. Blood cells
Cell types of Connective Tissue
• Resident Cells: present in stable numbers
Ex. Fibroblasts & Mast cells
• Wandering Cells: appears temporarily
Ex. Macrophage & Leukocytes (WBC’s)
List of Cell Types
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fibroblasts

Produces 3 types of Fibers
Mast Cells

Inflammation & Prev. clotting
Macrophages 
Phagocytic Cells
Adipocytes

Fat
Chondrocytes 
Cartilage
Osteocytes

Bone
Erythrocytes & Leukocytes:  Blood
Mast Cells (pg. 153)
•
•
•
•
•
Resident cells
Relatively large
Located near blood vessels
Release heparin and histamine
Important to reactions associated with
inflammation
• Prevents blood clots (heparin)
Mast Cells
Macrophages
Fibroblasts
• Star-shaped cell
• Secretes protein to produce fibers
• 3 Types of protein fibers produced by
fibroblasts:
– Collagenous: thick, slightly elastic
– Elastic: Microfibrils w/ elastin protein
– Reticular: very thin fibers, highly branched
Strength:
collagenous  elastic  reticular
Fibroblasts
Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
• Composed of:
– Closely packed thick collagen fibers
– Fine network of elastic fibers
– Few cells (fibroblasts)
• Withstands pulling forces observed in:
– Tendons & Ligaments
• Poor Blood supply (Healing is difficult)
• Also found in dermis and inner skin layers
Collagenous Fibers
• Collagenous:
-Very strong, great tensile strength
-long, parallel bundles
-holds bones together
Ex. ligaments & tendons
Many = Dense Connective Tissue (White)
Sparse = Loose Connective Tissue
Collagenous Fibers
Elastic Fibers (Pg. 155)
• Composed of:
– mostly yellow, parallel strands
– Fibroblasts
– Collagen fibers
•
•
•
•
Protein involved is called “elastin”
Stretches and resumes back to original length
Common in areas of frequent stretching
Found in:
–
–
–
–
Vocal cords
Walls of hollow organs, airways
Between vertebrae
Walls of heart and larger arteries (Aorta)
Elastic Fibers & Mast Cells
Reticular Connective Tissue
(pg. 155)
• Composed of:
– Thin collagenous fibers
• Supports the walls of organs
• Organs include:
– Spleen
– Liver
– Lymphatic organs
Reticular Connective Tissue
Reticular Connective Tissue
(pg. 155)
• Composed of:
– Thin collagenous fibers
• Supports the walls of organs
• Organs include:
– Spleen
– Liver
– Lymphatic organs
Adipocytes (pg. 157)
Chondrocytes
(Cartilage producing cells)
Cartilage
• Hyaline:
-the ends of bones
-the nose
-trachea
-embryo’s skeleton
-between ribs & sternum
• Elastic:
-Ears & Larynx
• Fibrocartilage:
-intervertebral discs
-knees
-pelvic girdle
Hyaline & Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Osteocytes
Bone
(pgs 159-161)
• Also called: “Osseous tissue”
• Hardness comes from presence of mineral
salts: CaCO3 and Ca3(PO4)2
• Contains a large amount of collagen
• Protects vital structures: brain & spinal cord
• Attachment site for muscles
• Blood cells form in the marrow
• Site for storing nutrients and minerals
Blood Cells (Eosinophil & RBC’s)
Blood (pg. 160 & 161)
• Composed of plasma, cells (RBC & WBC), and
cell fragments (platelets)
• Transports gases (CO2) and (O2)
• Forms in (hematopoietic) tissue: bone marrow
• Can be various types: A, B, AB, O
Video #1: Blood the Vital Connection
1. List the FOUR main Components that are found in blood
and their function
2. Why is Blood called the “window” of the body?
3. A person who studies blood is called a ________.
4. What University is Dr. Jeske studying at? Who is her
mentor?
5. What seems to be the problem/illness that Jose
Dejesus has? How many American are estimated to
have the same condition?
6. What is Lupus? Explain the typical symptoms.
7. What kind of treatment was administered to Mr.
Dejesus?
8. What is TTP? Name the critical enzyme missing with
people that suffer from TTP.
**Write 5 Key statements along with these Questions.
Flash Cards to Make
(see Charts 5.7 on Pg. 152)
• Make (2) image cards & (1) Location Cards for the following
Connective Tissues:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue
Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
Reticular connective Tissue
Adipose Tissue
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Bone
Blood
= 27 Cards
• Make (2) image cards & ONE Function Card for each of the
following cells:
– Fibroblast
– Mast Cells
– Macrophages
**See Chart 5.6 on Pg. 147
= 9 Cards
Lab Ex. 9-Connective Tissue
Slides to view:
-Adipose tissue
-Elastic Cartilage
-Hyaline Cartilage
-Bone
-Blood
Pg. 147
Pg. 150
pg. 150
Pg. 151, 190
Pg. 152, 538-540
Introductory Questions #5
**What are the next 20 terms for the week. Give the
first and 20th term.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Resident cells include
and
while a
wandering cell would be
.
Heparin and histamine are both released by
.
Name the three types of connective tissue fibers that are
produced by fibroblasts. How do these three fibers differ?
How is dense connective tissue different from loose
connective tissue?
From the collagen disorders listed on Pg. 145, which
disorder can cause deafness and bones to easily break?
Name the three types of cartilage found in the body. How
are these different from each other and where do we find
them.
What makes bone so rigid? What are the concentric circles
called seen within bone tissue?
Collagen Disorders (Pg. 146)
• See Chart 5.5
•
•
•
•
Chondrodysplasia:
Dystrophic epidermolysis:
Heredity osteoarthritis:
Osteogenesis imperfecta:
• Stickler syndrome:
stunted growth
skin scars easily
painful joints
bones break easily
deafness
joint pain
degeneration of retina
Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal Muscle
• Cardiac Muscle
• Smooth Muscle (nonstriated)
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac MuscleTissue
Low Mag.
High Mag.
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue (pgs. 162-164)
• Referred to as “muscle fibers”
• Contract and relax (shorten & lengthen)
• Composed mostly of Actin & Myosin proteins
(3) Types: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac
Skeletal
- attached to bones
-controlled by conscience control (voluntary)
-Extremely long and thin
-have alternating light and dark bands (striations)
-can be multinucleated (more than one nucleus)
Muscle Tissue (cont’d)
Smooth Muscle
-lacks striations
-Involuntary
-spindle shaped, shorter than skeletal muscle
-Nucleus is centrally located
-Found in: hollow internal organs, intestinal wall
urinary bladder, uterus, and the wall of
blood vessels
Cardiac Muscle
-Found exclusively in the heart
-Striated with branches, joined end to end
-Specialized intercellular junction: intercalated disks
-Involuntary control
Nervous Tissue
Nerve Tissue (pg. 164-165)
• Found in the brain, spinal cord, & peripheral
nerves
• Composed of cells called neurons
• Able to receive and transmit impulses
• Can coordinate, regulate, and intergrate
many body functions
• Has long cytoplasmic extensions
• More to come………. (ch. 10)
Lab Ex 10 Muscle & Nerve Tissue
• Matching Ex (pg. 81)
• FOUR Images cut & pasted in lab (ppt slides)
• FOUR Drawings & PIX images
– Smooth muscle
– Cardiac muscle
– Skeletal muscle
– Nerve tissue (multipolar neurons)
Useful Websites
1.http://www.udel.edu/Biology/Wags/histopage/
colorpage/colorpage.htm
2.http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/an
atomy/histoweb/epithel/epithel.htm
Cornea of the Eye