Human Anatomy &
Physiology
Mrs. Hodges
Room A204
Per 1, 2, 3
Anatomical Directions
Anatomical position
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Illustrated at the left
Anatomical Directions-(for the biped)
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Anterior (ventral) vs. Posterior (dorsal)
Medial vs. Lateral
Superior (cranial) vs. Inferior (caudal)
Superficial vs. Deep
Proximal vs. Distal
Anatomical Planes
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Frontal = Coronal
Transverse = Cross Section
Sagittal
Cell Connections
Cells are connected to neighboring cells via:
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Proteins – adjacent proteins in membranes fuse to
form:
Cell Junctions
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Tight Junctions - plasma membrane of adjacent
cells fuse; impermeable
Desmosomes-adhesive spots on lateral sides
Gap junction-spot-like junction occurring anywhere,
lets small molecules pass
Histology
Study of tissues
A tissue is a group of cells with
similar structure and
embryonic origin working
together to perform a
particular function in the body.
Tissues:
groups of cells closely associated that
have a similar structure and perform a related function
Four types of tissue
A. Epithelial = covering/lining
B. Connective = support
C. Muscle = movement
D. Nervous = control
Most organs contain all 4 types
A. EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
sheets of cells that cover a surface or
line a cavity
Functions
Protection
 Secretion
 Absorption
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How are epithelial tissues
classified?
Shape
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Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Number of Layers
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Simple: single layer
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Stratified: many layers
8 Specific Epithelial Tissues
Simple
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Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified
8 Specific Epithelial Tissues
Simple
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Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified
Stratified
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Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
transitional
Quiz!!
E
Can You Identify the
Classes of Epithelium?
D
A
B
C
Structural Characteristics of Epithelium
Cellularity
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Mostly composed of cell
Specialized Contacts
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Composed mostly of sheets
Polarity
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Has one free surface, the other is attached to an
underlying tissue
Avascular
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No blood vessels
Regenerative
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Replaces cells with like cells
Basement Membrane
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Is the foundation
B. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Structural Characteristics
Cells
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FibroHemocytoChondroOsteo-
-blast = immature cell that secretes matrix
-cyte = mature cell that maintains matrix
Extracellular matrix
Tissue component that is NOT the cells and is made up of:
 ground substance = amorphous substance that fills space
between cells and consists of interstitial fluid, proteins and
polysaccharides. The more polysaccharides the stiffer the
ground substance.
 fibers = interspersed throughout the ground substance and
provides strength to the matrix.
FIBER TYPES
Collagen (aka white) –
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Tough
stronger than steel fibers of same size
provide high tensile strength (resists longitudinal stress).
Elastic (aka yellow) –
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Can be stretched to 1.5X its length
recoil to original size
found where great elasticity is needed
Reticular –
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Fine collagenous fibers that form a delicate branching
network within solid organs such as spleen and liver.
4 Types of Connective Tissue
1. Connective Tissue Proper

Made by fibroblasts
2. Cartilage
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Made by chondroblasts
3. Bone Tissue

Made by osteoblasts
4. Blood
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Made by hemocytoblasts
1) Connective Tissue Proper
LOOSE
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Areolar
•
Adipose
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Reticular
DENSE
•
•
•
Regular
Irregular
Elastic
2) Cartilage
Chondroblasts produce cartilage tissue
More abundant in embryo than adult
Firm, Flexible
Resists compression

(eg) trachea, meniscus
80% water
Avascular, NOT Innervated
(that means no blood, no pain)
Cartilage in the Body
Three types:
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Hyaline
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most abundant
support via flexibility/resilience
found at limb joints, ribs, nose
very fine collagen fibers
Elastic
 many elastic fibers in matrix
 great flexibility
 Found external ear, epiglottis
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Fibrocartilage
 resists both compression and
tension
 found in menisci, intervertebral
discs
3) Bone Tissue
Compact
•
•
•
cells contained in spaces called
lacuna
fine collagen fibers
ground substance contains minerals
Spongy (Cancellous)
•
•
Looks like a sponge
Spaces are filled with red bone marrow
which is hematopoietic tissue
4) Blood
Formed by hemocytoblasts in red bone
marrow which is hematopoietic tissue
Functions:
Transports waste, gases, nutrients,
hormones through cardiovascular system
Helps regulate body temperature
Protects body by fighting infection
Cells
 erythrocytes
 leukocytes
 thrombocytes
Matrix = Plasma
C. MUSCLE TISSUE
Consists of cells that are specialized for
generating a contraction.
Cells are elongated and can become shorter
and thicker.
Three Types:
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
MUSCLE TISSUE FUNCTIONS
Produce movement
Generate heat
Maintain posture
Stabilize joints
1.
2.
3.
4.
Characteristics common to ALL muscle
tissue:
made of many cells close together
well vascularized tissue
elongated cells
contain myofilaments ( contractile proteins
actin and myosin)
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
(each gross skeletal muscle is an organ)
Cells
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Long and cylindrical, in bundles
Multinucleate
Obvious Striations
Voluntary
Attached to bones, fascia, skin
pg 235
Cardiac Muscle
Cells
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Found only in the heart Be Mine
Branching cells
uninucleated
Striations
Connected by Intercalated
discs
Cardiac Muscle-Involuntary
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Cells
Single cells, uninucleate
No striations
Involuntary
2 layers-opposite orientation
(circular and longitudinal
arrangement)
Found in hollow, muscular
organs including blood vessels
D. Nervous Tissue
Neurons: specialized nerve cells
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Cell body, dendrite, axon
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
“May I please be excused? My brain is full!!”