LCSSTI WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP
Questions
• The eight military excursions to the Holy Land
in the 12th.century were known as the
Crusades
• The Europeans, in the Crusades, were
attempting to make the Holy Land safe for
Chrisitians
• ) The result of their experiences brought on the
Renaissance
• was a period of reawakening in art and
literature in Europe
Renaissance
• The selling of indulgences by the Roman
Catholic Church brought on the
Reformation
• ) A leader in the opposition to the selling of
indulgences was
Martin Luther
• The cross-cultural diffusion of European and
New World items is known as the
Columbian Exchange
• saw the trading of vegetables, fruits,
domesticated animals, and diseases.
• (Diseases such as small pox, measles, chicken
pox, and influenza ravaged Native American
groups
• because they had no developed immunities
to them.
Columbian Exchange
• Spanish soldier/explorers were known as
Conquistadors
• In 1519 the Aztecs, of Central Mexico, were
conquered by
Hernando Cortez
• Incas were conquered in 1532 by
Francisco Pizzarro
• The first permanent settlement in North
America was
St. Augustine
• London Company of Virginia started England’s
first permanent colony at
Jamestown
• ) In 1614, John Rolfe developed Virginia Burley
Tobacco, saving the Jamestown Colony.
• Rolfe later married the Powhatan princess
Pochohantas
• ) The Jamestown Colony traded with the
neighboring Native American group
Powahotan
• The original leader of the Jamestown Colony
was
John Smith
• The first legislative body in North America was
the
House of Burgesses
• The first rift between the colonies and England
came over the
Navigation Acts
• The French and Indian War was fought
between the
English and Mohawks vs. the French
and their
Native allies the Hurons, Ottawas,
and Obenakes
• The Navigation Acts angered the colonist
because it
• restricted free trade
• The decisive battle of the French and Indian
War was
Quebec
• ,was a tax on sugar and molasses in the
colonies. This act actually lowered the import
•
tariff on sugar and molasses, but focused
more on stopping smuggling in the colonies
The Sugar Act
• in 1765, was a tax on paper products and was
like a sales tax
The Stamp Act
• in 1765, called for colonials to house and feed
British troops
• The Quartering Act
• in 1766, declared all acts of colonial
assemblies to be null and void if they were not
•
in the best interest of England..
The Declaratory Act
• were a group of taxes on individual products,
including tea
The Townshend Acts
• was a clash between British soldiers and
dockworkers in Boston over jobs.
•
5 colonists were killed; British officer was
tried for murder and acquitted
The Boston Massacre
• The protest over the tax on tea brought on the
Boston Tea Party
• On Apr. 18, 1775 the British soldiers were
marching to ___________
• to take possession of the colonial
•
arsenal located there.
Concord
• first shot of the American Revolution
•
was fired. Oddly enough, no one knows
which side fired first.
Lexington
• ) In 1215, King John was forced to sign the
__________guaranteeing freedom to his
vassals
Magna Carta
• The idea of the “Natural Rights of Man” was
developed by
• wrote Social Contract in which he stated the
rulers rule by the consent of the governed, and
if they
•
don’t rule properly, they should be
replaced?
John Locke
• Government ruled by the “General Will of the
People” was the idea of _____________also
wrote a book called Social Contract in which
he advocated a system of electing rulers
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• ) A three branch government with checks and
balances was the idea of the ______
• outlined this idea in Spirit of the Laws
Baron de Montesquieu
• The idea that “All men are created equal”
stems from John Locke’s
Tabula Rasa or Blank Slate Theory
• A rebirth of religious fervor in the colonies was
The Great Awakening
• Jonathon Edwards, George Whitefield,
Increase Mather, and
•
Cotton Mather. 10-2
Leaders in the Great Awakening
the first ten amendments to the U.S.
Constitution, they guarantee individual
rights
Bill Of Rights
In Sept. 1774, 56 colonials met in
Philadelphia, Pa. for the
First Continental Congress
• Their purpose in this meeting was to draw up
a____________________________
Declaration of colonial rights
• voted to recognize the Continental Army, place
George Washington
•
as commander and chief of the army, and
to form a committee to deal with foreign
nations. 10-3
The Second Continental Congress
• On July 8th. 1775, the 2nd. Continental
Congress sent a communication to King
George asking that he assist
•
in returning relations to normal, this is
called the
Olive Branch Petition
• The first two political parties in the U.S. were
the
• Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans
• The Declaration of Independence, a formal
declaration explaining the reasons for the
colonies’ actions
• was written by
Thomas Jefferson
• The first form of government used by the U.S.
was
• Written in 1776 by
•
John Dickinson, ratified in 1781, replaced by
the U.S. Constitution in 1788
The Articles of Confederation
• ) One glaring weakness of the Articles of
Confederation was the lack of an
Executive Branch
• The Articles of Confederation passed two
pieces of legislation
• The Land Ordinance of 1785 and the
•
Northwest Ordinance of 1787.
• outlined surveying techniques and
measurements that we still use today
The Land Ordinance
• The problems created by interstate trade
prompted the reform of our government and
the meeting of the
Constitutional Convention
• (created by James Madison) called for a twohouse (bicameral) legislature (apportioned
•
by population) and an Executive Branch.
This favored the larger states
The Virginia Plan
• (created by William Patterson) called for a
single-house (unicameral) legislature
•
apportioned evenly for all states and an
Executive Branch. This favored smaller states.
The New Jersey Plan
• took parts of both plans and created our
Constitution. Written by Roger Sherman
The Great Compromise.
believed in a strong central
government
Federalists,
• believed in leaving the
•
bulk of the power with the states.
Dem.-Republicans
• wrote articles for ratification of the
Constitution
•
known as “The Federalist Papers
James Madison, John Jay, and
Alexander Hamilton
• Opponents of the constitution were called
• and wanted a bill of rights added
Antifederalists,.
• The compromise between Hamilton and
Jefferson gave the Federalists
the economic plan that they
wanted,
gave the Democratic-Republicans
capitol city in the South
• had three main parts: Payment of national
debts; Assuming of
•
state debts; and the creation of a national
bank.
Alexander Hamilton’s economic plan
• established the right of the Supreme Court
•
to find laws and legislation constitutional or
unconstitutional. This is known as JUDICIAL
REVIEW
Marshall Court ruling in the case of
Marbury vs. Madison
• A statement in the beginning of a document
which explains its intent is a
preamble.
• The U.S. Constitution provides for there to be a
three branch system of government including
• an executive,
•
a legislative and a judicial branch. The
legislative branch makes the laws, the judicial
branch interprets
•
the laws and the executive branch enforce
the laws
• in the constitution allows what is necessary
and proper to conduct the government
• The elastic clause
The 13th. Amendment
• ended slavery in the U.S.
• established equal protection under the law for
all citizens
• The 14th. Amendment
• gave all males the right to vote
The 15th. Amendment
• provided suffrage for women
• The 19th. Amendment
• ) Laws which restricted the rights of former
slaves were known as
Black Codes
• The Commander and Chief of the Continental
Army was
George Washington
• Samuel Adams, John Adams, John Hancock,
others were known as
patriots.
• Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel
Prescott all rode to warn the countryside that
the
“Redcoats were coming
• The first major battle of the American
Revolution was
Bunker Hill, around Boston, Ma
• The first victory for the Continental Army came
at
Trenton, in New Jersey
• The turning point of the Revolution came with
the U.S. victory at
Saratoga, in New York
• ) George Washington placed ______ in charge
of U.S. forces in the South in 1779
Nathaniel Greene
• The winter of 1777-78 saw the Continental
Army rest and retrain at
Valley Forge, Pa
• The man in charge of training the troops was
• a Prussian volunteer
•
who proved later to be neither a general
nor a baron. He did such a good job with the
troops that
•
Washington gave him the rank of general.
General, the Baron, von Steuben
• A combined effort of Rochambeau,
Washington, Lafayette, and Greene produced
the victory in the
•
final battle at
Yorktown, in Virginia
• The treaty ending the Revolution and
recognizing U.S. independence was the
Treaty of Paris 1783
• made up the U.S. delegation to negotiate the
treaty
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and
John Jay
• To a great extent, victory in the revolution can
be attributed to the diplomatic work of
_________with his success in bringing the
French into the war on the U.S. side
Benjamin Franklin
• The U.S. gained land belonging to the British
east of the Mississippi River and south of
Canada as a
•
result of the
Treaty of Paris 1783
• Naval abuses such as impressments and
embargoes brought on the
War of 1812
• The War of 1812 saw the burning of the new
city of
Washington, D.C., by the British
• )Indian alliances with the Creeks and Shawnee
helped the
• British in the War of 1812
• A group of Southern volunteers under the
leadership of Andrew Jackson won the War of
1812 battles
•
of Horseshoe Bend over the
• Red Stick Creeks in Alabama, and the British
at New Orleans
• The Shawnees and their Chief, Tecumseh, were
defeated by forces under the command of
William
•
Henry Harrison at the battles of
• Tippecanoe in Indiana, and The Thames in
Michigan
• idea of an Indian Confederation to expel the
Whites from America had failed with the
•
End of the War of 1812. 10-6
Tecumseh’s
• ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent.
Dec. 24, 1814
The War of 1812
• The act of legislation which outlined specific
requirements for statehood and sought to
create from 3 to 5
•
new states in the Northwest Territory was
the
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• made up the Northwest Territory
• Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin,
and part of Minnesota
• During Thomas Jefferson’s administration, the
U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from
Napoleonic
•
France for
$15,000,000.00
• Jefferson sent ____________on an expedition
to map and examine this purchase
Lewis and Clark
• The Shoshone woman who guided and
interpreted for the expedition was
Sacagawea.
• Internal improvements including better roads
and transportation systems were part of Henry
Clay’s
• American Plan
• Some of the transportation improvements
included
• The National Road (Cumberland, Md. To
Wheeling, Va.),
• The Erie Canal (connected the Hudson River
with Lake Erie), and The Natchez Trace
(Natchez, Ms. To
• Nashville, Tn.)
• After the original 13 states, new states were
admitted in pairs to maintain
a slave state-free state balance
• European countries should no longer look to
colonize in the Americas according to the
• Monroe Doctrine
• The Federalist lost a great leader when
Alexander Hamilton was killed in a duel by
Aaron Burr
• The U.S. Supreme Court and the Federal
District Court system were created by the
Judiciary Act of 1789
• The Election of 1824 was called by Andrew
Jackson, a
Corrupt bargain
• The election of Jackson in 1828 saw the rise of
the
Spoils system” in U.S, politics
• produced what has come to be known as “The
Trail of Tears”. 10-7
•
The Indian Removal Act of 1830
• were all
•
Settler’s trails used to travel west. 10-6
• The California Trail (from Independence, Mo.
to Sacramento, Ca.), the Mormon Trail (from
Nauvoo, Il.
•
To Salt Lake City, Ut.), and the Oregon Trail
( from Independence, Mo. to Portland, Or.)
• In 1849, gold was found at Sutter’s Mill in
California, which started the
California Gold Rush
• )The idea that the U.S. should rule the land
from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans is
Manifest Destiny
• Stephen F. Austin became the empresario of a
tract of land in the Mexican province
• This was called the Austin Colony and later
was the foundation for the state of Texas
Davy Crockett, William Barrett Travis,
and Jim Bowie were all present and
were killed
• The Alamo
• leader of the Texas Army for Independence,
later defeated El Presidente, the general,
•
Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana’s Mexican
Army at *San Jacinto in South Texas.
Sam Houston
• featured the Battles of Gonzales, The Alamo,
Goliad, and San Jacinto
The War for Texas Independence
• The conclusive Mexican War battles of Cerro
Gordo and Chapultepec were planned by the
young U.S.
•
Marine Captain
Robert E. Lee.
• Famous U.S. leaders of this war were Gen.
Zachary Taylor,
•
Gen. Winfield Scott, Capt. Stephen
Kearney, and Adm. Stockton. The Mexican
Army was led by Santa Ana
• battles of the Mexican War
• )The Mexican War served as a training ground
for the leaders of the U.S. Civil War 13 years
later.
•
Notable military figures from this war
were
• Lee, Jefferson Davis, “Stonewall” Jackson, U.S.
Grant.
•
James Longstreet, George Pickett, George
Meade, Winfield Hancock, P.G.T. Beauregard,
Joseph
•
Johnston, and Albert Sydney Johnston.
• The U.S. gained most of the area of the U.S.
Southwest as a result of the
• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
• A tract of land in Southern Arizona was
obtained by the Gadsden Purchase to build a
• ) transcontinental
•
railroad.
• )Legislation that would forbid extending
slavery into the land acquired from Mexico
was called the
• Wilmot Proviso
• Along with Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton worked for
• women’s rights in the 19th. Century
• an African-American woman, worked for
women’s rights and abolition
• Sojourner Truth
• In 1848, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton headed up a convention to bring
about reform in
•
women’s rights at
• Seneca Falls, N.Y.
• The National Woman Suffrage Association
was founded by
Susan B. Anthony
• published a newspaper called The Liberator
William Lloyd Garrison
was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
• book Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• escaped slave, spoke eloquently to groups
about abolition before the Civil War
• Frederick Douglas
• said that she was a conductress on the
“Underground Railroad”. 10-8
•
Harriet Tubman
• was a system of safe houses that escaped
slaves could use while traveling north
The “Underground Railroad
• was instrumental in reforming asylums in the
19th. Century
Dorothea Dix
• Groups of people who tried to form perfect
societies were said to live
Utopian Communities
• 19th. Century education was reformed by the
efforts
Horace Mann
• The temperance societies sought to limit or
prohibit the use of
• alcoholic beverages
• The British attacked Ft. McHenry and were
repelled, causing Francis Scott Key to write the
words
•
To the
Star Spangled Banner
• In 1798 the cotton gin was invented by
) Eli Whitney
• Robert Fulton•
The steamboat
• Elias Howe- the sewing machine
• The Supreme Court case which affirmed the
right of the federal government to control
interstate
•
commerce was
Gibbons vs. Ogden
• was the most influential justice of the 19th.
Century Supreme Court
John Marshall
• The Tariff of 1828 was called the
• Tariff of Abominations” by Southerners
• The fight over the Tariff of 1828 caused the
• idea of nullification to resurface, the same idea as
outlined in
•
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. These
were commentaries written by Jefferson and
Madison over
•
passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts during
John Adams administration. They felt that states
had the right to
•
nullify a federal law to which the majority of
the citizens of that state objected.
• President Andrew Jackson had to send troops
to South Carolina to collect the tariff. It was
soon replaced by
•
a less oppressive compromise tariff
engineered by
• Henry Clay( a.k.a. The Great Compromiser
• wrote in the transcendentalism theme, one
emphasizing a simple life and truth in
•
nature.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
• wrote Walden in 1854, advocating that people
listen to their inner voice as
•
to right and wrong
Henry David Thoreau
• )The Scarlet Letter was a novel about the
Puritans in New England written by
Nathaniel Hawthorne
• A noted mystery writer of the 19th. Century
was
• ) Edgar Allen Poe.
• Leather Stocking Tales about life on the 17th.
and 18th. Century frontier was written by
• James Fenimore
•
Cooper.
• The Compromise of 1850 admitted
• California as a free state, set up New Mexico
and Utah as territories
•
with no slave restrictions, banned the
slave trade in Washington D.C., and enacted a
stricter Fugitive
•
Slave Law. It also payed Texas for land
used to create New Mexico
• not only called for runaway slaves to be
returned to their masters, but also
•
created fines for assisting runaways, and
rewards for helping to apprehend runaways
The New Fugitive Slave Law
• was an example of “Popular Sovereignty”. This
was the brainchild of Stephen
•
Douglas, and allowed territories to vote to
become a slave or free territory
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• In 1854 members of the Northern Whigs, Free
Soilers, and the Know-Nothing Party met in
Ripon, Ws.
•
and created
• Republican Party
• was a Supreme Court case in 1857 that
affirmed the right of slave owners
•
to hold slaves as property.
• Dred Scott Decision
• The militant abolitionist attacking the federal
arsenal at Harpers
•
Ferry, Va.
• John Brown
• In the Election of 1860 the candidates were
• Abraham Lincoln-Republican, John C.
Breckinridge-Southern
•
Democrat, Stephen Douglas-Northern
Democrat, and John Bell- Constitutional Union
Party
• won the Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln
• became the first state to secede from the
union
South Carolina
• were slave states that never formally seceded
from the union
• Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware
• that did not secede came to known as border
states
• Slave states.
• The first capitol of the Confederate States of
America was
• Montgomery, Al. The capitol was moved to
•
Richmond, Va. after Virginia seceded
• The first president of the C.S.A. was
• Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi
• ( the first African-American to serve as a U.S.
Senator.)
• Hiram Revels
• The North’s main goal for the Civil War
• was to preserve the union and conquer the
South
• The South’s main goal for the Civil War
• was to gain independence and freedom
• The first shots of the Civil War were fired at
• Ft. Sumter in South Carolina
• The first major battle of the Civil War was
• 1st. Manassas(a.k.a. *1st. Bull Run) in Virginia
• After *Ft. Sumter
• Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and
Tennessee seceded. These states are known as
•
“The Upper South”. The states that seceded
before Sumter, South Carolina, Alabama,
Mississippi, Georgia,
•
Louisiana, Florida, and Texas are known as
“The Deep South
• After the secession of the Upper South
• Richmond, Va. became the capitol
• The North developed a plan for victory called
• The Anaconda Plan”. It was called this because
it was
•
designed to squeeze the life out of the
South economically, as an anaconda subdues
its victim
• The Anaconda Plan was a three pronged plan
that would capture
• Richmond, Va., blockade the southern
•
coast (controlling the major seaports), and
Controlling the Mississippi and Tennessee
River Valleys
• failed to capture the Southern capitol in the
Peninsula Campaign of 1862.
•
The Peninsula Campaign consisted of the
battles of Mechanicsville, Seven Pines(a.k.a.
Fair Oaks),
•
Williamsburg, The Seven Days Battle of
Richmond, and Malvern Hill.
• Gen. George McClellen
• After Gen Joe Johnston was wounded at Seven
Pines in 1862, he was replaced as Commander
of the
•
Army of Northern Virginia by
• Gen. Robert E. Lee
• He was given the name
•
by Gen. Bernard Bee for the courageous
stand at Henry House Hill, turning the tide of
battle and facilitating
• the Confederate victory
• 1st. Manassas Gen. Thomas J. Jackson was
given the nickname “Stonewall
• Stonewall Jackson kept the Union Army
divided as they felt like they had
•
To keep 150,000 troops around
Washington D.C. for protection. Jackson only
had 22,000 troops
• The Shenandoah Campaign
• Gen. Robert E. Lee’s greatest victory came at
• *Chancellorsville, in Virginia
• The South’s most devastating victory came at
• Fredericksburg, in Virginia
• was the first battle of two ironclad warships
• Hampton Roads, in Virginia,. The South had
the
•
C.S.S. Virginia and the North had the
Monitor.( The North seemed to like reptiles)
• was a submarine utilized by the Confederate
Navy. First sub to sink an enemy ship
• C.S.S. Hunley
• caused violent riots in Northern cities.(Ever
seen Gangs of New
•
York). They mistakenly blamed the freed
African-Americans for the losses in the war of
their sons and
•
savagely attacked areas where they lived,
lynching and burning for almost a week.
• In early 1863 the instituting of the draft
• Lincoln saw the opportunity to introduce
slavery as an issue in the war. 10-10
•
• The Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery
behind Confederate lines only. Sort of like the
president
•
setting the speed limit for Canada.
• Antietam in 1862
• gave 160 acres of land in the territories to
potential settlers
• The Homestead Act.
• established land grant colleges. (Auburn,
Alabama A&M, etc
• Morrill-Land Grant Act
• The C.S.A. invasión of the North ended with
• Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania
• is noted as the turning point of the Civil War
• Gettysburg.
• gave the Union Army control over the
Mississippi River
• The fall of Vicksburg, Ms
• was suspended to assist in jailing suspected
spies
• Writ of Habeas Corpus
• was named commander of the U.S. Armies
after *Gettysburg
• Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
• Chickamauga on Lookout Mt. in N.W. Georgia
• In 1864 the C.S.A. won a great victory at
• “Made Georgia Howl” with his infamous
burning of Atlanta and his
•
“March to the Sea”.
Gen. William T. Sherman
• consecrated the cemetery at Gettysburg with
his Gettysburg Address
• President Abraham Lincoln
• Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. U.S.
Grant at
Appomattox Court House, Va
• The South was forced to surrender because
they ran out of all supplies. Lee’s men had not
eaten in
5 days at the time
• )In all the South lost 260,000 soldiers in the
war. The North lost 385,000 soldiers. The
civilian losses
•
balance things out though. The South lost
• 625,000 civilians, the North lost 0.
•
• )President Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction of
the South was called the
Ten Percent Plan
• Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theater by
• by John Wilkes Booth
• passed in 1864 would place the congress in
charge of reconstruction. Lincoln
•
Killed it with a “pocket veto
The Wade-Davis Bill
• The Congressional Plan for reconstruction
called for
• five military districts in the South, a major
general
•
In charge of each district, and mandatory
acceptance of the 14th. Amendment
• The first president to be impeached was
Andrew Johnson
• ended slavery in the U.S
• The 13th. Amendment
• granted equal protection under the law for all
citizens. Called “The Equal Rights Act”.
The 14th. Amendment
• was the Voting Rights Act, and granted the
right to vote to all male citizens.
• The 15th. Amendment
• Those Northerners who used the situation in
the South to their monetary advantage were
known as
• Carpetbaggers”.
• Those Southerners who took advantage of
their neighbors for monetary gain were known
as
• “Scalawags”.
•
Dr. Charles Summersell at U. of Alabama
called them the “ lowest rung of the food
chain
• Perhaps the most well known resistance group
to reconstruction was the
Ku Klux Klan
• replaced slavery as the main labor force in the
South
• Sharecropping and tenant farming
• saw Ulysses S. Grant win the Presidency
• The Election of 1868. 10-11
•
• The return to power of the Democratic Party in
the South was known as
• redemption
• The federal program for the education of
African-Americans and poor whites was
Freedman’s Bureau
• When federal troops left the South in 1877,
the South resumed
• ) home rule
• were all battles of the 1860-70’s
•
Between the Plains Indians and the U.S.
Army.
• The Fetterman Massacre, the Sand Creek
Massacre, and the *Little Bighorn
• The U.S. Army found the most effective way to
eradicate the Plains Indians was the
• annihilation of
•
the buffalo. Less dangerous to fight the
buffalo, they didn’t shoot back
• ended tribal ownership of land in the western
territories
• The Dawes Act of 1877
• )The Sioux were finally beaten for good a
• Wounded Knee, S.D. in 1890
• were famous cattle
•
trails of the 1870-90’s .
• The Chisholm Trail, The Goodnight-Loving
Trail, and The Sedalia-Baxter Springs Trail
• The first transcontinental railroad started in
• Omaha, Ne. and went west to Sacremento,
Ca.. On May 10,
•
1869, the Union Pacific and the Central
Pacific construction crews met at Promontory
Point, Utah
• allowed more land to be broken for crops in an
easier manner
• The invention of the steel plow by John Deere
• The influx of homesteaders into the west
brought about the need for
• barbed wire to divide farm land
•
from open range.
• was used on the prairie to bring up water for
irrigation
• The windmill
• came to be known as the peacemaker
• In the old west, the Colt 45 revolver
• 1867 Oliver Kelley founded the Patrons of
Husbandry, which later became
• The Grange.
• )In 1892 the advent of Populism gave rise to
the
• Populist Party
• The Comstock Mine in Virginia
City_____________became one of the richest
ore strikes of all
Nevada.
• The idea of conservation was an idea of the
_____________with respect to reclaiming
land
•
And waterway
• Progressive Movement
• A humorist and author of the late 19th.
Century was Samuel Clemons
• ), a.k.a. Mark Twain
• made it possible to pull petroleum from the
ground
• The invention of the steam drill in 1859
• was developed around 1850 to process steel
• The Bessemer Process
• emerged as the main steel production centers
•
In the U.S
• Pittsburgh, Pa., Birmingham, Al., and
Cleveland, Oh
• The byproduct of petroleum that was
originally discarded was
• gasoline.
• invention of the incandescent light bulb made
electricity a must for American
•
homes as well as industry.
• Thomas Alva Edison’s
• The telephone was unveiled by
_____________in 1876, at the Centennial
Exposition
•
In Philadelphia, Pa
• Alexander Graham Bell
• area was rich in coal, the fuel most used in
industry
• The Appalachian Mountain
• , reestablished the right of the federal gov’t. to
control interstate com. 11-2
• 225)The Standard Oil Co. was owned by John
D. Rockefeller
• The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
• made a fortune in the steel industry (U.S. Steel
), and used some of the proceeds to fund
•
The Peace Palace in The Hague,
Netherlands, and Carnegie Hall.
Andrew Carnegie
• industrialists of the late 19th. Century were
known collectively as
• The robber barons
• Origin of Species gave rise to the economic
term Social Darwinism, meaning survival
•
of the fittest in the business world.
Charles Darwin’s
• supported the idea that the rich must incur
God’s favor by their hard work,
•
While the poor must be lazy and
undeserving
• The Gospel of Wealth
• wrote popular and inspirational stories of the
achievements of individuals
• Horatio Alger
• entered the workforce, only to be mired in low
paying jobs with long hours
• Women.
• could easily work a 14 hour day and receive
roughly half a man’s pay
• A child
• The first large scale organization of laborers
was the
National Labor Union
• suffered with low pay, long hours, and no
benefits
• Women in the labor market of the late 1800’s
• Samuel Gompers, a member of the Cigar
Workers Union
• led in the organization of the American
•
Federation of Labor. ( a.k.a. the A.F. of L.)
• focused on collective bargaining or group
negotiations
• The A.F. of L
• the American Railway Union, became the
leader of the American Communist Party
• Eugene V. Debs
• occurred in Chicago, Il. This happened in the
wake of a striker
•
being killed by the police at the McCormick
Harvester Plant the day before. About 1,200
people took part
• the Haymarket Riot
• happened in the steel industry in Pennsylvania.
July 6, 1892
• The Homestead Strike
• was against the railroad car industry. This
happened in 1894, and was roughly
•
equivalent to the U.A.W. going on strike
industry wide toda
The Pullman Strike
• Perhaps the most prominent organizer in the
women’s labor movement was
• ) Mary Harris “Mother” Jones
• ” refers to immigrants entering the U.S. as a
workforce
The Golden Door
• The port of entry in New York City was Ellis
Island
• On the west coast it was Angel Island
• was the main force in city politics of the late
1800’
• A political machine
• One such group was Tammany Hall in New
York City. This group was headed by
• William Marcy Tweed.
•
a.k.a. “Boss Tweed”.
• sought to return control of the government to
the people, restore
•
economic opportunities, and correct
injustices in American life.
• The Progressive Movement in America
• 11-2
• Gaining new territory was never a goal of the
• Progressive Movement
• worked to gain legislation that would
eliminate child labor and
•
Shorten working hours for women.
Florence Kelley, of Chicago
• led the Women’s Christian Temperance Union
in the eventual
•
prohibition of alcoholic beverages.
Carrie Nation and her famous hatchet
• was a settlement house run by Jane Addams
• Chicago’s famous Hull House
• Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side
of business were known as
• muckrakers
• a novel by Upton Sinclair, was about
corruption in the meat industry
The Jungle
• was printed in McClure’s Magazine and was
•
written by Ida Tarbell
• The expository serial, History of the Standard
Oil Co
• The recognized leader of the Progressive
Movement was
• Robert M. LaFollette of Wisconsin
• is a bill originated by the people rather than
legislators
• An initiative
• is where the people vote on a bill rather than
legislators
A referendum
where a political office holder can be
removed by a vote of the people
• A recall
• saw the founding of the N.A.A.C.P.
• The Niagra Movement
• was founded by W.E.B.Dubois
• The National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People
• The keynote address at the Atlanta Exposition
was given by
• Booker T. Washington
• Tuskegee Institute in South Alabama was
founded by
• ) Booker T. Washington
• developed numerous ways to use the peanut. I
would tell you how many exactly,
•
but 5 sources gave me 5 different numbers.
It ranges from 98 to 153
• George Washington Carver
• that equality in the races could
•
be satisfied by providing separate but
equal facilities.
• Plessy vs. Ferguson
• In Alabama, the last revision of the state
constitution was in
1901.
• to the U.S. Constitution called for the
establishment of income tax
• )The 16th. Amendment
• the U.S. Constitution called for the direct
election of U.S. Senators. Prior to this,
•
U.S. Senators were elected by each state
house of representatives
The 17th. Amendment to
• to the U.S. Constitution prohibited the sale,
manufacture, and transportation of
•
alcoholic beverages
• 18th. Amendment
• to the U.S. Constitution granted suffrage to
women. 11-5
• 269)Although almost all women’s rights
activist advocated the right to vote for
women, Susan B. Anthony
•
is most associated with this reform
movement.
• The 19th. Amendment
• granted exceptions to prohibition in cases of
medicinal and religious uses of alcohol
• The Volstead Act
• by Upton Sinclair, caused the passage of the
Meat Inspection Act in 1906
• The novel The Jungle
• The founder of the Sierra Club was
• John Muir. The Sierra Club is a conservation
group, mostly in
•
the west that seeks to preserve the natural
forests.
• During the Theodore Roosevelt administration
• 44 suits were filed against trust
• )For his work in the area of breaking up
industrial trusts, Roosevelt was given the
nickname
• Trustbuster
• As a result of a split in the Republican Party in
1912
• Woodrow Wilson was elected president.
•
Wilson, a native of Virginia, was the first
Southerner elected president after the Civil
War
• put some teeth in the old Sherman Antitrust
Act which had been vague
•
and ineffective in controlling industrial
trusts.
• The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
• Besides declaring certain business practices
illegal
• the Clayton Act gave exceptions to labor
unions
•
and farm organizations.
• was a “watchdog agency” to further regulate
the practices of big business.
•
It established the Federal Trade
Commission, known today as the F.T.C
• )The Federal Trade Act of 1914
• By 1923 nearly 70% of the nations banking
was part of the
• Federal Reserve System
• Theodore Roosevelt ran as a Progressive which
served to split the Republican Party
• In the Election of 1912
• In 1919, Congress passed the
• 19th. Amendment, giving women the right to
vote
• is the practice of strong nations extending
their economic, political, and military control
•
over weaker nations.
• )Imperialism
• is given credit for the development of the
modern U.S. Navy
• Admiral Alfred T. Mahan
• imperialism in Africa, India, and China posed
the threat of destroying the
•
world’s balance of power
European and Asian
• An example of U.S. territorial expansion would
be the takeover of the
• Hawaiian Islands
• stirred many Americans to be concerned about
Spanish atrocities in Cuba
• The writing of Jose Marti
• a communication between the Spanish Foreign
Minister and Madrid, critical
•
of President McKinley, that was intercepted
and printed in the U.S
The DeLome Letter was
• Misleading or outright untrue stories of the
Cuban situation came to known as
• yellow journalism
• was a struggle between the Hearst and
Pulitzer news chains to get the most
sensational
•
stories and sell the most newspapers.
Things haven’t changed much, have they?
• The yellow press
• were a group of volunteers who went to Cuba
to fight for Cuban independence
• The Rough Riders
• and consisted of cowboys, Indians, and
•
New York City aristocrats.
This group was organized and led by
Theodore Roosevelt
• were made up of African-American troops
known as “Buffalo Soldiers
• The U.S. 9th. and 10th. Cavalries
• The Commanding Officer of all volunteer
forces in Cuba was
• Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler. Wheeler was
•
the only man to be a Major General in
both the Confederate and U.S. Armies
• The decisive battle of The Spanish-American
War was
• San Juan Hill
• defeated the Spanish Pacific Fleet at *Manilla
Bay
• Commander George Dewey
• A major reason for the U.S. involvement in
Cuba was the mysterious sinking of the
• ) U.S.S. Maine
• )The Spanish-American War was ended by
• 297 The Treaty of Paris 1898. It called for Cuba
to be independent,
•
Spain to give Puerto Rico and Guam to the
U.S., and for the U.S. to pay Spain $20 million
for the Philippines
• denied citizenship to Puerto Ricans and gave
the U.S. President the right to appoint
•
Puerto Rico’s governor and upper house
legislature
• The Foraker Act
• was Secretary of State under both President
McKinley and President T. Roosevelt
• John Hay
• added several clarifications to the Cuban
Constitution, mainly clarifying the
•
U.S.’s relationship to Cuba. Among other
things it gave us the right to establish and
maintain a naval
•
base on Cuba. It’s called Guantanamo Bay
( or Getmo if you’re a marine) and it is still
there.
• The Platt Amendment
• A country whose affairs are controlled by a
stronger power is a
• protectorate.
• In 1899 rebels in The Philippines
• began to fight the U.S. for their independence
• In 1899, as a result of European countries
developing “Spheres of Influence” in China, the
U.S.
•
developed its
• “Open Door Policy” toward China
• )As a result of the imperialistic movement of
strong nations toward China, a religious group
known as
• but were put down by a joint effort of the U.S.,
Japan, Great Britain, France, and
•
Germany
• The Boxers rebelled
• was the president whose slogan was, “Speak
softly and carry a big stick
• Theodore Roosevelt
• In 1901 the U.S. gained the right to construct a
canal in Central America without the help of
the British
•
through the
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
• After a brief rebellion, ending in Panamanian
independence of Colombia
• The fact that we had 4 new Battle
•
Cruisers off the coast of Panama gave the
Colombians a real liberal view toward the
revolution
• the U.S. gained complete
•
control over the Canal Zone through the
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
• aside from costing $400 million to build, took
a huge toll in lives because of
•
Yellow Fever caused by mosquitoes
The Panama Canal
• was, in effect, an addition to the Monroe
Doctrine. This was part of Roosevelt’s
•
“Big Stick Diplomacy”. It told European
nations if they tried to cause problems in Latin
America, that
•
we would act as policemen for the
hemisphere
• The Roosevelt Corollary
• The cause and eventual control of Yellow Fever
and Malaria was discovered by
• . William C. Gorgas
•
of Tuscaloosa, Al. Credit for this was
originally given to Dr. Walter Reed, Gorgas’
superior officer
• warned European Nations to not interfere in
Latin American affairs, or the
•
U.S. would take military action.
• The Roosevelt Corollary
• In 1916 ___________took 15,000 U.S. soldiers
to Mexico in pursuit of the
revolutionary/bandit
•
Poncho Villa, after his raid on Columbus,
N.M.
• Gen. John J. Pershing
• can all be seen as long term causes of WWI
• Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, and the
Alliance System
• )The event that sparked the outbreak of WWI
was the
• assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (the
Crown
•
Prince of Austria-Hungary).
• Factors that led to the U.S. entering WWI
• The Zimmerman Note (a communication sent from the
•
German foreign minister to Mexico, stating that if
the U.S. entered the war that Mexico should attack and
•
they would receive the land back that they lost in
the Mexican War), the sinking of the Lusitania( a British
•
ocean liner that was sunk by a German U-boat, and
had over 100 U.S. citizens aboard), and the sinking of
•
the Sussex( a similar situation to the Lusitania).
• Three main groups of U.S. citizens objected to
the U.S. entering the war
• Irish-Americans didn’t care for the
•
idea of helping the British with anything;
German-Americans feared that they might end
up fighting against
•
relatives; and American Communists who
thought the war was simply a capitalistic plot
by the wealthy
•
Bourgeoisie to further enslave an
overburdened Proletariat
• Before WWI broke out, the Triple Alliance
consisted of
• Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary
• The Triple Entente consisted of
• Great Britain, France, and Russia
• After the war began, the Central Powers
consisted of
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the
•
Ottoman Empire.
• The original Allied Powers consisted of
• ) Great Britain, France, and Russia. Russia
dropped out with the
•
Bolshevik Revolution and numerous
countries (including the U.S. ) joined in
• Probably the most fought over piece of land in
the world is a small area on the FrenchGerman border
•
(between the Rhine and Moselle Rivers)
called
• Alsace-Lorraine
• )The original German plan of attack was
known as the
• Schlieffen Plan
• lasted for eleven months and saw just under
one million men killed
• The Battle of Verdun
• saw almost 3,000,000 Americans drafted for
service in WWI
• The Selective Service Act of 1917
• The U.S. forces sent to Europe for the war
were known as the
• American Expeditionary Force or A.E.F.
• The U.S. forces were commanded by
• Gen. John J. “Black Jack” Pershing
• )The U.S. which did not participate in a battle
in the war won victories at: *2nd.Ypres;
*Cantigny;
•
*St. Mihiel; *Belleau Wood; *Chateau
Thierry; and *Meuse-Argonne
• It was at *Meuse-Argonne
•
that Sgt. Alvin York won the Medal of
Honor
• , the Germans asked for an armistice or cease
fire to negotiate their formal surrender
• )On Nov. 11, 1918.
• the Americans used the convoy system to ferry
troops and machinery to Europe. 11-4
•
• To avoid German U-boats
were all new weapons of WWI
Tanks, machine guns, and poison gas
• used bond sales to help finance our
involvement in WWI
• The U.S..
• As a result of the growing fear of spies and
sabotage
• the Espionage and Sedition Act of 1918 was
passed
• President Wilson had developed a list of
ingredients for peace called his
• Fourteen Points
• The formal treaty ending the war was the
• Treaty of Versailles 1919
• Germany to take the entire blame for the war
and to pay $33 billion in reparations
• Treaty of Versailles 1919
• Wilson’s final point called for the
• ) League of Nations to be created to avoid
future global conflicts
• The overall spirit of Wilson’s plan involved the
principle of
• self-determination in setting national
boundaries
• and all of its mistakes can easily be seen as a
cause for WWII
• The Treaty of Versailles
• )The United States Congress voted not to ratify
the
• Treaty of Versailles 1919. Instead the U.S.
entered
•
into a separate treaty with Germany in
1921.
• As a result of the Treaty of Versailles 1919
• Germany lost Alsace-Lorraine and the Saar
Valley
• In Sinclair Lewis’ novels Babbitt and Main
Street
), he takes satirical aim at middle class
America
• In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novels This Side of
Paradise and The Great Gatsby
• he portrays wealthy
•
people living hopelessly empty lives
• the glorification of war in The Sun Also Rises
and A Farwell to Arms
• Ernest Hemingway criticized
• was a growth of arts and literature in the
African-American community
• The Harlem Renaissance
• Duke Ellington, W.C. Handy, and Count Basie
were all leaders in
• Jazz Age music. Handy was from
•
Florence, Al. and is known as “The father
of the blues
• were all famous Black authors of the 1920’s
• Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, and Zora
Neal Hurston
• A young trumpet player of the 1920’s who
rocketed to stardom was
Louis Armstrong
became a famous Black actor of the
1920’s
Paul Robeson
• sought to combat the “Red Scare” of the
•
1920’s.
• A. Mitchell Palmer was the Attorney General
of the U.S.
• In August of 1919 was appointed as head of
the Federal Bureau of Investigation
J. Edgar Hoover
• )One of the most famous cases of the “Red
Scare” era was the
Sacco and Vanzetti case in
Massachusetts
• were known to be anarchists, favoring no
government at all
Sacco & Vanzetti
The fear of foreigners is known as
xenophobia.
• was revived in the 1920’s and dominated
politics in Arkansas,
•
California, Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, and many
other states
the Ku Klux Klan
• The activities of the above group expanded to
include Communists, Jewish-Americans,
Catholic-Americans,
•
as well as African-Americans.
the Ku Klux Klan
• )In 1919 the UMW (United Mine Workers )
elected ___________and almost immediately
•
went out on strike protesting low wages
and long work days
John L. Lewis union president
• In the 1920’s labor unions lost appeal to the
public because of the fear that unions fostered
communism.
slogan was “A return to normalcy
• Warren G. Harding’s
In an attempt to avert future wars, the
U.S. urged all nations to sign the
Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1929
• in 1922, was the highest ever to protect
American businesses
The Fordney-McCumber Tariff
• set up the maximum number of people from
foreign lands allowed
•
to enter the U.S. in a given year.
The Emergency Quota Act of 1921
• A prominent member of the “Ohio Gang” in
Harding’s cabinet was Interior Secretary
Albert B. Fall
was an embarrassment to the Harding
Administration
The Teapot Dome Scandal
• Interior Secretary Fall sold the rights to naval
oil reserves
• In the Teapot Dome Scandal
• allowed operators of veterans hospitals to
overcharge the government $250 million
Charles R. Forbes
After President Harding’s death
Calvin Coolidge, the vice president,
assumed office
• As a result of the 18th. Amendment
• gangsters such as Al Capone made fortunes in
liquor sales.
• established an enforcement bureau for
controlling alcohol, and granted exceptions
• The Volstead Act of 1919
• was a Protestant religious movement, in the
1920’s, grounded in a literal or nonsymbolic
•
interpretation of The Bible.
Fundamentalism
• were noted fundamentalist leaders of the
1920’s
Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple
McPherson
• in Dayton, Tn., was fight over evolution and
the role of science and religion in schools
The Scope’s Trial
• was opposed in the Scope’s Trial by the
famous Nebraskan William Jennings Bryan
• Clarence Darrow
• refers to a twenties woman who was
emancipated and embraced new fashion and
•
urban attitudes.
flapper
• the roles of women changed from traditional
to more non-traditional, such as professional,
•
manufacturing, and financial roles.
In the 1920’s
• he helped build the New York Yankees
•
into the team of the century.
• Known as the “Sultan of Swat” and “The
Colossus of Clout
Babe Ruth
• were all great football coaches of the 1920’s.
• Wallace Wade of the University of Alabama,
Knute Rockne of Notre Dame, and Pop Warner
of Stanford
• Grantland Rice was the foremost sports writer
of the era.
•
Rice was the man who gave
• Alabama the nickname Crimson Tide.
• Landed the Spirit of St. Louis at Le Bourget
airfield in Paris,
•
completing the first transatlantic solo
flight.
Charles Lindbergh
• the first female to fly across the Atlantic
• Amelia Earhart
• The famous silent movie star _______played
the character “The Little Tramp
Charlie Chaplin
• The first movie released with sound was
• The Jazz Singer” starring Al Jolson
• In the late 1920’s industries such as textiles,
steel, and railroads ceased to make profit,
which led to
• The Great Depression
• overproduction of goods, living on credit, and
uneven
•
distribution of wealth.
• Factors which led to the Great Depression
were
•
buying something hoping the price will go
up and you can sell it at a profit
Speculation
• is making
•
investments with borrowed money
Buying on margin
• is known as Black Tuesday, or the day the
stock market plummeted
October 29, 1929
• is the most widely used barometer of the stock
market’s health
The Dow-Jones Industrial Average
• is the world’s largest trade center for buying
and selling stocks
The New York Stock Exchange
• made abad situation worse by placing the
highest protective tariff ever on
•
foreign products, thereby ending U.S.
products being exported.
The Hawley-Smoot Tariff
• The drought that hit the Great Plains in the
early 1930’s was called
The Dust Bowl
• American society caused many people to work
jobs below their former
•
Level of income, lose their homes, and even
become hobos.
• The result of the Great Depression on
• In 1928 was elected President of the United
States.
Herbert Hoover
• , along with most of his cabinet, advocated a
do nothing approach to the economic
problems facing
•
the U.S. 11-6
Herbert Hoover
• Hoover also believed that people should
succeed through their own efforts
This is known as
rugged individualism
)In the 1930’s shantytowns in the U.S.
were called
Hoovervilles
• One project in 1930 that was intended to
promote growth and recovery was the
building of
Boulder Dam
• were all pieces of legislation intended to
revitalize the economy
Glass-Steagall Banking Act, The
Federal Home Loan Act, and The
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
• consisting of between 10,000 and 20,000
veterans of WWI marched on
•
Washington, D.C. in support of receiving
the $500.00 per soldier that was supposed to
be paid in 1945
•
immediately.
In 1932 the Bonus Army
• saw Franklin D. Roosevelt elected to the U.S.
Presidency
The Election of 1932
• Roosevelt’s program for the recovery of the
U.S. economy was
The New Deal
• goals of “The New Deal
• Relief for the needy, economic recovery, and
financial reform
• established the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation. It is
•
more commonly known as F.D.I.C. today.
• The Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933
• The New Deal dealt with the stock market
problems by creating
• The Securities and Exchange Commission
• sought to raise crop prices by lowering
production, which the
government achieved by paying farmers to
leave a certain amount of land unplanted.
The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA
• ) put young men , aged 18 to 25, to work
building roads and other
•
conservation related projects
The Civilian Conservation Corp ( CCC
• was funded with $500 million in direct relief
for the needy,
•
half given directly and half on a basis of
one federal dollar for every state dollar
contributed.
The Federal Emergency Relief
Administration
• provided money to create jobs , while building
schools and other
•
public buildings
The Public Works Administration
• built 40,000 schools and paid the salaries of
50,000 teachers in rural areas
)The Civil Works Administration
• create the National Recovery Administration
which
•
set prices on many products to insure fair
competition.
The National Industrial Recovery Act in
1933 helped
• reworked 5 existing and created 20 new dams
on the Tennessee River,
•
creating jobs for the depressed area and
providing needed electricity to the area
The Tennessee Valley Authority
• created the Federal Housing Administration
(FHA), which provided loans
•
for home mortgages.
The National Housing Act
were critics of Roosevelt and the New
Deal
• Father Charles Coughlin of Detroit, Mi., Dr.
Francis Townsend of California, and Gov. Huey
Long of
•
Louisiana
• the most vocal and powerful of Roosevelt’s
critics, was assassinated on the steps of the
•
Louisiana Capitol in 1935.
Huey Long
• President Roosevelt’s wife who was very
involved in the New Deal. She remains
•
involved with politics today as Hillary
Clinton claims to talk to her through a medium
Eleanor Roosevelt
• The John Steinbeck novel was about a Kansas
family who moved to California
•
as migrant workers
The Grapes of Wrath
• Between 1935 and 1943 the
_______________employed more than 8
million people, built
•
850 airports, constructed or repaired
651,000 miles of road, and erected 110,000
libraries, schools, and
•
hospitals
• Works Progress Administration
• were all pieces
•
of legislation that dealt with labor
practices
• The National Labor Relations Act, The Wagner
Act, and The Fair Labor Standards Act
• were old-age pensions, unemployment
compensation,
•
and aid to families with dependent
children. Medicare was not added until 1965
• The original functions of the Social Security
Act
• Electricity was provided to isolated areas by
the
• Rural Electrification Administration or the REA
• The first female cabinet member was
• Francis Perkins, Secretary of Labor for
Roosevelt
• an educator who devoted herself to promoting
opportunities for African•
Americans. She played a big role in the
New Deal.
• Mary McLeod Bethune
• stands for American Federation of Labor
• The A.F. of L..
• stands for United Mine Workers
The U.M.W
• Congress of Industrial Organizations
C.I.O.
• directed by Orson Welles. It is supposed to be
about William Randolph Hearst
• The movie Citizen Kane
• The civil war film offered an escape from the
realities of the depression
Gone With the Wind
• 1937 newsreels and radio broadcasts were full
of the disaster story of the German zeppelin
• the Hindenburg
• part of the WPA paid artists a living wage to
produce public art, such as murals
•
for courthouses and posters. Also they ran
art schools and promoted positive images of
America.
• The Federal Art Project
• One of the most famous works of the above
program was American Gothic
• by Grant Wood
• WPA program, the FWP, hired unemployed
writers to produce guides and histories of
America,
•
some with an ethnic or immigrant focu
• Federal Writers Project
• crossed the U.S. documenting everyday life
through photography
• Dorothea Lange
• One of the main causes of WWII was the
failure
• The Treaty of Versailles 1919 to produce a
“just and
•
lasting peace, as President Wilson had
intended
• rose to power in Italy and took the name “El
Duce” or the chief.
• Benito Mussolini
• In 1924, after the death of V.I. Lenin
• Joseph Stalin came to power in the Soviet
Union (Russia
• promising to raise the German people
•
up from the depression and back to their
former position of greatness
• Adolph Hitler became Chancellor of Germany
• at the entook complete control of Spaind of
the Spanish Civil War_______
Francisco Franco.
• In 1941, an energetic leader, perfectly suited
to Japan’s expansionist aims became Prime
Minister of
•
Japan.
Hideki Tojo
• were all fascist leaders in Europe
Adolph Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and
Francisco Franco
• laid out his basic beliefs in Nazism in his book
Mein Kampf ( My struggle
Hitler
• split up by the Treaty of Versailles 1919
•
included Czechoslovakia, Austria, and
Poland. He later invaded the Ukraine to get
fuel.
• Hitler’s dream to reunite the Germanic people
• German means leader
fuhrer.
• “untermenschen” or inferior people, unfit to
do more than serve his master Aryan race
Hitler
• Jews, Slavs, and Roms (Gypsies) would be
considered to be in this group
• Hitler believed that in order for Germany to
thrive it needed more living space. This space
was known as the
•
“lebensraum” or living space in German.
His program to acquire this was the
“Anchluss
• The democratic republic that Hitler replaced
was known as the
) Weimar Republic
• Referring to the third great regime in German
history
• Hitler named his regime the Third Reich..
• Hitler predictedHe fell a little short, but since
reunification
•
of Germany the National Socialist Workers
Party has been the fastest growing political
party in Germany that his regime would last
one thousand years
• Communism and Fascism differ mainly in
• how property is owned. In Communism all
property is owned
•
by the party, while in Fascism property is
owned by party members
• Japanes seeking the same type living space as
the Germans attacked Manchuria
In 1931
• In 1935 Hitler began to rebuild Germanys
economy by producing weapons well in excess
of the amounts
•
written into
• Treaty of Versailles 1919
• In 1935 Italy began to build the new “Roman
Empire” by attacking
Ethiopia.
• The U.S. tried to maintain a posture of
neutrality
• prohibiting the sales of arms to any nation
•
involved in an armed conflict.
• U.S. Congress passed the Arms Limitation Acts
in 1935
• The first break with neutrality for the U.S.
came with
• shipments of arms to China in 1937
• union with the takeover of Austria in February
of 1938
Anschluss”
• Hitler moved troops into Austria in March of
1938 to make sure ___________
• Kurt von Schuschnigg, the Austrian
•
Chancellor kept his word regarding Nazis in
Austria’s Government
• )In the spring of 1938, Hitler decided to take
the ___________German speaking section of
Czechoslovakia
Sudetenland,
• This would be Hitler’s last demand, and giving
in to the
•
taking of the Sudetenland would insure
“peace for our time”, said Chamberlain. Hitler
then took the rest of
•
Czechoslovakia.
• the Munich Pact was signed by Neville
Chamberlain of Great Britain and
•
Edouard Daladier of France along with
Hitler.
• Hitler in his conquest of the Sudetenland made
good use of ______________
propaganda (false or misleading
information
• Hitler sent troops into the rest of
Czechoslovakia
•
And by nightfall it ceased to exist. 11-7
• Contrary to the Munich Pact, on March 15,
1939
• Why did Hitler signed a nonaggression pact
with Russia on August 23,1939
• Not wanting to fight a two-front war and to
attack Poland
means lightning war
blitzkrieg
• A system of fortifications along France’s
eastern border was the
Maginot Line
The Baltic States (Latvia, Estonia, and
Lithuania) fell under the control of
Russia after
• Germany’s
•
invasion of Poland
• About 340,000 Allied troops were evacuated
from
• Dunkirk in June of 1940
• After the quick surrender of France (2 weeks
• Hitler’s forces controlled northern France,
while a Nazi
•
puppet government was set up at Vichy in
the south of France
• was a French general who set up a French
government in exile in North Africa
Charles de Gaulle
• the German Air Force
• Luftwaffe
• Before they could
•
effectively carry this out they had to
control the skies over England.. This was the
Battle of Britain
• the summer of 1940, Germany planned to
invade Great Britain (Operation Sea Lion).
This groups valiant efforts saved
Britain from invasion
• R.A.F. stands for Royal Air Force
• )In May of 1940 ________became Prime
Minister of Great Britain
Winston Churchill
• stripped Jews of their civil rights and property
if they tried to emigrate
• the Nuremberg Laws
Kristallnacht” on November 9, 1938
or the night of broken glass
• saw Jewish homes and businesses
•
destroyed by gangs of Nazi Stormtroopers
• (Sturbenfuhrers
• )The German word “untermenschen” literally
translates to
• subhuman. This prevailing idea led Germans
•
to believe that they were invincible
• were also considered by the Nazi ruling group
to be undesirables
The handicapped and Freemasons
• term given to the method the Nazis used to
exterminate the Jews and others
The final solution
• Although there were many, some of the most
well known German concentration camps
were at
• Auschwitz(Poland), Bergen
Belson(Czechoslovakia), and Ebensee(France
• entered into the Tripartite Pact, they became
known as the Axis Powers
• Germany, Japan, and Italy
• In 1940 the U.S. Congress passed the Selective
Service and Training Act in
• ) preparation for war
• The U.S.
•
broke from its neutral stand and shipped
arms and supplies to the Allies in Europe.
• U.S. helped Great Britain and the Soviet Union
in 1941 through the Lend-Lease Act
• used U-boats or submarines to sink shipments
of weapons from the U.S.
The Germans
• Japan attacked the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii
On Dec. 7, 1941
• The Japanese conquered the entire Pacific Rim
with the exception of Australia. The U.S.
Southern Task
•
Force, under Adm. Halsey stopped their
insurgence at
Coral Sea, just north of Australia
• and remains a memorial to the service men
who lost
•
their lives at Pearl Harbor.
U.S.S. Arizona was sunk at Pearl
Harbor
• made a critical mistake by attacking before
the aircraft carriers arrived. Some other
•
ships were out on routine surveillance at
the time, but they hit the Pacific Fleet a heavy
blow
Japanese
• In addition to the 5 million men who
volunteered for service in WWII
• the U.S. drafted another 10 million
• was created to help with administrative work
and nursing
• On May 15, 1942 the W.A.A.C..
• The U.S. Army Chief of Staff was
George Marshall
• In 1942, 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry
were moved from the west coast to
• internment camps
• The first U.S. offensive in WWII was Operation
Torch in
North Africa
• combined forces of the U.S. under Gen.
Eisenhower, and British forces under
•
Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery
defeated the vaunted German Afrika Korp
under the command of
•
Field Marshall Erwin Rommel (a.k.a. The
Desert Fox).
Operation Torch
• were major battles fought in North Africa
Tobruk, *Kasserine Pass, and *El
Alamein
• In 1941 Germany went back on its
nonaggression pact by attacking the Soviet
Union. This was
• Operation Barbarossa( named for the famous
German leader Frederick Barbarossa).
• The German insurgence into the Soviet Union
stalled at Moscow, and redirected south to
acquire oil
•
from the fields in the Caucasus Mountains.
The Russians have always used the
• scorched earth” tactic
•
to defeat invaders. They destroy anything
an enemy could use and retreat back into deep
Russia until
•
the invader’s supply lines are stretched to
the limit. Then they counterattack
• The Germans once again stalled because of
cold weather and starvation at
• Stalingrad
• Of the 330,000 troops Hitler sent to the
Ukraine, only
91,000 survived.
• After the Allies successes in North Africa and
Sicily, they next attacked Italy with the main
focus at
• Anzio
•
in early 1944
• was captured and shot. His body hung in the
square of Milan for a month
On Apr. 28, 1945 Benito Mussolini
• Next the Allies planned the liberation of
France and the eventual conquest of Germany
in Operation
•
Overlord..
This is commonly known as D-Day
• The Allied invasion at Normandy
included a force of nearly 3 million
troopincluded a force of nearly 3 million troopss
D-Day
• included a force of nearly 3 million troops
• was the Supreme Allied Commander of Allied
forces in Europe included a force of nearly 3
million troops
• The head of U.S. forces in Europe was
General Omar Bradley
• The main focus of the attack came from
• ) General George S. Patton and his Third U.S.
Army
• After landing on June 6, 1944 at Normandy
• it took the Allies 2 ½ months to liberate Paris
• On Dec. 16,1944, the final German push came
in what is known as
The Bulge
• was the Supreme Allied Commander of Allied
forces in Europeincluded a force of nearly 3
million troops
• On May 8, 1945, Gen. Eisenhower accepted
the unconditional surrender of Germany. This
is known
•
as
• V-E Day
• After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese continued to
invade south into the Indochina and Burma
areas.
•
They also had designs on Australia, but
were stopped at
• Coral Sea, May 7, 1942
• In June of 1942, the Japanese sent an invasion
force of 110 ships to attack Hawaii, but they
were
•
intercepted and soundly beaten at *
• Midway
• first naval battle to be fought exclusively with
aircraft was the *
• Coral Sea.
• joint efforts of the Army and Navy in the
Pacific produced victories through their
• Island Hopping
•
( also called leapfrogging ) tactic of
bypassing some Japanese strongholds and
attacking others
• was the Supreme Allied Commander of Allied
forces in Europeincluded a force of nearly 3
million troops
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
• The U.S. used two task forces to attack the
Japanese, one under
• ) Admiral Chester Nimitz, and the
•
other under Admiral William “Bull” Halsey
• U.S. Army forces made up a third unit and
were under the command of
Gen. Douglas McArthur
• Halsey and McArthur came up through New
Guinea and the Dutch East Indies with a focus
on
•
liberating
The Philippines
• Nimitz’s group worked straight across the
Pacific with the idea of joining Halsey at
Leyte Gulf
Nimitz’s group won victories at
Midway, *Saipan, *IwoJima, *Guam,
and *The Gilbert Islands
• Halsey’s force won victories at
• Guadalcanal, *The Solomon Islands, *The
Coral Sea, and *Rabaul
• )As the fighting grew nearer the Japanese
home islands, they began to use desperate
measures such as
Kamikaze planes
• 7,600 Americans lost their lives, but the
Japanese lost 110,000
7,600 Americans lost their lives, but
the Japanese lost 110,000
Okinawa
• The development of the atomic bomb was
code named the
Manhattan Project
• The bomb was developed by a team of
scientists headed by
Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer
The first test of the weapon occurred
at
Alamogordo, New Mexico
• Rather than risk 1,000,000 U.S. lives invading
Japan, President
• Harry S. Truman decided to use the bomb
• Aug. 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped the first atomic
bomb on
Hiroshima, Japan
Aug. 9, 1945, the U.S. dropped the
second bomb on
Nagasaki, Japan
• On Sept. 2, 1945, the surrender of Japan was
signed aboard the
• USS Missouri, in Tokyo Bay
• )In July of 1945, Truman, Churchill, and Stalin
met to decide on the punishment of Germany
at
• Potsdam,
•
Germany. This where they decided to split
Germany into four sectors, and each major ally
would
•
control one sector. Eventually German split
into West Germany(democratic) and East
Germany(communist