How do you know if something is
living?
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Cells – Animal, Plant, Eukaryote,
Prokaryote
Make a model cell. In groups – animal or
plant cell
Design a mark scheme to assess the model
Animal v Plant cells
Learning Objectives
• Produce a model comparing
animal and plant cells
• Describe the structure and
function of organelles
• Construct a mindmap to show
how the cytoskeleton allows
stability and movement of and
within vells.
Success Criteria
• Compare the structure and
ultra-structure of plant cells
with that of animal cells
• Outline the functions of the
structures found in cells
What is a cell?
Cells are the basic unit of life. They are small membranebound structures containing several smaller structures called
organelles.
There are two main categories of cell, each of which have
important different structural properties:
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eukaryotic cell, including
the cells of animals and
plants
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prokaryotic cell, including
bacterial cells.
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What is a eukaryote?
A eukaryote is any organism
consisting of one or more cells that
contain DNA in a membrane-bound
nucleus, separate from the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotes include:
animals
plants
fungi
a diverse group known as the
protists (or protoctists).
All eukaryotic cells contain a large number of specialized,
membrane-bound organelles.
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Comparison Table
• List the main similarities and differences between
animal and plant cells
• Draw and label a diagram of a cell or further
annotate your cheat sheet to include any further
details from p10-11 not included.
• Make sure you highlight any parts that maintain
stability and enable movement of/within the cell
Animals vs. Plants
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
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Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Both types of ER
Golgi Body
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Both types of ER
Golgi Body
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Animal Cell
Cell
Plant
Plant cells
Plant cells share all the common features of animal cells,
but also contain some additional organelles.
Plants gain all their energy from sunlight; cells in their leaves
contain many chloroplasts to convert this into a useful form.
chloroplast
vacuole
Every plant cell is
surrounded by a cell
wall, and contains
one or more
permanent vacuoles.
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cell wall
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The cell wall
The cell wall of a plant cell gives it support
and structure. It is made of the
polysaccharide cellulose, and can function
as a carbohydrate store by varying the
amount of cellulose it holds.
The cell wall does not seal off a cell
completely from its neighbours.
There are pores
within the walls called
plasmodesmata.
These connect two
cells together by their
cytoplasm, enabling
the exchange and
transport of
substances.
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts use carbon dioxide, water and light energy to
build sugars. They are present in all green plants.
The chloroplast is surrounded by a double membrane. It is
filled with a liquid called the stroma, and contains stacks
of thylakoid membranes called grana.
grana
stroma
thylakoid membrane
The thylakoid membranes are the site of photosynthesis.
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Vacuoles
Permanent vacuoles only exist in plant cells. Animal cells
can contain temporary vacuoles but they are not common
features.
A vacuole consists of a
membrane called the
tonoplast, filled with cell
sap – a watery solution
of different substances,
including sugars,
enzymes and pigments.
The vacuole is important in keeping the cell firm. When the
vacuole is full of sap the cell is said to be turgid.
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Movement and stability in cells
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Cytoskeleton
Flagella and cilia
Vacuoles
Cell wall
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Cytoskeleton - microfilaments
• The cytoskeleton is both a muscle and a skeleton, and is
responsible for cell movement, cytokinesis, and the
organization of the organelles within the cell.
The cytoskeleton is unique to eukaryotic
cells. It is a dynamic three-dimensional
structure that fills the cytoplasm.
Microfilaments
Microfilaments are fine, thread-like protein fibers, 3-6 nm in
diameter. They are composed predominantly of a contractile
protein called actin, which is the most abundant cellular protein.
Microfilaments' association with the protein myosin is
responsible for muscle contraction. Microfilaments can also
carry out cellular movements including gliding, contraction, and
cytokinesis.
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Cytoskeleton - Microtubules
• Microtubules Microtubules are
cylindrical tubes, 20-25 nm in diameter.
They are composed of subunits of the
protein tubulin--these subunits are
termed alpha and beta.
Microtubules act as a scaffold to determine cell shape,
and provide a set of "tracks" for cell organelles and
vesicles to move on.
Microtubules also form the spindle
fibres for separating chromosomes
during mitosis. When arranged in
geometric patterns inside flagella
and cilia, they are used for
locomotion.
Cytoskeleton – Microtubule motors
• Proteins attached to microtubules – move
organelles and other components along
fibres
• eg chromosomes during mitosis
• ATP is required
Cilia
Flagella
• Small hair like structures
on the surface of some
animal cells.
• Specific arrangement of
microtubules (9+2)
• In Eukaryotes they are
like long cilia
• Microtubules contract to
make the flagellum move
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How much does your model look like these?
Peer Assess each others models!