How do you know if something is
living?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
M
R
S
G
R
E
N
Cells – Animal, Plant, Eukaryote,
Prokaryote
Make a model cell. In groups – animal or
plant cell
Design a mark scheme to assess the model
Animal v Plant cells
Learning Objectives
• Produce a model comparing
animal and plant cells
• Describe the structure and
function of organelles
• Construct a mindmap to show
how the cytoskeleton allows
stability and movement of and
within cells.
Success Criteria
• Compare the structure and
ultra-structure of plant cells
with that of animal cells
• Outline the functions of the
structures found in cells
• Identify organelles from
photomicrographs
How much does your model look like these?
Peer Assess each others models!
Eukaryotic cells
• All animal, plant, fungal and protoctist cells are
Eukaryotic cells.
• This means they have certain structures within the
cell – you need to know what they are and their
functions.
Microtubule
network
vesicles
Cell surface
membrane
cytosol
ribosome
centriole
nucleolus
nucleus
Golgi
apparatus
Rough
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth
cytoskeleton
secretory vesicles
mitochondria
Features:
Mostly membrane
bound organelles
(Compartmentalisation)
Functions of
organelles combine
to enable the cell to
function – ‘division
of labour’
Plant cell
Group work Tasks
• Identify the main similarities and differences
between animal and plant cells
Animal Cell
Cell
Plant
Animals vs. Plants
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Both types of ER
Golgi Body
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Both types of ER
Golgi Body
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Vacuole
What is a cell?
Cells are the basic unit of life. They are small membranebound structures containing several smaller structures called
organelles.
There are two main categories of cell, each of which have
important different structural properties:

eukaryotic cell, including
the cells of animals and
plants

prokaryotic cell, including
bacterial cells.
11 of 37
© Boardworks Ltd 2008
What is a eukaryote?
A eukaryote is any organism
consisting of one or more cells that
contain DNA in a membrane-bound
nucleus, separate from the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotes include:
animals
plants
fungi
a diverse group known as the
protists (or protoctists).
All eukaryotic cells contain a large number of specialized,
membrane-bound organelles.
12 of 37
© Boardworks Ltd 2008
Animal Cell
Cell
Plant
Centrioles
• Two bundles of microtubules at
right angles to each other
• Essential to cell division – enables
movement of chromosomes to
opposite ends of cell
• Involved in the formation of cilia
and undulipodia. Involved in
movement of substances outside
of or of the whole cell
14 of 37
© Boardworks Ltd 2008
The cell wall
The cell wall of a plant cell gives it support and structure.
It is made of the polysaccharide cellulose, and can function
as a carbohydrate store by varying the amount of cellulose
it holds.
The cell wall does not seal
off a cell completely from its
neighbours. There are
pores within the walls called
plasmodesmata. These
connect two cells together
by their cytoplasm, enabling
the exchange and transport
of substances.
15 of 37
© Boardworks Ltd 2008
Cell junctions
Location – depends on
junction type
They are contact points
between the plasma
membranes of tissue cells
eg. Gap junctions – Allows
adjacent cells to
communicate for electric and
metabolic functions
Desmosomes – fasten cells
together
Tight junctions – prevent
leakage of extracellular fluid
from layers of epithelial cells
16 of 37
© Boardworks Ltd 2008
Cytoskeleton - microfilaments
• The cytoskeleton is both a muscle and a skeleton, and is
responsible for cell movement, cytokinesis, and the
organization of the organelles within the cell.
The cytoskeleton is unique to eukaryotic cells. It
is a dynamic three-dimensional structure that
fills the cytoplasm. It holds organelles in place
as well as allowing their movement.
Microfilaments
Microfilaments are fine, thread-like protein fibers, 3-6 nm in
Three components:
diameter. They are composed predominantly of a contractile
Microfilaments
protein called actin, which is the most abundant cellular protein.
Microtubules
Intermediate fibres
Microfilaments' association with the protein myosin is
responsible for muscle contraction. Microfilaments can also
carry out cellular movements including gliding, contraction, and
cytokinesis.
17 of 37
© Boardworks Ltd 2008
Cytoskeleton - Microtubules
• Microtubules Microtubules are cylindrical tubes, 20-25
nm in diameter. They are composed of subunits of the
protein tubulin--these subunits are termed alpha and
beta.
• Microtubules act as a scaffold to determine cell shape,
and provide a set of "tracks" for cell organelles and
vesicles to move on.
• Microtubules also form the spindle fibres for separating
chromosomes during mitosis. When arranged in
geometric patterns inside flagella and cilia, they are used
for locomotion.
Cytoskeleton – Microtubule motors
• Proteins attached to microtubules – move organelles and
other components along fibres
• eg chromosomes during mitosis
• ATP is required
• Intermediate fibres – give mechanical strength to cells
Task – Mindmap
• Construct a mindmap to show the roles of
the cytoskeleton and how its components
ensure stability and movement.
• Use the textbook, Cells booklet,
Cytoskeleton worksheet.
Plenary
• Organelle Flash Cards – structure/function card sort
• Q. Why is the cytoskeleton so important to the cell? Use
a pancreatic beta cell as an example.
21 of 37
© Boardworks Ltd 2008
Plenary – homework - Revise work so far
amd complete worksheet
Smooth ER
nuclear membrane
vesicles
mitochondria
nucleolus
Rough ER
22 of 37
© Boardworks Ltd 2008
Identifying cell structures
23 of 37
© Boardworks Ltd 2008
Identifying cell structures
24 of 37
© Boardworks Ltd 2008
What are these structures?
F
What is this organelle?
What might D be?
H
G
E
}I
25 of 37
© Boardworks Ltd 2008