Happy Friday 9/4/2015
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1. Review Graphing
2. crash course Bio….”Why Carbon is a tramp!”
3. Lecture: Carbon
HOME WORK:
Lecture: Carbon
– Bozeman: Analysis and Evaluation Of Evidence (<7 min) Cornell
Video Notes
Carbon & the
Molecular
Diversity of Life
Slide shows combined and modified from:
http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm;
http://www.explorebiology.com/
• Organic chemistry is the study of
CARBON compounds
• Can form FOUR stable covalent
bonds at same time (=tetravalence)
• Common partners = O, H, N
4 covalent CARBON BONDS
form a shape called a
TETRAHEDRON
Tetrahedron modified from: http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mole1440.htm
Images from: http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/chemhydrocarbon.htm
TETRAVALENCE makes large complex
molecules with a variety of shapes possible
http://nrr.georgetown.edu/NRR/struc,actv.html
AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005
Hydrocarbons
• Only carbon & hydrogen
(Ex: petroleum; lipid ‘tails’)
• Covalent bonding;
• nonpolar
• High energy storage
http://www.world-petroleum.org/education/petref/index.html
Carbon compounds
Skeleton may have single or double bonds
http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/Hughes/tutorial/cellmembranes/
AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005
ISOMERScompounds that have
the same number of
atoms but different
structures
STRUCTURAL isomers
differing covalent bonding arrangement
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg
http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg
C6H12O6
GEOMETRIC isomers - differ in
arrangement around a DOUBLE BOND
trans- form
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html
cis- form
Be Careful!
Single bonds can rotate!
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html
. . . it’s still the same stuff
ENANTIOMER isomers - differ
in arrangement around a ASYMMETRIC
carbon
AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005
. . . Mirror images
Functional Groups
• Hydroxyl Group
Ex: alcohols
• polar (oxygen);
• soluble in water
Names typically end in -ol
Ex: Ethanol
Functional Groups
• Carbonyl Group
KETONE:
within carbon skeleton
ALDEHYDE:
at end of carbon skeleton
GLUCOSE is an ALDEHYDE
FRUCTOSE is a KETONE
GLUCOSE
FRUCTOSE
http://61039206.sinagirl.com/carbohydate.JPG
http://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/1999/Sucrose/sucrose_structure.gif
Functional Groups
• Carboxyl Group
• Ex: carboxylic acids;
• polar
Functional Groups
• Amino Group
• Called: amines
• Ex: amino acids
(have both amino & carboxyl groups)
http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-05/common.htm
Functional Groups
• Amino Group
Can act as a base and
pick up a H+ ion
• Carboxyl Group
can act as an acid and
give up a H+ ion
H
|
R -C -COO|
+NH3
Functional Groups
• Sulfhydral Group
• Called: thiols
•
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm
DISULFIDE BRIDGES
• Disulfide bridges
stabilize protein
structure
http://www.britannica.com/ebc/art-3207/Conformation-of-lysozyme
LYSOZYME
Functional Groups
Phosphate Group
phosphate ion
• Makes molecule
negatively charged
• Can store & transfer energy
~ ATP
Functional Groups
METHYL Group
• Makes molecule more
NON-POLAR
• METHYLATION:
Adding methyl groups
to DNA
“turns off” genes
http://students.cis.uab.edu/rmeghana/methylation.html