Chapter Overview
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Ethernet
FDDI
Wireless Networking
1
Example
2
MAC address
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On the card- supposed to be fixed
I/G – individual or global (broadcast)
G/L – global or local address
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Ethernet Standards
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Ethernet is the most popular local area
network (LAN) protocol operating at the datalink layer.
There are two sets of Ethernet standards:
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DIX Ethernet
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE) 802.3
4
DIX Ethernet Standards
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DIX Ethernet. Also known as thick Ethernet,
ThickNet, or 10Base5
DIX Ethernet II. Retains 10Base5 and adds
10Base2 (thin Ethernet)
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IEEE 802.3 Standards
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IEEE 802.3. 10Base5, 10Base2, and 10Base-T
IEEE 802.3u. Fast Ethernet
IEEE 802.3z and IEEE 802.3ab. Gigabit
Ethernet
A lot more lately – ready wikipedia for a
recent list, the latest is to define 100 Gbit/s,
many utilizes all four pairs of wire.
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DIX Ethernet/IEEE 802.3
Components
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Physical layer specifications
Frame format
CSMA/CD MAC mechanism
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Standard 10-Mbps Ethernet
Specifications
Designation
Cable Type
Topology Maximum
Length
10Base5
RG-8 coaxial
Bus
500 meters
10Base2
RG-58 coaxial
Bus
185 meters
10Base-T
Category 3 UTP
Star
100 meters
Fiber Optic InterMultimode fiber
Repeater Link (FOIRL) optic
Star
1,000 meters
10Base-F
Star
500–2,000
meters
Multimode fiber
optic
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Fast Ethernet (100 to 10 G Mbps)
Specifications
Designation Cable Type
Topology
Maximum
Length
100Base-TX
Category 5 UTP
Star
100 meters
100Base-T4
Category 3 UTP
Star
100 meters
100Base-FX
Multimode fiber
optic
See book (page
115)
Star
412 meters
Mostly Star
Up to 40
Kilo-meters
Up to 10G
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Gigabit Ethernet (1,000 Mbps)
Specifications
Designation
Cable Type
Topology
Maximum Length
1000Base-T
Category 5 or 5E UTP
Star
100 meters
1000Base-LX
Various multimode fiber
optic
Star
550–5,000 meters
1000Base-SX
Various multimode fiber
optic
Star
220–500 meters
1000Base-LH
Singlemode fiber optic
Star
10 kilometers
1000Base-ZX
Singlemode fiber optic
Star
100 kilometers
1000Base-CX
150-ohm copper
Star
25 meters
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Coaxial Ethernet Standards
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10Base5 (thick Ethernet)
10Base2 (thin Ethernet)
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Coaxial Network Characteristics
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Runs at 10 Mbps
Uses the bus topology
Uses mixing segments
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Mixing Segments
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UTP Network Characteristics
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Runs at various speeds up to 10Gbps
Uses the star topology
Requires a hub/Switch
Uses link segments
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Link Segments
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Fiber Optic Ethernet
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Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link (FOIRL)
IEEE 802.3 fiber optic standards:
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10Base-FL
10Base-FB
10Base-FP
100Base-FX
Gigabit Ethernet standards
10 Gb Ethernet standards
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The 5-4-3 Rule
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A standard network can have no more than
FIVE segments, connected by FOUR
repeaters, of which no more than THREE
segments can be mixing segments.
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A Coaxial 5-4-3 Network
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The Ethernet Frame Format
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Ethernet_II and 802.3 messages
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Media Access Control (MAC)
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Is the mechanism that enables multiple
computers to use the same network medium
without conflicting
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CSMA/CD Phases
Phase
Description
Carrier sense
A computer listens to the network
before transmitting.
Multiple access
When the network is clear, the
computer transmits the packet.
Collision detection
The computer checks for signs of a
collision. If one occurs, it retransmits
the packet.
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Collisions
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Collisions are also called signal quality errors.
They are normal on Ethernet networks.
The frequency of collisions increases as
network traffic increases.
Late collisions are a sign of a serious
problem.
Collision domain – a segment of network that
can may collide with each other. It is different
from a broadcasting domain
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The difference between hub and
switch
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Hub broadcast
Switch is one to one, still support broadcast,
CSMA/CD still is necessary
Hub is, mostly, at the physical layer
Switch is at the Data-Link layer
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Channel Bonding
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Using of multiple connections to have fault
tolerance and performance gain
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Fiber Distributed Data Interface
(FDDI) Characteristics
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First commercial 100-Mbps fiber optic
protocol
Uses the token passing MAC mechanism
Supports both singlemode and multimode
cable
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FDDI Topologies
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Double ring
Logical ring
Dual ring of trees
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Dual Ring of Trees
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IEEE 802.11 Standards
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IEEE 802.11a. Speeds of 1 to 2 Mbps
IEEE 802.11b. Speeds of 5.5 to 11 Mbps
IEEE 802.11g. Speeds up to 54 Mbps
IEEE 802.11n. Speeds up to 150 Mbps
IEEE 802.11ac up Gbps
IEEE 802.11ad 7Gbps
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IEEE 802.11 Topologies
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Ad hoc. Wireless computers communicating
with each other
Infrastructure. Wireless computers using an
access point to communicate with a cabled
network
What is the latest? -- 802.11ad
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