ANNEX 14:
AERODROMES
Part II
Aviation Management College
Airport Management
Ms. Zuliana Ismail
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ANNEX 14
Chapter 4
Obstacle Limitation Surfaces
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Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS)
Defined by ICAO
Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS) also known
as ‘imaginary surfaces’.
WHY ??
To ensure the safety of operations in the airspace
around aerodromes
– (area must free of obstacle, prevent the growth
of obstacles)
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HOW ??
ICAO define the maximum allowable height of
any structures that can be placed in the area
surrounding the runway.
– height of buildings, antennas, trees
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OLS defined by ICAO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Inner horizontal surface
Conical surface
Approach surface
Transitional surface
Takeoff climb surface
OLS defined by ICAO
(Top View)
(Side View)
1. Inner horizontal surface
A surface located above an aerodrome and its
surrounding area.
Normally be in circle. Radius depends on the type of
runway. The height is 45m.
The purpose is to protect airspace for visual circling prior
to landing.
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2. Conical surface
A surface sloping upwards from the outer edge of the
inner horizontal surface.
3. Approach surface
Approach surface: Protects the approach to the runway
from obstructions.
Inner approach surface: Protects the part of the
approach closest to the runway threshold.
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4. Transitional surfaces
Located on either side of the runway.
Protect the area near the runway.
5. Takeoff climb surface
To prevent obstructions to the paths of departing aircraft
near a runway.
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Dimensions of OLS-Approach
Runways
ANNEX 14- Chapter 5-7
Visual Aids for Navigation
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Annex 14- Visual Aids
Airport Markings
Airport Lighting: Runway & Taxiway
Airport Signs
Objectives
Be familiar with airport lighting, signage
and markings.
Describe the various navigational aids that
exist on aerodromes.
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Airport Markings
Importance of Airport markings
To provide information that is useful to a pilot during
takeoff, landing, and taxiing.
To enhance safety and improve efficiency: Same airport
markings for all airports make pilots became familiar.
Runway Markings
Non-Instrument Runway (NI)
Precision Runway (P)
Aiming point
Touchdown zone
Designators
Threshold
Non-Precision Runway (NP)
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Runway Markings
Runway Designators: Magnetic azimuth of the
centerline of the runway
Runway Centerline Marking: Provides alignment
guidance during takeoff and landings.
Runway Aiming Point Marking: Serves as a visual
aiming point for a landing aircraft.
Runway Touchdown Zone Markers: Identify the
touchdown zone for landing operations
Runway Threshold: Helps identify the beginning
of the runway that is available for landing.
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Taxiway Markings
All taxiways should have centerline markings.
Aircraft should be kept centered during taxi to guarantee
wingtip clearance with other aircraft or other objects
Taxiway Centerline : single continuous yellow line
Taxiway Centerline
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Taxiway Markings
Surface Painted Signs: to assist pilot in confirming the
designation of the taxiway (location or direction)
Surface Painted Signs
Taxiway Markings
Geographic Position Markings: to identify the location of
taxiing aircraft during low visibility operations.
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Airport Signs
Importance of the Signs
To show mandatory instructions, information on a
specific location or destination in the aerodrome.
Characteristics of signs:
–
–
–
–
Clear
Rectangular
Different colours for each category
Illuminated (light up)
Airport Signs
Runway distance remaining signs:
Landing distance remaining
Destination signs: To show direction to the
specific destinations (cargo areas,
military areas, international areas, etc.)
Location signs:
To identify aircraft location.
Direction signs: To indicate the intersection
for aircraft turning.
Mandatory signs:
To indicate that aircraft ARE NOT ALLOWED
to enter (runway entrance & critical areas)
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Airport Signs
1. Mandatory signs
2. Location signs
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Airport Signs
3. Direction signs
4. Destination signs
5. Runway distance remaining signs
Sign Indicating
3,000 feet of Runway Remaining
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Airport Lighting
Importance of Lighting
Lighting systems are important for a/c
landing during night time.
Lighting systems from the cockpit
window during bad weather.
Poor visibility is mainly due to heavy
snowfall
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Runway Lighting Summary
Airport Beacon
Function: to guide pilot flying to airport at night.
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Thresholds Light
•Appear green for a/c landing
and red a/c take-off
Runway Edge Lighting
Runway Center line
Light
Runway Touch Down Zone Light
•Give depth view of the runway
3. Approach Light
•Warning light, which a/c should
not land yet
2. Cross Bar Light
•Indicate a/c wings
status
1. Sequence Light
To guide the pilot’s eyes toward
the runway centerline
Approach Lighting
System (ALS)
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Runway Lighting
Lighting systems from the cockpit window
Runway Edge Lighting:
•White
•Turn Yellow in last 610m
Runway Center line Light System :
•White
•Alternate white and red in last 610 m
•Red in last 310m
Why the lighting colour change?
The pilot thus knows about how much runway is left for used.
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Taxiway Lighting
Taxiway centre line: green
Taxiway edge lights: blue
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Visual Approach Slope
Indicators (VASI)
Precision Approach Path
Indicator (PAPI)
Function: To assist pilot with visual guidance during an aircraft landing
by indicate the pilot’s angle of approach.
Visible from 3-5 miles during the day and up to 20 miles or more at night.
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Weather Information
Importance
To prevent aircraft accidents.
To avoid flight delay or cancellations.
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Types of Bad Weather
Poor visibility due to
haze & smoke
Wind shear :- sudden
change in the wind
speed & direction
Icing: Heavy Snow
Thunderstorms
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Airport Weather Stations
Automated Sensor
Automated Weather Observing Systems
(AWOS)
Every 20 minutes
Observes temperature, wind speed &
direction, visibility, cloud coverage.
Can’t observe sudden weather change.
Automated Surface Observing Systems
(ASOS)
Every 1 hour
Observe weather conditions change
rapidly.
Current weather, icing, lightning,, air
pressure.
Wind Indicators
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Wind Indicators
Guiding pilot to determine the correct runway to use for landing and
take off
Wind Sock
To Indicate wind direction &
speed.
The stronger the wind, the
straighter the wind sock.
Move back and forth when the
wind is gusty (angin ribut)
Wind Tee
To Indicate wind direction only.
To suggest the pilot the
runway to be used
Navigational Aid Systems
Navigational Aid Systems
Civilian Airports
Doppler VHF Omni
directional Range Station
(VOR)
Distance measuring
equipment (DME)
Instrument Landing
System:
Military Purpose
Long Range Navigation
(LORAN)
Short Range Navigation
(SHORAN)
Tactical Air Navigation
Systems (TACAN)
– Glide slope/ Glide Path
– Localizer
– Marker Beacon
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DVOR / DME
VOR and DME are usually collocated, providing pilot with
bearing and distance.
DVOR: bearing of aircraft (in degrees)
DME: distance from aircraft (in miles or km)
Doppler VHF Omnidirectional
Range Station (VOR)
Slant range= Distance, D, is the actual distance from
the aircraft to the VOR
ILS Components
Marker Beacons: how
far the aircraft
Needle indicates direction of runway.
Centered Needle = Correct Alignment
Glide Path:
vertical guidance
Localizer:
horizontal guidance
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ILS Operations
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Microwave Landing Systems (MLS)
Introduced in 1970s to replace ILS, but
discontinued in 1995.
GPS Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)
To take advantage of the GPS system.
Quick data transferring among LAAS,
Aircraft and GPS satellites
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GPS: Global Positioning System
24 satellites
4 satellites in
each 6 orbits.
Provide
location and
time info.
Control by
U.S military
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GPS Local Area Augmentation System
(LAAS)
The GPS sensor unit (GPSSU) calculates aircraft position (latitude,
longitude, and altitude) and exact time.
LAAS