Ch. 12
Renaissance & Reformation
I. Renaissance 1350 - 1600
*French for Rebirth
*Rebirth of Greek & Roman classical culture
A. Italian Renaissance
*Italy cultural center of Europe
1. Florence *cultural center of Italy
“Athens has migrated to Florence!”
2. Giovanni Medici *credited with starting Ren.
building projects beautify Florence
Medici *leading family of Florence
3. Lorenzo Medici “The Magnificent”
Ruled Florence: 1469 – 1492
Ambassadors *diplomatic agent of a nation
Discuss political & commercial affairs
Lorenzo Medici
By Raphael
2007
sold for $20 Million
4. Isabella d’Este “The First Lady of the World”
intelligence & political wisdom
ruler of city state of Mantua
B. Humanities *basis of Ren.
*grammar, history, poetry, & art
Classical Education / Liberal Arts
education path to virtue & wisdom
Latin *key language of the period
The Ren. Man *well rounded Indv.
“Men can do all things if they will” *Motto of Ren.
ex. Leonardo da Vinci
Francesco Petrarch 1304 - 1378
“Father of Italian Ren.”
searched for old Latin manuscripts across Europe
Sonnets to Laura: Great love poems
C. Nicolo Machiavelli 1513
The Prince *book political power
advice for rulers of Italian city-states
“It is safer to be feared than loved!”
“End justifies the means!”
Machiavellian
*person take risks
D. High Ren. 1480 - 1520
Realism *art representing natural life
1. Leonardo da Vinci
Last Supper
Mona Lisa
1503
sold to King Francis I
of France
Louvre in Paris
Da Vinci’s Notebook Sold $30 Million
Bill Gates 1994
2. Michelangelo Buonarroti
David 1501
The Pieta *Virgin Mary & body of Jesus
Sistine Chapel
St. Peters Cathedral 1508 – 1512
Vatican in Rome *home of Pope
ceiling murals ex. Creation of Adam
Pope Julius II *hired Michelangelo
Creation of Adam
3. Raphael
Madonna's
*representations of Virgin Mary
School of Athens
The Entombment
4. Donatello 1416
sculpture of St. George
E. Literature
1. Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes
*pokes fun of Chivalry
2. William Shakespeare
*Greatest Ren. writer
Romeo & Juliet, Macbeth, & Hamlet
3. Thomas Moore 1516
Utopia *imaginary ideal society
4. The Book of the Courtier by Castiglione 1528
*handbook for European aristocrats
stressed nobles born not made
5. Johann Gutenberg 1450
*1st printing press in Europe
Mainz, Germany
*Gutenberg Bible 1455
II. The Protestant Reformation
Religious Revolution
*split with Catholic Church
A. Causes of Reformation
1. Poor Church leadership
Babylonian Captivity
Great Schism
Julius II “Warrior Pope”
led armies against enemies of church
2. Wealth of Church
3. Corruption
4. Indulgences *reduction of punishments sinner
suffer in purgatory by paying a fine
$$ to build St. Peters Basilica in Rome
B. Early Reformers:
1. John Wycliffe Professor - Oxford University 1377
*translated Bible to English
2. John Huss Professor at University of Prague
called end to corruption of church officials
Council of Constance 1415
*heretic burned at stake
3. Desiderius Erasmus 1511
In Praise of Folly *criticized Pope
“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched!”
III. Martin Luther
*Leader or Reformation 1483 - 1546
A. German Monk taught at U. of Wittenberg
B. Ninety-Five Theses Oct. 31, 1517
*denounced granting of indulgences
*criticized Pope
C. Johan Tetzel
*Monk selling indulgences in Wittenberg
“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings the soul
from purgatory springs!”
D. Pope Leo X
*Excommunicated Luther 1520
Wild Boar *Luther’s nickname
Pope
Leo X
E. Edict of Worms 1521
Charles V *wants Luther to take back 95 Thesis
Luther: “Here I stand. I can do no other!”
Luther declared an Outlaw
F. Protestants *Protest against Church
Lutherans *followers of Luther
Protestant Reformation
G. The Peasants War 1524 S. Germany
*rebellion against nobility & church
Luther criticized peasants / 100,000 killed
H. Peace of Augsburg 1555
*official recognition of Protestants
ended religious warfare in Germany
IV. Spread of Protestantism
A. Ulrich Zwingli *Ref. In Switzerland
“The word of God is as unstoppable as the Rhine.”
*killed in battle 1531
B. John Calvin “Calvinism”
Institutes Of The Christian Religion 1536
summary of ideas of Protestants
Predestination “Eternal Decree”
God decided at who was saved
Reprobate *those damned
Elect *chosen for salvation
“Doing Gods work on earth!”
Synod of Dort - meeting
C. James Arminias
“Arminianism”
Protestant Challenge to
Calvinism
Remonstrance - meeting
Calvinism versus Arminianism
Geneva, Switzerland “City of God”
base for Calvinism
C. Huguenots *French term for Calvinists
Civil War with Catholics 1550 - 1590
Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572
*1000’s Huguenots massacred
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Edict of Nantes *freedom for Hug. in France 1598
D. John Knox
*Calvinist reformer of Scotland & England 1550
*became known as Puritans
E. Anabaptists
infants to young to understand Christian faith
*separation of church & state
F. Menno Simons Mennonites
*leader of Anabaptist in Netherlands
G. Jacob Amman Amish
*leader of Swiss Mennonites1690
V. Reformation in England:
A. Henry VIII “Defender of the Faith” 1509 - 1547
loyal Catholic
Kings Great Matter
*wants male heir to throne
wants 1st marriage annulled
Henrys Six Wives:
1. Catherine of Aragon 1509 - 1533
*mother of Queen Mary
divorced by Henry
2. Anne Boleyn 1533 - 1536
*mother of Queen Elizabeth
*beheaded - convicted of adultery
Tower of London beheaded here
Site where
Anne
Boleyn
was
beheaded
3. Jane Seymour 1537
*gave birth to Edward VI
died during childbirth
4. Anne of Cleves “Flemish Mare” 1540
5. Catherine Howard 1542
*beheaded for adultery
6. Catherine Parr
*outlived Henry VIII
The famous Haunted
Gallery is apparently
stalked by the spirit of
Catherine Howard, who
was executed in 1542, by
Henry VIII for her premarital affairs.
In 2003 CCTV footage showed a mysterious figure in a
long coat closing the fire doors.
The crunching of gravel at midnight on May 19 at Blickling Hall
heralds the ghost of Anne Boleyn
Anne’s ghost has also been spotted numerous times at the
Tower of London, where she was beheaded, and particularly in and
around the chapel where she spent her last night on Earth.
B. Edward VI *became King at age 9
(ruled for 5 years)
C. Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary” 1553 - 1558
*restore Catholic Church power
*burned 300 Protestants as Heretics
D. Elizabeth I
*England became Protestant nation 1558
Anglican Church = Church of England
VI. Counter Reformation
*Revival of Catholic Church 1530’s
A. Pope Paul III 1534
*leader to reform Catholic church
B. Council of Trent 1545 - 1563
*revised church doctrines
*end indulgences
Seminary school for training priests
Index of Forbidden Books forbidden to read
C. Jesuits Society of Jesus
Ignatius Loyola
Spiritual Exercises 1548
actions determined salvation
*Missionaries Europe & Asia
“Win Souls”
Francis Xavier
*Jesuit priest led mission to Japan 1549