ENGLISH LAW TERMINOLOGY
PART I: THE LEGAL SYSTEM
Provides – zagotavlja
provisions - določbe
Overview of – pregled nad
rulings – sodbe
Law-making process – zakonodajni postopek
refers to – nanaša na
Justice system – pravosodni system
derived – izhajajo
Law of torts – odškodninsko pravo
fundamental - temeljnih
Designed – namenjen
arrived at trough - rezultat
In the Framework – v okviru
in the second sense – v drugem smislu
Civil law system – kontinentalni pravni sitem
breach of contract – kršitev pogodbe
It aims – namen/cilj
Insight - v pogled
Superiority – vladavini
Code – zakonik
Different Approaches – drugačni pristopi
CIVIL LAW –legal system developed from Roman codified law, established (ustanovljen/izpostaviti) by
a state for its regulation
COMMON LAW – legal system which is the foundation of the legal systems of most of the Englishspeaking countries of the world, based on customs, usage and court decisions (also case law, judgemade law)
CRIMINAL LAW – area of the law which deals with crimes and their punishments, including fines
(denarna kazen) and/or imprisonment (zaporna kazen) (also penal law – kaznovalno pravo)
Article – člen
Based on – temelji na
Bound by – zavezano
plain - preprosto
Codified – uzakonjen
unambiguous - nedvoumen
Disputes – spori
intention - namen
Legislation - zakonodaja
Precedents – prejšnja sodna odločba višje oblasti
REGULATIONS – rules issued by a government agency to carry out the intent of the law; authorized
by a statue, and generally providing more detail on a subject than the statue
ORDINANCE – law enacted (uzakoniti) by a town, city or county (okraj) government
BILL – draft document before it is made into law
DIRECTIVE – legal device used by the European Union to establish policies at the European level to be
incorporated into the laws of the Member States.
STATUE – formal written law enacted by a legislative body
Property tax – davek na premoženje
Seizing – zasega
The law stipulates that… - določa/definira
The law provides that…
The patent law specifies that…
The law states/sets forth/determines/lays down/prescribe that… - DOLOČATI!!
TYPES OF COURTS
Tried – obravnava
APPELLATE COURT (court of appeals, appeals court) – this is where a case is reviewed which has
already been heard in a lower court
CROWN COURT (okrožno za kazenske zadeve) – this is where serious criminal cases are heard by a
judge and a jury in the UK
HIGH COURT (glavno pritožbeno telo) + DIVISIONS (odelki) – this is usually the highest court in a
jurisdiction, the court of last resort
JUVENILE COURT (za mladoletnike) – this is where a person under the age 18 would be tried
LOWER COURT (or court of first instance – crown court and magistrate’s court) – this is a court of
primary jurisdiction, where a case is heard for the first time.
MAGISTRATE’S COURT (sodišča za nižje kazenske zadeve) – this is where a small crimes are tried in
the UK.
MOOT COURT (simulacijsko sodišče) – this is where law students argue hypothetical cases.
SMALL-CLAIMS COURT (sodišče za spore majhne vrednosti) – this is where cases involving a limited
amount of money are handled.
TRIBUNAL (razsodišče) – this is where a group of specially chosen people examine legal problems of a
particular type, such as employment disputes.
CIVIL COURT SYSTEM
1. JUDGE – public official (javni uslužbenec) who has the authority to hear (pristojnost
obravnavati) and decide cases
Hearing – obravnava
2. CLAIMANT – person who initiates (začne) a civil lawsuit
3. A EXPERT WITNESS (strokovni izvedenec) – person who has specialized knowledge of a
particular subject who is called to testify in court
4. APPELLANT (pritožnik) – person who appeals a decision to a higher court
5. ADVOCATE – person who pleads cases in court
To advocate – zagovarjati
6. CLERK (administrativni uslužbenec) – employee who takes records, files papers and issues
processes
7. BAILIFF (sodni izvršitelj) – officer of the court whose duties include keeping order and
assisting
8. REASONABLY PRUDENT (skrben) PERSON – hypothetical person who uses good judgment or
common sense in handling practical matters; such a person’s action are the guide in
determining whether an individual’s actions were reasonable
9. DEFENDAT/RESPONDENT – person who is sued in a civil lawsuit
DOCUMENTS IN COURT
AFFIDAVIT – zaprisega v pisni obliki – a written statement that somebody makes after they have
sworn officially to tell the truth, which might be used as proof in a court
ANSWER – odgovor na tožbo – the principal pleading by the defendant in response to a complaint
BRIEF – dopolnilo tožbe (explaining the case in details) – a document or set of documents containing
the details about a court case
COMPLAINT – tožba – in civil law, the first pleading filed on behalf of a plaintiff, which initiates a
lawsuit, setting forth the facts on which the claim is based
INJUCTION – odredba (court order to stop doing something) – an official order from a court for a
person to stop doing something
MOTION – zahtevek – an application to a court to obtain an order, ruling or decision
NOTICE – obvestilo, zaznamek – a document providing notification or a fact, claim or proceeding
Notify – obvestiti
PLEADING – argument, zagovor, utemeljitev – a formal written statement setting forth (določa) the
cause of action or the defence in a case
WRIT – uradno pisanje – a document informing someone that they will be involved in a legal process
and instructing them what they must do
To draft a document – sestaviti/oblikovati
To issue a document –izdati
To file document with an authority – vložiti
To serve a document on someone (or to serve someone with a document) – vročiti
To submit a document to an authority – predložiti
A CAREER IN THE LAW
1. LAWYERS
Advise – clients, defendants, corporations
Draft – contracts, decisions
Litigate ( pravdati se) – disputes (spori), cases
Practice – law
Represent (zastopati) – clients (stranke), corporations, defendants (toženci)
Research – law, cases, legislation, decisions
Bar – odvetništvo; odvetniška zbornica
Defence – zagovornik
Government – pravobranilec
Practitioner – praktik
BAR
Bar - – a bar is a term for the legal profession itself
Bar association – is the association which regulates the profession.
Admitted to the bar – sprejet: person who qualifies to practice law
Disbar – izključen; disbar lawyer – is to make him unable to practice law
STUDYING IN THE UK
Bachelor degree in law – diplomirani pravnik – LLB – 3 years
Comprises – vključuje
Call to the bar – poklic
Bar examination – odvetniški izpit
Pupilage – odvetniški kandidat
Barrister – odvetnik
Apprenticeship – uvajanje
Solicitor – pravnik izven sodišča
Barrister – a lawyer who is qualified to plead on behalf of clients
Bar vocational course (BVC) – a training course which enable people who wish to become barrister
and who have registered with the Inns of Court to acquire the skills and knowledge to prepare the for
the specialized training of the pupilage
Call to the bar – a ceremony held at the end of this training course, when a candidate enter the
profession
Bar association – organization regulating the legal profession
Bar examination – in the USA, an important test taken by law-school graduates which, when passed,
qualifies a person to practice law
Admitted to the bar – granted entrance to the legal profession
Disbar – to compel a lawyer to stop practising law
Advocacy – zastopanje
Conveyance – prepis
Extensive experience – obsežne izkušnje
Merger – združitev
Acquisitions – prevzem
Trainee – pripravnik
Sole traders – s.p.
Unlimited liability – neomejena odgovornost
In-house counsel – notranji
Provide representation in the court – zagotoviti zastopanje na sodiščih
Referred to as counsel – klicani
GDL – graduate diploma in law
JUDGES
Circuit judges – okrožni sodniki
Lays down – predpisuje/določa
Mandatory requirements – obvezne zahteve
Lord Chancellor – minister za pravosodje
Statutory requirements – zakonske zahteve
Probation Service – pripravništvo
Fine, commit to imprisonment – denarno kaznuje ali pdredi zapor
Give a suspended sentence – pogojna obsodba
Offence – kršitev
Seek an injunction – zahteva odredbe
Respondent – 2.stranka
Interim injunction – začasna odredba
The judge can:
-
Grant or refuse an injunction – odobri ali odkloni odredbo
Alternatively, require an undertaking – po drugi strain lahko zahteva ukrep
Arbitrary consideration – not based on reason, random
Credibility of witnesses – can be believed
Predicated on a dispute – based on
Defendant asserts – state something is true
Attempt is unavailing – unsuccessful
Re-draft – popravil
Tenant – najemnik
Landlord – najemodajalec/ ženski spol – landlady
Lease – najem
Breach – kršitev
The assignment clause of the contract – klavzula/določilo
Closing argument – zaključni argument
Argue – trditev
Writ – document
Slightest defect – najmanjša napaka
Rendered useless – neuporabno
Equity – pravičnost
Prevail –prevlada
Enact – uzakoniti
Amending act – novela zakona
Remedy – popravi
MPs – members of the parliament
Majority – večina
To oppose – nasprotovati
Wording – besedišče
To outweigh – prevagati
To argue – trditi
Ambiguous – dvomljiv
To deal with – soočiti se
Content – vsebina
To settle – poravnati
Statutory interpretation – zakonska razlaga
Opaque – moten
Contrary – nasprotno
LEGISLATION
Primary legislation – ustava
Secondary or delegated legislation – sekundarna/delegirana
Statutory instruments – podzakonski akti
Bye-laws – lokalni akti
Act is passed/adopted (sprejet) in order to (za namenom da) update or amend (posodobi) existing
legislation
Circumstances – okoliščine
Ensure compliance – zagotovi skladnost
Consolidate laws – združenje zakonodaje : bringing together into one statute al the existing statutes
on one topic
Repeal obsolete laws – razveljavi slabe zakone
repeal ≠ enact
Scrutinise the provisions – pregled določb
Initiate – sproži
Enshrines – uzakonja
Consultative process – posvetovalni postopek
Adopt, enact, passed Acts of parliament.
Enact new statutes.
Updated or amend existing legislation.
Repeal obsolete law.
Codified statute law and amendments into one Act.
Consolidated law by repealing and re-enacting in one statute provisions .
COMMON LAW
Override – nadvlada
Subject to interpretation – podvržene razlagi
Binding on – zavezuje
Consider – upoštevati
Bound to follow – zavezani slediti
During a trial – tekom sojenja
Must be applied – se mora uporabjati
Cite cases – citirali/sklicevali se na sodne določbe (ci’tation)
Referred to – sklicevati
Applicable – se uporabi
LATIN TERMS
Stare decisis – principles of binding precedent
Ratio decidendi – the rule at law reasoned
Obiter dictum – persuasive authority
COURT SYSTEM
Hear evidence – presojajo dokaze
Matters of fact – dejanska vprašanja
Points of law – dejanska vprašanja
Civil action – civilna zadeva
Undefended divorce – sporazumna razveza
Jury – porota
Juror – porotnik
Appeal – pritožiti
First instance – na 1. stopnji
Claimants – tožniki
Seek a legal remedy – zahtevajo pravno sredstvo
Harm – škoda
Injury – poškodba
Appellants – pritožniki
Are tried – so obravnavani
With petty crimes – za manjša KD
Minors – mladoletniki
Indictable offences – hujša KD
Conviction – obsodba
INTERNATIONAL LAW
Supranational law – nadnacionalno pravo
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties – dunajska konvencija o poškodbenem pravu
Charter – listina
Framework/outline conventions – okvirne konvencije
Binding source of law – zavezujoči vir prava
Pattern – vzorec
Have become a principle vehicle – so postal glavni akterji (nosilci)
Establish – vzpostaviti
Sovereign – suveren
Customs union – carinska unija
EUROPEAN UNION LAW
To impose – naložiti
Measure – ukrepi
Imposition – naložitev
Recommendations – priporočila
Goods (blago) – anything which can be bought or sold
Customs duty – any charge (carina) that is imposed on goods because they are imported
The common customs tariff (skupna carinska tarifa) applies to all goods imported into EU from other
countries.
Member states – države članice
UN – The United Nations
Successor – naslednik
Is concerned with – se ukvarja s
Maintenance internatonal peace and security –vzdrževanje mednarodnega miru in varstva
Headquarters – sedež
Defining – opredeljuje
Issued – izdana
Extracts – izvzeti
Detention – pridržanje
Exile – izgon
Remedy – pravno sredstvo
Slavery – suženjstvo
RECOMMENDATIONS AND OPINIONS – are view and preferences expressed by EU institutions
REGULATIONS – are detailed instructions which are applicable throughout the EU and which are
directly binding on the member state’s national legal system
DIRECTIVES – are EU decisions which are binding on the EU institutions and the member states; but
they are only general instructions on the goal to be achieved
DECISIONS – are fully binding on those to whom they are addressed; do not require national
implementing legislation
COMMUNICATIONS – are published by the commission and set out the background to a policy area.
CONTRACT LAW
For valid contract to be formed is necessary that offer is made and accepted.
Value – vrednost
Consideration – avans ali ara; known as promise in common law system (e.g. promise to make a gift)
Enforceable contract – izvršljiva pogodba
Binding – zavezujoča
Counter-offer – nasprotna ponudba; that is a new offer to the first party which then may be accepted
or rejected
Valid – veljavna
Essential terms of a contract – bistvene sestavine; the price and the subject matter of a contract
Deals with … - zadeva
Promises – obljube
A contract is formed – pogodba je sklenjena
Require – zahteva
Formation – sklenitev
Sale of land – prodaja zemlje
Oral contract – ustna pogodba; contract by spoken words
Obligations – obveznosti
Rights – are something positive which a party wants to get from a contract (e.g. the right to payment
of money)
Obligations – are something which a party has to do or give up to get those rights (e.g. the obligation
to work)
Breached the contract – kršitev pogodbe; party does not do what it is required to do under a contract
(kar bi po pogodbi morala storiti)
File a lawsuit - vložiti tožbo
Breach of contract – breaching party (stranka kršiteljica) or non-breaching party (stranka
nekršiteljica) – injured party – poškodovana
To award damages – prisoditi odškodnino
Remedies for breach of contract :
Specific performance – izpolnitev pogodbe: where a court orders the breaching party to perform the
contract (that is to do what is promised to do)
Damages – odškodnina: refers to (pomeni/je) money which the court orders the breaching party to
pay to the non-breaching party in compensation (izravnava) – compensation for their loss
Restitution – povrnitev: to have what they gave returned to them, available only in certain
circumstances
Assignment – party may want to transfer its rights under a contract to another party – prenos
naslova – cesija
Party assigns (gives) – prenese
ASSIGNOR - assigning party– prenosnik
ASSIGNEE - party who gets the rights – prejemnik
To perform – izpolniti
Acceptance - sprejetje
A party - an offer – accept, make, form, reject
The parties – a contract – breach, enforce, negotiate, form, perform
The court - damages – award, accept, negotiate, reject
Lawyer – lawsuit - file
Agreement – soglasje
Arise – je nastalo
Fundamental – temeljno
Reference – sklicevanje
Lease – zakup
Loan agreement – posojilna pogodba
Sales agreement – prodajna pogodba
Consultancy agreement – is a legally binding agreement about the nature of working relationship
between two or more researchers in a research project.
A hire purchase agreement – lizing
Hire contract – najemna pogodba
Service contract – storitvena pogodba
Offer – ponudba: the offer is submitted by the purchaser, who offers to purchase at a specified price
and will usually incorporate the terms of the invitation to treat into his/her offer
Auction – dražba
Vendor – prodajalec
Make an invitation to treat – invite an offer : vabilo k podajanju ponudb
Conditions of sale – when payment will be made
Submitted – poda
Purchaser – naročnik
Acceptance – sprejem: there must be an unqualified agreement to proceed on the basis set out in
the offer and it must be communicated to the offeror (the person making the offer)
Offeree – the person receiving the offer – if he states that he accepts the offer subject to contract,
then no contract is formed.
Unqualified agreement – nepogojna/brezpogojna pogodba
Subject to contract – predmet pogodbe
Instantaneous – trenutno
Uncertainty – nejasnosti
Vague – dvoumen/nejasen
Consideration – for a contract to be enforceable something of value must be given
Intention – namen/volja: it is assumed that contracting parties intend to crate legal relations,
particularly in commercial circumstances.
Rebuttal presumption – izpodbojna domneva: an assumption that can be contradicted
Capacity to contract – poslovna sposobnost
Agents – zastopniki
Representatives – predstavniki
Contracting parties with the authority to act – pogodbene stranke s pooblastilom
Enforceable – izvršljiva
Implied from conduct – konkludentno: by the behaviour of the contracting parties
Effective – učinkovito
Contracts of guarantee – garancijske pogodbe
Contracts for transfer of shares – pogodbe o prenosu delnic
Deed – dejanje
Contract by deed – konsenzualni kontrakt
Contract may be:
-
Defective: z napako
Consequently be void: nični
Voidable: izpodbojni
Unenforceable: neizvršljiv
Lapse of time – zastaranje
Limitation period – zastaralni rok
Barred from – preprečen
Public policy – javni red
Fraud – goljufija
Rescission – odstop
TORT LAW – odškodninsko pravo
Misrepresentation – predstavljati se za nekoga drugega
Contractual relations – pogodbeni odnosi
Civil wrong – civilni delikt
Medical expenses – stroški zdravljenja
Monetary damages – denarna odškodnina
TORT: is a civil wrong that can be remedied (odpravljen) by awarding damages.
CRIMES
Arson – požig; setting fire to a building
Assassination – atentat; killing a public figure illegally and intentionally
Assault – napad; acting in such a way as to make someone believe he will be hurt
Bigamy – bigamija; going through a ceremony of marriage when you are still married to someone
else
Blackmail – izsiljevanje; getting money from people by threatening to publicise facts they do not
want revealed
Bribery – podkupnina; offering money corruptly to get someone to do something to help you
Burglary – vlom; entering a building illegally and stealing things
Embezzlement – poneverba: using illegally or stealing money which you are looking after for
someone else
Espionage – vohunjenje; trying to find out secrets by illegal means
Extortion – izsiljevanje; getting money from people by using threats
Fraud – goljufija; getting property or money from people by making them believe untrue things
Forgery – ponarejanje; making an illegal copy of a banknote or document
Libel – pisna žalitev; writing, publishing or broadcasting a statement which damages someone’s
character
Manslaughter – uboj; killing someone unintentionally or in mitigating circumstances
Mitigating circumstances – olajševalne okoliščine
Murder – umor; killing someone illegally and intentionally
Perjury – kriva zaprisega; telling lies when you have sworn an oath to say what is true in court
Oath - prisega
Piracy – piratstvo; copying patented inventions or copyrighted works
Robbery – rop; stealing something by using force or threatening to use force
Slander – ustna žalitev; saying something which damages someone’s character
Smuggling – tihotapljenje; taking goods illegally into or out of a country
Theft – kraja; stealing, taking property which belongs to someone else
Treason – izdaja; betraying your country to a foreign power
Accuse /charge – obožba (criminal charge: a formal accusation made before a court by a prosecuting
authority – organ pregona
Acquit – oprostilo; what a jury or judge himself does at the end of criminal trial if finds the accused
defendant not guilty
Arrest – prijetje; to take or hold a suspected criminal
Confess – priznanje; to voluntarily state that one is guilty of a criminal offense
Offense – kaznivo dejanje; crime or punishable violation of law of any type or magnitude
Drop – opustiti;
Engage – najeti
Fine – kazen
Grant – odobri
Plead –
Release – sprosti/izpusti
Seize – zasega
Served – odslužiti
COMPANY LAW – PRAVO DRUŽB
Distinct – različni/ločeni
Business entities – poslovni/gospodarski subjekti
Legal person – pravna oseba
Shareholding members – družbeniki
Can own – ima v lasti
Enter into contracts – sklepa pogodbe
Limited liability – omejena odgovornost
Members of a company – člani družbe/družbeniki
Debt – dolg
Separate personality – ločene osebnosti
Tax treatment – davčne obravnave
Inherent flexibility – vgrajena prožnost
Initially – sprva
Sole proprietor – samostojni podjetnik
Public listed company – delniška družba
Shareholders – delničarji; those who invest money in it and get shares – delnice in return
A board of directors – uprava; people who manage the affairs (vodijo posle) of the company
Creditors – upniki; those to whom the company owes money
Regulators – zakondajalci
Company formation – ustanovitev družbe
Agent – zastopnik
Certificate of incorporation – potrdilo o ustanovitvi
Accountant – računovodja
Issue – izda
Memorandum of association – osnovni document; states the principal object of the company (določa
glavni cilj/predmet)
Articles of association – regulates the company’s internal management and administrative affairs
(upravljanje družbe)
Conduct of meetings – vodenje sestankov
One-tier system: eno-tirni sistem (en organ upravljanja)
Administrative board – upravni odbor (UK)
Executive officers – izvršilni organ – chief executive officer – CEO - glavni
Non – executive officers
Two-tier system – dvo-tirni system
Management board – uprava
Supervisor board – nadzorni svet
General meeting
Extra-ordinary general meeting – EGM (izredna skupščina)
Annual meeting – AGM (redna letna skupščina)
Consolidated version – prečiščena verzija
Societas Europe – European company
Company name – firma
Balance sheet – bilanca stanja
Profit-and-loss account – izkaz finančnega uspeha
Monitor – spremljati
Serves on - ?
Winding up – prenehanje družbe (bankruptcy or liquidation); process of bringing a company to an
end
Funding – raising money to pay for a business or business idea (financirati)
Business vehicle – poslovni subjekt; type of company organization
Directors’ duties – responsibilities of leading company officers
ADVERBS
-
Describing time of action: before the verb (e.g. often, usually, currently,)
Describing manner of action: before/after the verb (e.g. slowly, carefully, clearly, quickly)
Qualifying an adjective: before adjectives (e.g. particularly interesting, incredibly detailed,
extremely difficult)
Utra vires – beyond the power (čez meje)
Personal liability – osebna odgovornost
Perpetually – nenehno
Despite – kljub
Ownership – lastništvo
As it allows – saj omogoča
Perpetrate – zagrešiti
Acts beyond the power – dejanja, ki presegajo pooblastila
Lift (UK) or pierce (US) the corporate veil - to prove that a corporation exists merely as a completely
controlled front (alter ego) for an individual or management group, so that in a lawsuit the individual
defendants can be held responsible (liable) for damages for actions of the corporation.
Partnership – is a business association which, strictly speaking, is not considered to be legal entity
but, rather, merely (samo) an association of owners (združenje lastnikov).
Cease – preneha
DUTIES:
Duty of care – directors must exercise the care of an ordinarily prudent and diligent person under the
relevant circumstances.
Prudent and diligent person – skrbna in vestna oseba
Fiduciary duty – the director must act in the best interests of the company and not for any collateral
purpose –namen zavarovanja.
State of health – zdravstveno stanje
Accounts – financial statements
Bonus – stock dividend (dividend – dobiček na delnico)
Capitalisation issue – cash dividend
Auditor – revizor;
Company secretary – sekretar
Liquidator – likvidacijski upravitelj
Managing director – upravni director
Official receiver – stečajni upravitelj
Promoter – predlagatelj
Proxy – prokurist, zastopnik direktorja
Receiver – upravitelj
Shareholder – delničar
Policy – politika
Acquisition - pridobitev (shares)
Jointly and severally – solidarno
Joint and several liability – solidrana odgovornost
Duty of confidentiality – poslovna skrivnost
Reluctant – odklonilni
Ustanoviti družbo:
-
- to create a company
To form a company (formation)
To establish a company (establishment)
- to incorporate (incorporation)
- to constitute
TORT LAW
TORT – a wrongful act that causes harm to another person for which the injured party may request
damages.
Damages – odškodnina
defendant - toženec
Fraudulent misrepresentation – predstavljati se za nekoga drugega
primary aim – glavni cilj
Contractual relations – pogodbeni odnosi
provide – zagotoviti
Civil wrong – civilni delikt
relief - povračilo
Medical expenses – stroški zdravljenja
deter - odvrniti
Monetary damages – denarna odškodnina
potential tortfeasors – potencialni povzročitelji škode
Remedied – odpravljena
tortious conduct – škodno ravnanje
Harm – škoda (physical – telesna, emotional – duševna, financial – premoženjska)
Negligence – malomarnost
monetary damages – denarna odškodnina
Private property – zasebno premoženje
compensatory damages – nadomestitvena odškodnina
Misstatements – napačne izjave
punitive damages – kaznovalna odškodnina
Trespass – motnje posesti
loss of earnings capacity – izgubljeni dobiček
Assault – sihični napad
future expected loses – pričakovana prihodnja škoda
Business torts – poslovni delikti
Interference in contractual relations – vmešavanje v pogodbene odnose
Intentional torts – namerni delikti
Unfair competition – nepoštena konkurenca
Negligent torts – delikti iz malomarnosti
Strict liability torts – odgovornost ne glede na krivdo (objektivna odgovornost)
Defective products – proizvodi z napako
Liable – odgovoren
Outcomes – izid
Overlaps – prekrivata
Standard of proof – dokazni standard
Conviction – obsodba
Proximate cause – neposredni vzrok; the word proximate means ´direct` or ´immediate`
Claimant/plaintiff – the person who brings an action in a court of law
Defendant – the person against whom an action is brought in a court of law
Finds for that party – when a case is decided in favour of a certain party
Affirm that judgment – when a court states that a judgment of a lower court is true
Reverses that judgment – when a court changes the judgment of a lower court to its opposite
Entitle to – upravičen do
Entitles – opravičuje
Entitlement –upravičenje
Negligence – the breach of a duty of care which is owed to a claimant, who in consequence suffers
injury or loss
Trespass – an interference with private property
Damages – financial compensation for loss or injury
Damage – physical or economic harm or loss
Strict liability - total legal responsibility for an offence which has been committed
Defamation (žalitev dobrega imena/ponižanje osebe) – publishing a statement about someone which
lowers the person in the opinion of others. Libel – when in a permanent form (žalitev v časopisu);
slander – if it is in speech (v ustni obliki)
Suppliers – dobavitelji
Debt repayment - odplačilo dolga
To sustain (an injury) - utrpeti
Insolvency proceeding – stečajni postopek
Non-contentious litigation – nepravdni postopek
Timetable – narok
Adhere to timescales – spoštujejo/ se prilagodijo
Initiated – začnejo
Claim form – tožbeni obrazec; writ of summons
Summons – poziv
Specified or unspecified monetary sums – opredeljen ali neopredeljene denarne zneske
Served on – vročena
Admit the claim - prizna zahtevek
Form of admission – obrazec za sprejem; the document in which the defendant agrees to the cliam
made by the claimant
Counterclaim – nasprotna tožba; the document in which the defendant makes a claim against the
claimant
Fast track – hitro odločeno
Disclosure – razkritje; the process by which the claimant is required to inform the defendant of
documents they hold relevant to the claim
Temporary halt – začasna ustavitev
Dissenting opinion – odklonilno ločeno mnenje
Concurring opinion – pritrdilno ločeno mnenje
CRIMINAL LAW
A crime – kaznivo dejanje
joyriding – vožnja s tujim vozilom
Omission – opustitev
kidnapping - ugrabitev
Armed robbery – rop
larceny - tatvina
Arson – požig
manslaughter - uboj
Assault – psihični napad
money laundering – pranje denarja
Battery – fizični napad
obstruction of justice – oviranje uradne osebe
Burglary – vlom
rape - posilstvo
Domestic violence – nasilje v družini
shoplifting – kraja v trgovini
Drug trafficking – preprodaja drog
stalking - zalezovanje
Drunk driving – vožnja pod vplivom alkohola
tax evasion – utaja davkov
Embezzlement – poneverba
theft - tatvina
Extortion – izsiljevanje
vandalism - vandalizem
Forgery – ponarejanje
white-collar crimes – criminal belih ovratnikov/gospodarski kriminal
Fraud – goljufija
Homicide – umor
Insider dealing – zloraba notranjih informacij
Matching verbs + nouns:
-
commit a crime (KD) - an offender commit a crime
resolve a dispute (rešiti spor) – a judge resolve a dispute
bring a suit (vložiti tožbo) – a victim/lawyer bring a suit
render a verdict (razsodba porote) – the court/a judge render a verdict
sentence an offender (kaznovati kršitelja) – the court/a judge sentence an offender
Suspend a sentence (odložiti kazen). the court/a judge suspend a sentence
Penal law – kaznovalno pravo
Prosecution – kazenski pregon; prosecutor - tožilec
Initiated - začne
offence –kršitev; offender – kršitelj
various punishments – različne kazni:
When someone is sentenced to execution – na smrt – they are killed as legal punishment for crime
Corporal punishment – telesna kazen
Loss of liberty – izguba svobode - When someone is sentenced to imprisonment or incarceration –
zapor – they are put in prison for crime
Suspend the sentence – pogojna obsodba
When someone is fined (impose a fine) – naložiti denarno kazen – they have to pay an amount of
money as a punishment for breaking a law
When someone is put on probation – pogojna – they are given a period of time when they must
behave well and not commit any more crimes in order to avoid being sent to prison
When someone is put on parole – they are released before their prison sentence is finished, with the
agreement that they will behave well
When someone is placed on community service order – družbeno koristno delo – the court requires
an offender to perform unpaid work in their spare time and to contribute to their community
sentence – kaznuje
beyond reasonable doubt – brez razumnega dvoma
government supervision – vladni nadzor
standard of proof – dokazni standard
proscribes – prepoveduje
balance of probabilities – ravnotežje verjetnosti
criminal act – KD
preponderance of evidence – ravnotežje dokazov
criminal intent – naklep/namen
felonies – hujše KD
conviction – obsodba
misdemeanours - prekršek
burden of proof – dokazno breme
petty theft – mala tatvina
trier – razsodnik
accused - obdolžen
SUSPECT – osumljenec
ACCUSED - obtoženec
WRONGDOER/OFFENDER – kršitelj
CONVICT – obsojenec
charged with a crime – obtoženi/obdolženi zločina
investigation – preiskava
apprehend – primejo
detain in custody – zadržijo v priporu
crown prosecution service – okrožno državno tožilstvo
evidence – dokaz
realistic prospect of conviction – realne možnosti za obsodbo
caution – dodatna preiskovalna dejanja
public prosecutor – državni/javni tožilec
a warrant of arrest – nalog za prijetje – a court document authorising the police to detain someone
legal aid – pravna pomoč
defence costs – stroški za obrambo
summary offences – blažja KD
indictable offences – serious crime
the alleged offences – domneva
an indictment – obtožnica – a written statement with details of the crimes someone is charged with
cross-examination – navzkrižno zasliševanje
burden of proof – dokazno breme
bail – varščina
disclosure – razkritje
witnesses – priče
whereabouts – nahajanje
reduced sentence – zmanjšana kazen
acquitted – oproščen - the defendant is found not guilty by the court and discharged
EMPLOYMENT LAW – INDIVIDUALNO DELOVNO PRAVO
Termination of employment – prenehanje delovnega razmerja
Employment tribunals – delovna sodišča
Terms of employment - pogoji za zaposlitev
Employment legislation – delovnopravna zakonodaja
Labour law – kolektivno delovno pravo
Protecting the disabled – varstvo invalidov
Recruitment – postopek za zaposlitev
Employer – delodajalec
Employee – delavec
Trade union – sindikat (US – labor union)
Recruiting process – postopek zaposlovanja
Marital status – zakonski stan
In respect – v pogledu
Terms and conditions of employment – zaposlitveni pogoji
Genuine occupational qualification (GOQ) – pristni zaposlitveni pogoj; only female applicants are
hired for jobs at an all-women hostel
Reasonable adjustment – razumna prilagoditev
Hire – najeti
Identities of the parties – navedba strank
Redundant worker – presežni delavec
Strike – stavka
lockouts – izprtje
To render – to make
Entitlement – upravičenje
Collective bargaining – kolektivna pogajanja
Picketing – stavkovna straža
Seeking injunctions – zahteva začasne odredbe
Prospective earning – pričakovani dobiček
Discriminatory dismissal – an employee is fired when she becomes pregnant
Redundancy dismissal – an employee is laid off because his employer had insufficient work for him to
do
Unfair dismissal – a worker’s employment is terminated because he took part in lawful union
activities
Ethnic origins – narodnost
Strike-breakers – stavkokazi (delavci ki jih delodajalec zaposli, ko so drugi delavci na stavki)
To outlaw something – to make something illegal
To bring a claim against someone – to assert (zatrjevati) a legal right alleged to have been violated
Entitlement – right to benefits specified by law or contract
Claimant – a person asserting a legal right which has been violated
Voluntary = optional
Key = important
Vast = huge
Confidential = private
Conventional = traditional
To waive (ukiniti) – to give something up - right
To hear – to listen to a case at a relatively formal proceeding – a case
To plead – to argue a case in court – a case
To apply – to make use of something (when deciding a case) – a law
To appeal – to formally request that decision of an inferior body be reviewed by a superior one – a
case
To challenge (izpodbijati) – to question something – a law, an award, a case
Settlement of disputes – reševanje sporov
contractual provisions – pogodbene določbe
collective bargaining – kolektivna pogajanja
alike – tako
statutory rights – zakonske pravice
minimum wage – min plača
employment particulars – pogoji zaposlovanja
time off – dopust
itemised pay statement – razčlemba plače
sick pay – bolniško nadomestilo
family/parental leave – družinski dopust
transfer of business – prenos podjetja
termination of employment – odpovedni rok
deduction – odtegljaj
part time – krajši DČ
full time – polni DČ
fixed term – zaposlitev za določen čas
commencement of employment – pričetek zaposlitve
restriction on the action/restrictive covenant – prepoved zaposlitve pri konkurenci
grievance procedures – postopek s pravnimi sredstvi
unilaterally varied – enostransko spremenjena
variation of contract – sprememba pogodbe
constructive dismissal – odpoved s strani delavca
gross misconduct – delavec se neustrezno obnaša
SICK PAY – salary paid when an employee cannot work because of illness
FIXED TIME – restricted period of employment set out in contract
TRADE UNION – organization which represents the workers, who are its members, in discussions of
pay and working conditions with their employer
EMPLOYMENT TRIBUNAL – specialist court dealing in disputes between employers and employees
EMPLOYMENT PARTICULARS – written details of a position in a company
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING – negotiations between an employer and a trade union on terms and
conditions of employment and work
COMPETITION LAW – KONKURENČNO PRAVO
CARTEL – kartelni sporazum, sklep podjetniškega združenja ali usklajeno ravnanje: a group of similar
independent companies who agree to join together to control prices and limit competition
MERGER – združenja : the joining together of two or more companies
OLIGOPOLY – oligopol: a market situation in which a small number of firms compete with each other
MONOPOLY- monopol: an organization or group that has compete control of an area of business so
that others have no share
rooted – izvira
prohibit – prepovedati
trusts – skladi
trustubusters - ?
economic efficiency – ekonomska učinkovitost
relevant market – upoštevni trg
high barriers to entry – visoke ovire za vstop (vstopni pogoj)
price fixing – določanje cen
inter-related group – medsebojno povezana skupina
parallel behavior (to adopt) – usklajeno ravnanje
aspect – vidik
output decisions – izhodne odločitve
abuse of dominant position – zloraba prevladujočega položaja
predatory pricing – predatorske/roparske cene
joint-ventures - skupna podjetja
penetrate the market – prodor na trg
tie-in arrangement – vezani posli
merger regulation – uredba o združitvi
market power – tržna moč
limiting anti-competitive concentration – omejevanje protikunkurenčne koncentracije