Study guide 2.
Be sure you can compare all the phyla under consideration as to bauplan. Know which of
the organ systems are well developed or poorly developed or lacking. Know if a body
cavity is present and if it is reduced. How do animals feed and locomote in the clade
under consideration? You should at least find one unique characteristic for each
clade. You should be able to describe this characteristic or these characteristics if there
are more than one, and comment on their evolutionary or functional significance. In
some cases, especially when different forms or types of reproduction are involved you
should know the life cycle in some detail. In all cases, you should at least know if a
larvae stage is involved in the life cycle. In my crystal ball, I see matching, tables and
diagrams. You know that I expect you to know meanings and relationships among
terms, so don't just memorize definitions.
Porifera
1. What is the basic bauplan of a sponge? Do they have skeletons?
2. Compare and contrast the following: a. Asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid
structure, b. Calcarea, Hexactinellidae, Demospongia, c. gemmule and larvae
3. Briefly summarize the relationship of sponges to other animals. What fossils
have been found?
4. Be able to diagram water flow through a sponge. How are nutrients
distributed in a sponge? How do sponges reproduce? Know the general life
cycle for poriferans.
5. Describe the function of the following cells, archeocytes or ameobocytes,
choanocytes, porocyts, sclerocyte. Know in some detail the structure and
function of choanocytes.
6. What are the Cladorhizidae?
7. Describe the relationships existing between nudibranchs and sponges.
8. What are the Placozoa? Describe their bauplan. What is the proposed
relationship of this clade to the Porifera?
Cnidaria
9. Describe the functioning of the cell that gives the Cnidaria its name. What is
the bauplan for this clade? How does it vary among the major groups that
comprise the clade?
10. Why is hydra an unusual Hydrozoan?
11. What is unusual about the hydrozoan Craspedacusta sowerbyi?
12. Describe the following terms: ephyra, podocyts, frustules, siphonophore,
Portuguese Man of War or Physalia, Velella, theca, rhopalium, strobila,
acontia, mesentaries, mesoglea or mesenchyme, gastric pouch, gastrozooid,
gonozooid, perisarc or coenosarc, dactylozooid.
13. Be able to discuss variations on the typical Hydrozoan life cycle.
14. Know the life cycle of a typical Scyphozoan. Be able to contrast it with that
of the Anthozoan and Hydrozoan life cycle
15. Give two reasons corals are important economically or ecologically. Describe
the relationship between zooxanthella and coral. Give some of the conditions
believed to lead to coral bleaching. Explain what happens during coral
bleaching.
16. Why are Cnidarians believed to have “true” tissue?
17. What controls medusa locomotion? Can polyps move?
18. Describe polyp polymorphisms.
19. What are the Cubozoa? What is a velarium?
20. Compare cnidarians to other animals with regard to general characteristics
such as nerve and muscle organization, organization of tissue layers and
digestive system.
21. Which of the three major classes or clades is considered most primitive?
22. Be able to compare the body plan of anemones and hydrozoans. Some
taxonomists feel the anemones may represent Cnidarians that unlike Hydra
and its relative that have mesoderm. Do you agree?
23. What does it mean to say that coral reefs may become the medicine cabinets
of the 21st century?
24. Are myxozoans cnidarians or protists? What disease do they cause?
Ctenophores
25. Know the ways in which comb jellies differ from “typical” cnidarians.
26. Know distinguishing terms associated with this clade (phylum) such as apical
organ, ctene, cydippid larva, tentacles, and colloblasts. What are the
differences between a terrestrial and planktonic ctenophore? What is the
proposed relationship of clade to the Cnidaria?
27. Know the life cycle of a “typical” ctenophore.
Platyhelminthes
28. Compare the bauplan of a typical free living planarian to that of a
cnidarian. Which is the more “muscular” organism?
29. Compare the bauplan of an acoel with that of a triclad, a parasitic
platyheminth to that of a free living form, paying particular attention to the
integumentary and digestive system.
30. Be able to discuss the function and significance of neoblasts.
31. Be able to describe protonephridia
32. What animals do free-living forms mimic in an attempt to avoid predation?
33. Terms to know: Acoels, adhesive glands, auricles, cercaria, cestode,
cysticerci, Dipylidium caninum, incomplete gastrovascular cavity.
mesenchyme or mesoderm, metacercaria, microtriches,
miracidium, monogenean fluke, Muller’s larvae, microtrich, opisthaptor,
pharynx, protonephridia, proglottids, rhabdites, redia, scolex, sporocysts,
syncytial, trematode, tegument, hypodermic insemination, penis fencing,
vitelline gland.
34. Be able to discuss the question "Why are so many flatworms parasitic?" Be
able to explain the features of parasitic flatworms that make them successful
as internal parasites. Are than any advantages to a parasitic life cycle in this
group over life as a free-living flatworm?
35. Compare flukes to tapeworms regarding the following: food acquisition and
digestion, method of attaching to a host, reproductive systems and types of life
cycle and larval forms. What are the Monogenea?
36. Be able to describe the general life cycles (and effect on the primary
(definitive) host of the following parasites: Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis
sinesis (the Chinese liver fluke), Schistosomes (blood flukes) and Taenia that
can infect humans.
37. Be able to give examples of humans serving as intermediate (secondary) hosts
for tapeworms and to explain why these infections can be so serious. What is
cysticercosis?
38. Be able to give some examples of adaptations among the parasitic forms to
increase the probability of finding a host and not being rejected once in a host.
39. Describe some unique adaptations of parasites belonging to this clade.
40. Why are acoels considered unusual platyhelminthes? Why are
platyhelminthes considered polyphyletic?
Nemertea
41. Be able to characterize the Nemertea. Be able to compare them to
Platyhelminthes and Annelids. Describe their unique probosis. Describe a
pilidium larvae and its imaginal disks.
42. If you were had to pick a near relative for ribbon worms, would it be
flatworms or annelid worms? Defend your answer
Annelids:
43. Be able to describe the "tube within a tube" body plan of the annelid worms.
44. Explain the advantages of segmentation in coelomic organisms and include
the phyla that exhibit segmentation. Be able to compare the segmentation
exhibited by annelids with that exhibited by Arthropods.
45. Be able to describe the main features of the earthworm with regard to
circulatory, nervous. excretory, and digestive system.
46. Be able to distinguish between the Clitellatids and Polychaetes with regard to
47. Where they live, how they feed, external features, how they move and their
general mode of reproduction. Be able to do the same for Oligochaetes and
leeches (Hirudinea).
48. How are leeches being used today as medical “devices”?
49. Describe the habitat and morphology of bone devouring worms.
50. What is Chaetopterus pugaporcinus?
51. Be able to recognize diagrams of Echiurans and Sipunculids. Be able to
describe the basic bauplan and lifestyles of these groups.
52. What characteristics do Echiurids and Spunculids share with typical annelids.
Why are they not thought by some to be closely related to annelids?
53. What is unusual about the clade Siboglinidae’s (Pogonophora) lifestyle?
Give example of adaptations for living at 2,6000 meters below the surface.