Study guide 2.
Be sure you can compare all the phyla under consideration as to bauplan. Know which of
the organ systems are well developed or poorly developed or lacking. Know if a body
cavity is present and if it is reduced. How do animals feed and locomote in the clade
under consideration? You should at least find one unique characteristic for each
clade. You should be able to describe this characteristic or these characteristics if there is
more than one, and comment on their evolutionary or functional significance. In some
cases, especially when different forms or types of reproduction are involved you should
know the life cycle in some detail. In all cases, you should at least know if a larvae
stage is involved in the life cycle. In my crystal ball, I see matching, tables and diagrams.
You know that I expect you to know meanings and relationships among terms, so don't
just memorize definitions.
Porifera
1. What is the basic bauplan of a sponge? Do they have skeletons?
2. Compare and contrast the following: a. Asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid
(lab and lecture) structure, b. Calcarea, Hexactinellidae, Demospongia, c.
gemmule and larvae
3. Briefly summarize the relationship of sponges to other animals. What fossils
have been found?
4. Be able to diagram water flow through a sponge. How are nutrients
distributed in a sponge? How do sponges reproduce? Know the general life
cycle for poriferans.
5. Describe the function of the following cells, archeocytes or ameobocytes,
choanocytes, porocyts, sclerocyte. Know in some detail the structure and
function of choanocytes. Can sponges regenerate? Which sponge
regenerates best in lab?
6. What are the Cladorhizidae? What is unusual about Spongilla lacustris
7. Describe the relationships existing between nudibranchs and sponges.
8. What are the Placozoa? Describe their bauplan. What is the proposed
relationship of this clade to the Porifera?
Cnidaria
9. Describe the functioning of the cell that gives the Cnidaria its name (lab
and lecture). What is the bauplan for this clade? How does it vary
among the major groups that comprise the clade? Are most Cnidarians
predators?
10. Why is hydra an unusual Hydrozoan?
11. What is unusual about the hydrozoan Craspedacusta sowerbyi?
12. Describe the following terms: ephyra, podocyts, frustules, siphonophore,
Portuguese Man of War or Physalia, Velella, theca, rhopalium, strobila,
acontia, mesentaries, mesoglea or mesenchyme, gastrozooid, gonozooid,
dactylozooid (last three, lab and lecture).
13. Be able to discuss variations on the typical Hydrozoan life cycle.
14. Know the life cycle of a typical Scyphozoan. Be able to contrast it with
that of the typical Anthozoan and Hydrozoan life cycle
15. Give two reasons corals are important economically or ecologically. Describe
the relationship between zooxanthella and coral. Give some of the conditions
believed to lead to coral bleaching. Explain what happens during coral
bleaching.
16. Why are Cnidarians believed to have “true” tissue?
17. What controls medusa locomotion? Can polyps move?
18. Describe polyp polymorphisms (lab and lecture). Know where different
zooids were found in Hydractinia echinata.
19. What are the Cubozoa? What is a velarium?
20. Compare cnidarians to other animals with regard to general characteristics
such as nerve and muscle organization, organization of tissue layers and
digestive system. How does expansion of the gastrodermis by septa and
branching canals allow for more efficient feeding?
21. Which of the three major classes or clades is considered most primitive?
22. Be able to compare the body plan of anemones and hydrozoans. How do
anemones fight? Some taxonomists feel the anemones may represent
Cnidarians that unlike Hydra and its relative that have mesoderm. Do you
agree?
23. What does it mean to say that coral reefs may become the medicine cabinets
of the 21st century? How can siphonophores hide submarines? What is the
relationship between the fried egg jelly, hitchhiking crabs and amphipods?
24. Are myxozoans cnidarians or protists? What disease do they cause?
Ctenophores
25. Know the ways in which comb jellies differ from “typical” cnidarians.
26. Know distinguishing terms associated with this clade (phylum) such as apical
organ, ctene, cydippid larva, tentacles, and colloblasts. What are the
differences between a terrestrial and planktonic ctenophore? What is the
proposed relationship of clade to the Cnidaria?
27. Know the life cycle of a “typical” ctenophore.
Platyhelminthes
28. Compare the bauplan of a typical free living planarian to that of a
cnidarian. Which is the more “muscular” organism?
29. Compare the bauplan of an acoel with that of a triclad, a parasitic
platyheminth to that of a free living form, paying particular attention to
the integumentary and digestive system.
30. Be able to discuss the function and significance of neoblasts. Did you find
a gradient for regeneration in lab?
31. Be able to describe protonephridia
32. What animals do free-living forms mimic in an attempt to avoid
predation? How do they find food? What did your lab experiments tell you
about their ability to locate food items?
33. Terms to know: Acoels, adhesive glands, auricles, cercaria, cestode,
cysticerci, incomplete gastrovascular cavity, Lumulus flatworm (Bdelloura),
mesenchyme or mesoderm, metacercaria, microtriches,
miracidium, monogenean fluke, Muller’s larvae, microtrich, opisthaptor,
pharynx, protonephridia, proglottids, rhabdites, redia, scolex, sporocysts,
syncytial, trematode, tegument, hypodermic insemination, penis fencing,
vitelline gland.
34. Be able to explain the features of parasitic flatworms that make them
successful as internal parasites. Are than any advantages to a parasitic life
cycle in this group over life as a free-living flatworm?
35. Compare flukes to tapeworms regarding the following: food acquisition
and digestion, method of attaching to a host, reproductive systems and
types of life cycle and larval forms. What are the Monogenea?
36. Be able to describe the general life cycles (and effect on the primary
(definitive) host of the following parasites: Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis
sinesis (the Chinese liver fluke), Schistosomes (blood flukes) and Taenia
(tapeworm) that can infect humans.
37. Be able to give examples of humans serving as intermediate (secondary) hosts
for tapeworms and to explain why these infections can be so serious. What is
cysticercosis?
38. Be able to give some examples of adaptations among the parasitic forms to
increase the probability of finding a host and not being rejected once in a host.
39. Describe some unique adaptations of parasites belonging to this clade.
40. Why are acoels considered unusual platyhelminthes? Why are
platyhelminthes considered polyphyletic?
Nemertea
41. Be able to characterize the Nemertea. Be able to compare them to
Platyhelminthes and Annelids. Describe their unique probosis. Describe a
pilidium larvae and its imaginal disks.
42. If you were had to pick a near relative for ribbon worms, would it be
flatworms or annelid worms? Defend your answer
Annelids:
43. Be able to describe the "tube within a tube" body plan of the annelid
worms.
44. Explain the advantages of segmentation in coelomic organisms and include
the phyla that exhibit segmentation. Be able to compare the segmentation
exhibited by annelids with that exhibited by Arthropods.
45. Be able to describe the main features of the earthworm with regard to
circulatory, nervous. excretory, and digestive system.
46. Be able to distinguish between the Clitellatids and Polychaetes with
regard to where they live, how they feed, external features, how they
move and their general mode of reproduction. Be able to do the same for
Oligochaetes and leeches (Hirudinea). Be able to describe filter feeding in
polychaetes.
47. How are leeches being used today as medical “devices”?
48. Describe the habitat and morphology of bone devouring worms.
49. What is Chaetopterus pugaporcinus?
50. Be able to recognize diagrams of Echiurans and Sipunculids. Be able to
describe the basic bauplan and lifestyles of these groups.
51. What characteristics do Echiurids and Spunculids share with typical
annelids. Why are they not thought by some to be closely related to
annelids?
52. What is unusual about the clade Siboglinidae’s (Pogonophora) lifestyle?
Give some examples of adaptations for living at 2,600 feet below the surface.
What are some of the common problems facing animals living in
chemosynthetic biological communities. What are some of the adaptations we
see in these communities not matter were they are found?