Supporting standards comprise
35% of the U. S. History Test
24 (B)
Supporting Standard (24)
The student understands the importance of
effective leadership in a constitutional republic.
The Student is expected to:
(B) Evaluate the contributions of significant
political leaders in the U. S. such as Andrew
Carnegie, Thurgood Marshall, Billy Graham,
Barry Goldwater, Sandra Day O’Connor, &
Hillary Clinton
Supporting Standard (24)
The student understands the importance of
effective leadership in a constitutional republic.
The Student is expected to:
(B) 1 Evaluate the contributions of significant
political leaders in the U. S. such as Andrew
Carnegie
Who was Andrew Carnegie?
Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919) was a Scottish-American
industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the
American steel industry in the late-19th century. He was also one
of the highest profile philanthropists of his era; his 1889 article
proclaiming The Gospel of Wealth called on the rich to use their
wealth to improve society, and stimulated wave after wave of
philanthropy.
Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and immigrated to the
United States with his very poor parents in 1848. In a rags to riches
story, Carnegie started as a telegrapher and by the 1860s had
investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges and oil
derricks. He built further wealth as a bond salesman raising money
for American enterprise in Europe.
He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold
to banker J. P. Morgan in 1901 for $480 million (the equivalent of
approximately $13.5 billion in 2013), creating the U. S.
Steel Corporation.
Vertical Integration—New form of
Organization
Carnegie realized fortunes
of his steel plant depended
on forces outside his own
control, e.g., mining
companies, ships and rail
lines for transport, so he
bought these entities.
Andrew
Carnegie and
Steel Industry
(1835-1919)
“Andrew
Carnegie emerged
as the undisputed
master of the
[steel] industry.”
He insured control of process from
securing raw material through turning it
into the finished product.
He believed in value of competition, free
enterprise—he opposed trusts since they
violated laws of competition
Management vs. Labor
Suspicion and Distrust Existed on
Both Sides
• Management’s position—Unions interfered
with management’s right to bargain with
individuals
Carnegie’s Homestead Steel Plant Strike
Smoke rising
from the
Homestead
Steel Plant
Above left, plant manager Henry Clay Frick
(1849-1919) and above to the right, plant
owner Andrew Carnegie
The Philosophy of Laissez-faire
• Carnegie’s “Gospel of
Wealth”
• Defended
accumulation of
wealth
• Asserted responsibility
of wealthy to spend
properly
• Act as “trustee” for
poorer brethren
• Donate money to
worthy causes
Carnegie Philanthropy
Among other things:
• At age 65, sold Carnegie Steel for $480 million
& devoted remainder of his life to philanthropic
activities
• Gave away over $350 million, centering most
around education & world peace
• Spent over $56 million to build 2,509 libraries
throughout the English-speaking world
• Founded 13 different trusts including:
Carnegie devoted
1901-1919 to
large-scale
philanthropy, with
special emphasis
on local libraries,
world peace,
education and
scientific
research.
• Carnegie Foundation
• Carnegie Library &
Museum of Pittsburgh
• Carnegie Mellon
University
• Carnegie Corporation
of New York
Carnegie & the SpanishAmerican War
Carnegie so objected to the
annexation of the Philippines that he
actually offered to purchase Filipino
independence for no less than $20—
the very price the U.S. government
paid to Spain for the annexation of
the area.
Supporting Standard (24)
The student understands the importance of
effective leadership in a constitutional republic.
The Student is expected to:
(B) 2 Evaluate the contributions of significant
political leaders in the U. S. such as Thurgood
Marshall
Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993) was an Associate Justice of the U.
S. Supreme Court, nominated by President Lyndon Johnson &
serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the
Court's 96th justice and its first African-America justice.
He served on the U. S. Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit after being
appointed by President John
Kennedy and then served as the Solicitor
General after being appointed by
President Johnson in 1965.
At the age of 32, Marshall won U. S. Supreme Court case, Chambers
v. Florida. That same year, he founded and became the executive
director of the NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund.
Before becoming a judge, Marshall was a lawyer who was best
known for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme
Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education, a decision
that desegregated public schools.
His most famous case as a
lawyer was Brown v.
Board of Education of
Topeka, the case in which
the Supreme Court ruled
that “separate but equal”
public education, as
established by Plessy v.
Ferguson, was not
applicable to public
education because it could
never be truly equal.
In total, Marshall won 29 out of the
32 cases he argued before the
Supreme Court.
On June 13, 1967, President
Johnson nominated Marshall to the
Supreme Court following the
retirement of Justice Tom C. Clark,
saying that this was "the right thing
to do, the right time to do it, the
right man and the right place."
Marshall served on the Court for
the next 24 years, compiling a
liberal record that included strong
support for Constitutional
protection of individual rights,
especially the rights of criminal
suspects against the government.
Left, in 1967, Marshall in
the Oval Office, and above,
Marshall linked with
company of the most
praiseworthy sort: Nelson
Mandela, Frederick
Douglass, & Harriet
Tubman
Supporting Standard (24)
The student understands the importance of
effective leadership in a constitutional republic.
The Student is expected to:
(B) 3 Evaluate the contributions of significant
political leaders in the U. S. such as Billy
Graham
William Franklin “Billy” Graham, Jr. (b. 1918) is an
American evangelical Christian evangelist, ordained as a Southern
Baptist minister, who rose to celebrity status in 1949 reaching a core
constituency of white, middle-class, moderately conservative
Protestants. He held large indoor and outdoor rallies; sermons were
broadcast on radio and television, some still being re-broadcast
today.
Graham was a spiritual adviser to several
Presidents; he was particularly close
to Eisenhower, Johnson (who was
considered to be one of Graham's closest
friends) and Nixon. During the civil rights
movement, he began to support integrated
seating for his revivals and crusades; in
1957 he invited Martin Luther King, Jr. to
preach jointly at a revival in New York
City. Graham bailed King out of jail in the
1960s when he was arrested in
demonstrations.
Supporting Standard (24)
The student understands the importance of
effective leadership in a constitutional republic.
Graham operates a variety of media and
publishing outlets. According to his staff, more
than 3.2 million people have responded to the
invitation at Billy Graham Crusades to
“accept Jesus Christ as their personal savior.”
As of 2008, Graham's
estimated lifetime
audience, including radio
and television broadcasts,
topped 2.2 billion.
Graham has repeatedly been on Gallup’s list of
most admired men & women. He has appeared
on the list 55 times since 1955 (including 49
consecutive years), more than any other
individual in the world. Grant Wacker reports:
“By the middle 1960s, he had become
the ‘Great Legitimator.’ . . . His
presence conferred sanctity on events,
authority on presidents, acceptability
on wars, desirability on decency,
[and] shame on indecency....By the
middle 1970s, many deemed him
‘America’s pastor.’”
Graham remains
probably the most
recognizable &
respected religious
figure in America.
Supporting Standard (24)
The student understands the importance of
effective leadership in a constitutional republic.
The Student is expected to:
(B) 4 Evaluate the contributions of significant
political leaders in the U. S. such as Barry
Goldwater
Barry Morris Goldwater (1909–1998) was a businessman and fiveterm U. S. Senator from Arizona (1953–65, 1969–87) &
the Republican Party’s nominee for president in the 1964 election
against incumbent Lyndon Johnson. An articulate and charismatic
figure during the first half of the 1960s, he was known as “Mr.
Conservative.”
Goldwater is the politician most often credited for
sparking the resurgence of the American
conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had
a substantial impact on the libertarian movement.
Goldwater rejected the
legacy of the New
Deal and fought through
the conservative
coalition against
the “New Deal coalition.”
Goldwater mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the
hard-fought Republican primaries. Goldwater's conservative
campaign platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the
electorate and he lost the 1964 election by one of the largest
landslides in history, bringing down many Republican candidates as
well.
The Johnson campaign and other critics painted him as
a reactionary, while supporters praised his crusades against
the Soviet Union, labor unions, & the welfare state.
His defeat with the defeat of
so many older Republicans in
1964 cleared the way for a
younger generation of
American conservatives to
mobilize.
Goldwater returned to the Senate in 1969, and
specialized in defense policy, bringing to the table
his experience as a senior officer in the Air Force
Reserve. In 1974, as an elder statesman of the
party, Goldwater successfully urged President
Nixon to resign when evidence of a cover-up in
the Watergate scandal became overwhelming and
impeachment was imminent.
Supporting Standard (24)
The student understands the importance of
effective leadership in a constitutional republic.
The Student is expected to:
(B) 5 Evaluate the contributions of significant
political leaders in the U. S. such as Sandra Day
O’Connor
Sandra Day O’Connor (b. 1930) is a retired U. S. Supreme
Court justice, and in 2013 was listed as
a NAFTA adjudicator.
She served as an Associate
Justice from her
appointment in 1981
by President Reagan until
her retirement from the
Court in 2006. She was
the first woman to be
appointed to the Court.
Prior to O’Connor’s appointment to the Court, she was an
elected official and judge in Arizona serving as the first
female Majority Leader in the United States as the
Republican leader in the Arizona Senate.
Considered a federalist and
a moderate conservative,
O’Connor tended to
approach each case
narrowly without arguing
for sweeping precedents.
Her unanimous confirmation
by the Senate in 1981 was
She most frequently sided
supported by most
with the court’s
conservative bloc, although conservatives, led by Arizona
Senator Barry Goldwater, and
in the latter years of her
liberals, including
tenure, she was regarded as Massachusetts Senator Ted
Kennedy and women's rights
having the swing vote in
groups like the National
many cases.
Organization for Women.
Several publications Sandra Day O’Connor.
have named O’Connor
among the most
powerful women in the
world. On August 12,
2009, she was awarded
the Presidential Medal
of Freedom, the
highest civilian honor
of the United States, by
President Obama.
Supporting Standard (24)
The student understands the importance of
effective leadership in a constitutional republic.
The Student is expected to:
(B) 6 Evaluate the contributions of significant
political leaders in the U. S. such as Hillary
Clinton
?
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (b. 1947) is a former U. S.
Secretary of State, U. S. Senator, & First Lady of the U. S.
From 2009 to 2013, she was the 67th Secretary of State,
serving under President Obama. She previously
represented New York in the U. S. Senate (2001 to 2009).
Before that, as the wife of President Bill Clinton, she was
First Lady from 1993 to 2001. In the 2008 election, Clinton
was a leading candidate for the Democratic presidential
nomination.
A native of Illinois, Hillary Rodham
was the first student commencement
speaker at Wellesley College in 1969.
She then earned a J. D. from Yale
School of Law in 1973.
While practicing law in the 1970s, she was twice listed her
as one of the hundred most influential lawyers in America.
As First Lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to
1992 with husband Bill as Governor, she led a task force
that reformed Arkansas’s education system.
In 1994, as First
Lady of the
United States, her
major initiative,
the Clinton health
care plan, failed
to gain approval
from the U.S.
Congress.
In 2000, Hillary Clinton is the only First Lady ever to
have run for public office. Clinton was reelected to the
Senate in 2006. In 2008, Hillary Clinton won far more
primaries and delegates than any other female candidate
in American history, but narrowly lost the nomination
to U. S. Senator from Illinois, Barack Obama.
Obama nominated
Clinton to be Secretary
of State, and she was
confirmed by the
Senate in January
2009.
Secretary
of State
Clinton
with
Pakistan’s
Prime
As Secretary
of State,
she visited
more
countries than
anyMinister
other
Secretary
of State.
encouraged
empowerment
women
Yousuf
Raza
Gilani
in Islamabad
duringofClinton's
everywhere, and used socialPakistan
media to communicate
the U.S. message
trip
abroad.
Fini