Musculoskeletal System
Chapter 37
Section 1: AIDHM
1. Give four functions of the skeleton.
2. Name the structural division of the skeleton into two
parts..
3. Name 4 component parts of the axial skeleton:
4. Locate and give a function for: skull, vertebrae, ribs,
and sternum
5. Show the position and function of discs in relation to
vertebrae.
6. Show the position of these vertebrae: cervical,
thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.
2
Introduction
• The skeleton and muscles are controlled
by the nervous system
• From Junior Cert, can you name any
functions of the skeleton?
3
Functions of the skeleton
(need to know 4)
1. Support - keeps the body upright
2. Protection - of organs e.g. brain
3. Movement – rigid levers on which the
muscles can pull on
4. Shape
5. Blood components - manufacture red
blood corpuscles, white blood cells and
platelets.
4
5
Divisions of
skeleton
Axial skeleton
and
Appendicular
skeleton
Link pg 366 of book
6
Activity: Match the
labels to the part of the
skeleton
7
8
9
Axial skeleton
(1/3)
AXIAL SKELETON =
skull + vertebral column + sternum + ribs.
1. THE SKULL
Function: protection
10
Axial skeleton
(2/3)
2. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• composed of 33 vertebrae
• Between vertebrae are
discs of cartilage which
act as shock absorbers
11
Axial skeleton
(2/3)
• Spinal cord is in a hollow central canal
12
Axial skeleton
(3/3)
THE STERNUM AND RIBS
- true ribs - 1 to 7, attached to sternum
- false ribs - 8 to 10 attached to rib no. 7
- floating ribs -11 & 12 - no attachments
Function: protect the lungs and heart and
used in breathing.
13
Learning Check
1. List 4 functions of the
skeleton
2. What makes up the axial
skeleton
3. Where are the discs
located in the spine and
what is their function
4. Fill in the gaps in the
picture
14
Can you….
1. Give four functions of the skeleton.
2. Name the structural division of the skeleton into two
parts..
3. Name 4 component parts of the axial skeleton:
4. Locate and give a function for: skull, vertebrae, ribs,
and sternum
5. Show the position and function of discs in relation to
vertebrae.
6. Show the position of these vertebrae: cervical,
thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.
15
Section 2: AIDHM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Name the main component parts of the appendicular skeleton
Show the position of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and their
attached limbs.
Use a model of the human skeleton to identify the clavicle
(collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade).
Use a model of the skeleton to identify the humerus, radius,
ulna, carpal, metacarpals, digits (fingers) containing phalanges.
Name the appendages attached to the Pelvic girdle.
Use a model of the skeleton to identify: femur, patella, tibia,
fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, digits (toes) containing phalanges.
Draw a long bone to show its anatomy.
Distinguish between compact and spongy bone.
Distinguish between red marrow and yellow marrow.
16
APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
= limbs and girdles
17
APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
Girdles
1. pectoral (shoulder)
girdle:
• consists of clavicle (collar
bone) and scapula
(shoulder blade)
• They are attached to
humerus, radius, ulna,
carpel, metacarpal,
phalanges
18
APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
Girdles
2. Pelvic girdle:
• consists of fused hip
bones, surrounding a
cavity
• They are attached to
femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal,
metatarsal, phalanges
19
Pentadactyl limbs –
arms and legs
20
Bone structure
(1/2)
Outside structure of
the bone:
– Cartilage (shock
absorber)
– Epiphysis: head
– Diaphysis: shaft
21
Bone structure
(1/2)
1. Compact bone
– Function: strength and rigidity
– living cells
– needs blood and nerve supply.
2. Spongy bone
– Function: strength and rigidity
– Honeycomb structure
– Has spaces filled with
•
•
red bone marrow – blood cell
formation
Yellow bone marrow – fat storage,
also converted to red bone marrow
22
Bone structure
(1/2)
3. Articular cartilage
– Function: shock
absorber & protects
from friction
– Found at ends of bone.
4. Medullary cavity
– Function: filled with
yellow bone marrow
(adults) and red bone
marrow (children)
23
L.S. of a long bone
24
Learning Check
1. What are the parts
that make up the
appendicular
skeleton
2. Name 2 girdles
3. Name the bones in
the arm
4. Label the pictures
5. What is the
function of number
7 and 11?
25
Can you….
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Name the main component parts of the appendicular skeleton
Show the position of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and their
attached limbs.
Use a model of the human skeleton to identify the clavicle
(collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade).
Use a model of the skeleton to identify the humerus, radius,
ulna, carpal, metacarpals, digits (fingers) containing phalanges.
Name the appendages attached to the Pelvic girdle.
Use a model of the skeleton to identify: femur, patella, tibia,
fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, digits (toes) containing phalanges.
Draw a long bone to show its anatomy.
Distinguish between compact and spongy bone.
Distinguish between red marrow and yellow marrow.
26
Section 3: AIDHM
1. Explain what a joint is.
2. Classify joints into different types, giving examples.
3. Show the position of the various types of joint on a
model skeleton.
4. Give the function of the different types of joint.
5. Describe the structure of one synovial joint.
6. Give the role of cartilage and ligaments in joints.
7. Give the role of tendons.
8. Explain the term "antagonistic muscle pair", giving an
example.
9. Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal system,
27
giving one possible cause, prevention and treatment
From JC
• What is a joint
• Name 3 different joints
28
Joints
(1/2)
Joints are where two bones meet.
Three types of joints: 1. Immovable – no movement. Bones
held together without cartilage e.g.
skull
29
Joints
(2/2)
2. Slightly movable joints –
where flexibility is required
e.g. vertebra in vertebral
column.
3. Freely movable joints
(synovial joint) –
cartilage and a space at
the joint
30
Types of Synovial Joints
1. BALL AND
SOCKET JOINT
e.g. shoulder, hip
allows circular
movement.
2. HINGE JOINT
e.g. elbow, knee
allows movement
in one plane only.
31
Hinge
•
•
•
•
Cartilage: shock absorber/reduces friction
Synovial fluid: friction free movements
Ligaments: holds bones together
Synovial membranes: secretes or
contains synovial fluid
32
• Tendons: joins muscles to bones
Muscles
• Muscles can only contract and relax
(cannot expand or elongate).
• To contract they need ATP
33
Antagonistic muscles
(1/2)
These are pairs of muscles that have
opposite effects
e.g. biceps and triceps
34
Antagonistic
muscles
(2/2)
• To raise hand - biceps contract and triceps
relax and is stretched by the upward
movement of the radius and ulna.
• To lower hand - triceps contract and biceps
relax and is stretched by the downward
movement of the radius and ulna.
35
Bending at the elbow
36
Bones and muscles of
the arm
humer
us biceps
ulna
radius
How would YOU raise
the arm?
humer
us biceps
ulna
radius
Were you right?
tric
eps
rela
bone pulled
upward
How would you lower
the arm?
bice
ps
hume
rus radi
us
trice
ps
ulna
Were you right?
biceps
relaxes
bone pulled
downward
Watch the muscles….
Watch the muscles….
Watch the muscles….
Watch the muscles….
Watch the muscles….
Watch the muscles….
Watch the muscles….
Can you locate the
HINGE?
?
Can you locate the
HINGE?
?
You are correct if you
located it here
You are correct if you
located it here
the hinge is
where the
bones are
allowed to
move about
each other,
raising and
lowering the
arm
Learning Check
2007 OL Q6
53
Learning Check
5(4)
(a)
ligament [allow capsule]
(b)
holds bones together [allow retains fluid]
(c)
cartilage
(d)
synovial
(e)
lubrication or shock absorption or protection
54
Role of calcium in bone
• Bone contains a hard, rigid matrix
comprised of a protein impregnated with
a calcium salt and phosphorous
• The calcium gives strength to bones
• The protein gives flexibility and prevents
the bone from being brittle
55
Disorders of the
musculoskeletal system
Study one of the following: -
Arthritis
OR
Osteoporosis
56
Arthritis
(1/2)
Causes
• Injury
• Hormonal imbalance
• Genetic
• Immune
57
Arthritis
(1/2)
Prevention
• Avoid running on hard surfaces
• Wear proper footwear
58
Arthritis
(1/2)
Treatment
• No cure
• Rest
• Exercises to build up strength
• Anti-inflammatory drugs
• Steroids
59
HL: Growth and
development in bones
• After 8 weeks, embryonic cartilage is
replaced with bone
• Osteoblasts are bone making cells
• They secrete a protein matrix and
combine it with calcium phosphate
• This organic and inorganic component of
bone makes it very strong
60
HL: Growth and
development in bones
Young people
• Growth plates control the growth of the
bone
• Growth plates are made of cartilage cells,
which divide to make the bone longer
• This is changed into bone to by
osteoblasts
• When fully grown, the growth plate fuses
61
HL: Growth and
development in bones
Adults
• In adults bone is continually being broken
down (by osteoclasts) and replaced (by
osteoblasts)
• Osteoclasts absorb broken down cells
and deposit their calcium in the blood
• This, and calcium in the diet are used by
osteoblasts to make new bone
62
HL: Growth and
development in bones
• Hormones needed for bone growth:
thyroxine, growth hormones,
oestrogen, testosterone
• Exercise increase the mass of bones
63
The conversion of
an immature long
bone from cartilage
to bone
64
Learning Check
1. Name 3 types of joints
2. What are antagonistic muscles
3. Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal
system, giving one possible cause,
prevention and treatment
4. HL: Explain how young peoples bones
grow longer
65
Can you….
1. Explain what a joint is.
2. Classify joints into different types, giving examples.
3. Show the position of the various types of joint on a
model skeleton.
4. Give the function of the different types of joint.
5. Describe the structure of one synovial joint.
6. Give the role of cartilage and ligaments in joints.
7. Give the role of tendons.
8. Explain the term "antagonistic muscle pair", giving an
example.
9. Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal system,
66
giving one possible cause, prevention and treatment
Other Musculoskeletal
disorders
not examinable
for information only
Disc prolapse
68
Whiplash injury
69
Ligament injury
70
Torn cartilage
71
END
72