Skeletal System
By: David Kichiro, Skyler Record
& Sara Hickenlooper
Facts
● A adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones.
● At birth, humans are born with 300 to 350 bones that by
about the age of 9, fuse together and become a total of 206
bones.
● Animals with internal skeletons made of bone, called
vertebrates, are actually the minority. 98% of all animals are
invertebrates (meaning they have no internal skeletons or
backbones).
● Teeth are considered as part of the skeletal system but they
are not considered as bones.
Bone Structure
Dense and tough outer layer
Spongy Layer
(lighter and slightly flexible)
Jelly-like Bone Marrow
(this is where new cells are constantly
being produced for blood)
Axial Skeleton
Found in trunk and head of a human body.
What it includes:
Trunk
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27 bones in skull
33 bones that form
spine
12 pairs of ribs,
breast bone and flat
bone in front of chest
Vertebrae- bones that
surround spinal cord
Function:
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protection and
support
provides limited
movements
ribs allow chest to
expand while
breathing
flexible tissue in
spine allows bending
and turning
**total of 80 bones in the axial skeleton**
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones in limbs that extend from the trunk of a human body.
What it includes:
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legs
arms
feet
hands
2 sets of bones
(girdle and pelvic
girdle)
Function:
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allows body to move
used to grasp or
manipulate objects
girdle and pelvic
girdle connect the
upper and lower
limbs to the body
**total of 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton**
Osteoporosis
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causes bones to become
weak and brittle — so brittle
that a fall or even mild
stresses like bending over
or coughing can cause a
fracture
occurs when the creation of
new bone doesn't keep up
with the removal of old
bone
Bone
Disorders
Rickets
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it is the softening and
weakening of bones in
children, usually because of
an extreme and prolonged
vitamin D deficiency
adding vitamin D to the diet
generally corrects any
resulting bone problems for
your child
Paget's Disease
●
with this disease, bone
tissue is broken down and
absorbed much faster than
normal, so the body speeds
up the bone rebuilding
process. But this new bone
is often weak and brittle,
and it breaks easily
Bone Disorders (2)
Osteochondroma
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a benign tumor
a type of overgrowth that
can occur in any bone
where cartilage forms bone
take place during skeletal
growth between the ages of
13 and 15 and ceases
when the growth plate fuses
at puberty
Proteus Syndrome
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a rare overgrowth condition
causes differences in
appearance and growth
rate of certain body parts
Osteomalacia
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softening of your bones,
often caused by a vitamin
D deficiency
NOT THE SAME AS
OSTEOPOROSIS!
Osteomalacia results from
a defect in the bonebuilding process, while
osteoporosis develops
due to a weakening of
previously constructed
bone
Technological Advancements
Joint Replacement: Regarding the skeleton, there
have been many new discoveries and advances. One
of these is joint replacement. Doctors have tried for
many years to find a way of replacing damaged or
worn out joints, but the first attempts were never
successful. In the late 1960s, a British doctor named
Sir John Charnley designed an artificial hip consisting
of a metal ball in a hard cement socket. Over the
years, his work was refined by many other surgeons
and finally used in knee and hip replacements.
Bone Marrow Transplant: A bone marrow transplant
may be used to treat some bone marrow problems.
Red bone marrow from a healthy donor is injected into
the bloodstream of the patient. The stem cells travel
through the blood until they reach the marrow. They
then settle there and produce healthy blood cells.
Technological Advancements
Metal Retractor:
A special clamp called a retractor is
(2)
used to hold the ribs apart when surgeons perform
chest operations, such as heart surgery or heart
transplants.
Arthroscopy: Invented by Japanese surgeons in the
1970s, the arthroscope is a small, illuminated tube
that can be inserted into the knee through a small cut.
This high-tech instrument provides a clear view of the
inside of the knee and can send detailed pictures to a
monitor. These pictures allow doctors to be more
successful in their operating techniques.
Bone Scan: New technological advances allow us to
see images from radionuclide (gamma) scans of
whole skeletons. These are helpful and unlike other
images produced because they can show doctors
whether or not the bones in a human are diseased.
Stem Structure
Cortex
(outermost layer, is responsible for the
transportation of materials)
Phloem
(transports organic materials that were
made during photosynthesis)
Pith
(spongy material which store and transport
nutrients throughout the plant)
Plant Structure
Root System:
Shoot System:
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underground (usually)
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above ground (usually)
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holds the plant to the soil
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elevates the plant above soil
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absorbs water and nutrients
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food storage
functions: photosynthesis,
reproduction, food and water
conduction
Plants:
Humans:
Both:
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no bones
plants are in ground
when alive
do not need bones to
keep form.. roots
keep a plant's form
Cellular Respiration.
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Immune System.
Both contain about
25,000 genes.
2 main groups.
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bones
humans are in
ground when dead
need bones to
maintain form
need bones to stand