Power Point Slides for:
Financial Institutions, Markets, and
Money, 9th Edition
Authors: Kidwell, Blackwell, Whidbee &
Peterson
Prepared by: Babu G. Baradwaj, Towson University
and
Lanny R. Martindale, Texas A&M University
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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CHAPTER 9
MORTGAGE MARKETS
The Unique Nature of Mortgage Markets
Mortgage loans are secured by the pledge of real
property as collateral.
Mortgage loans are made for varied amounts - no
standard denomination.
Issuers of mortgages are usually small family or
business entities.
Weak Secondary Market
Little standardization of contracts and terms.
Traditionally issued and held by lender.
Mortgage markets are highly regulated and
supported by federal government policies.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Fixed Rate Mortgages (FRMs)
The note is the borrowing agreement.
Payments amortized over time. (See Exhibit 9.1
for example)
Interest is usually computed on the declining
balance.
The mortgage is a lien on the property used as
collateral for the loan.
If the contract is broken, the lender may use the
property to pay the loan.
When mortgage is fully paid, the lien is removed
and the borrower obtains a clear title to the
property
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM)
Fixed-rate mortgages are not acceptable to lenders in high
inflation periods.
With adjustable rate contracts, borrowers' costs vary with
inflation and interest rate levels.
Lenders shift interest rate risk to the borrower.
Caps on ARM interest rates limit interest rate risk to
borrowers.
Capped ARMs may have a “payment cap”, “rate cap”, or
both.
Payment caps limit the maximum amount the payment can
go up by in any year and over the life of the loan.
Interest rate caps or rate caps limit the size of the increase
in the loan rate in any year and over the loan’s life.
Typically, the annual cap is 1-2%, and the lifetime cap is 5%.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Methods of Adjustment for ARMs
Rate may vary in a prescribed range (caps) or
without limit.
Payments, maturity, or principal may vary.
Rates may vary based on a previously determined
interest rate index or the cost of the funds of the
lender.
The market prices (difference between fixed and
variable rates) the extent of interest rate risk
(impact of varying interest rates) assumed by
borrower and lender.
Common rate indices include Treasury rates, fixed
rate mortgage indices, prime rate, and the LIBOR
rate.
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Which is the better Choice – FRM or ARM?
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Fixed and Adjustable Mortgage Rates
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Other Mortgage Instruments
Balloon Payment Mortgages
Traditional loan where interest is paid until a time when
the principal was due.
Terms can be 3, 5 or 7 years.
Loan is amortized over 15 or 30 year period so that
monthly payments are no different than a FRM of equal
maturity.
Rate is fixed over the contract term.
Popular with borrowers who may either sell or
refinance prior to maturity.
Rollover Mortgage (ROMs)
Refinanced at new rate every few years.
Adjustment period is longer than traditional ARMs.
Payment is fixed
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Other Mortgage Instruments (continued)
Renegotiated Rate Mortgages (RRMs)
Loan terms renegotiated periodically at terms prevailing
in the market.
Adjustment period is longer than traditional ARMs.
Payment is fixed.
Interest Only Mortgages
Low payments in initial years (10 to 15 years) – only
includes interest on borrowed amount.
After initial period, payments increase such that entire
loan amount is amortized by the end of 30 years.
Borrower pays interest for a considerable period on the
entire loan balance, but avoids having to pay down
balance in initial years.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Other Mortgage Instruments (continued)
Construction-to Permanent Mortgages
Bridge financing is provided by lender over the
time frame required by the borrower to
purchase land and construct the house.
Only interest payment is made until
construction is completed.
Loan is financed in increments as construction
payments have to be made.
On completion of the construction, loan balance
is rolled over into the type of mortgage contract
desired by borrower.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Other Mortgage Instruments (continued)
Reverse Annuity Mortgages (RAMs)
RAMs allow homeowners to borrow against the
equity on their homes at low rates.
Typically obtained by older people whose home
loans have been paid off, but can use income of
the real estate investment they own.
Typical term is no more than 20 years and
could be for borrower’s lifetime as an annuity.
Homeowners’ equity declines by amount
borrowed.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Other Mortgage Instruments (continued)
Second Mortgage - extended at time of
purchase or later as equity is borrowed from
property.
Home equity lines of credit became
popular after the 1986 federal tax law.
Home equity loans and lines of credit allow
home owners to borrow against the equity
built up in their homes because of paying
down the loan and/or because of the
appreciation of the property.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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What Does it Take to Buy a Home?
Several factors influence a home
buyer’s ability to secure a mortgage
loans.
Borrower Income from all sources gives the
lender an idea of the ability of the borrower to
meet the monthly mortgage commitment.
Down Payment refers to the amount of cash the
borrower can contribute towards the cost of the
house as their equity.
Mortgage Insurance is necessary for borrowers
who are unable to come up with a 20 percent
down payment.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Conventional and Insured Mortgages
Conventional mortgages represent
lending/borrowing in the private markets.
Insured and/or guaranteed mortgages are
supported by federal and state agencies.
Federal Housing Administration (FHA).
Veterans Administration (VA).
Down payment and rates may be lower.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Private Mortgage Insurance
Conventional mortgage borrowers with low
down payments must usually buy private
mortgage insurance (PMI).
PMI premiums are added to mortgage
payments until the value of the mortgage is
less than 75% of the value of the house.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Private Mortgage Insurance
Uninsured conventional
mortgage
Equity
Uninsured
Mortgage
$25,000 down
payment
$100,000
mortgage at
10% APR.
Privately Insured
conventional mortgage
$12,500 down
Equity
payment
Insured Risk $12,500 mortgage
insurance
Uninsured
Mortgage
$112,500
mortgage at
10% plus
insurance
premium = 10¼
to 10½% APR
on $112,500
balance
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Mortgage-Backed Securities
One way to develop a secondary market for
mortgages
Mortgage pass-through securities pass
through payments of principal and interest
on pools of mortgages to holder of the
securities.
Other Mortgage backed securities use pools
of mortgages as collateral for debt
securities.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Development of a Secondary Market
U. S. Congress initiated the development of a secondary
market for mortgage loans in 1934 by creating the Federal
Housing Administration (FHA).
In 1938, the Federal National Mortgage Association
(FNMA) which was authorized to buy FHA insured loans.
In 1968, FNMA was split up into two entities – FNMA
and GNMA (Government National Mortgage
Association).
GNMA was authorized by Congress to guarantees
mortgage pools insured by FHA, VA and other federal
agencies.
In 1970, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
(FHLMC) was created to help create a secondary market
for conventional mortgages.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Advantages of MBS over Individual Mortgages
Issued in standardized denominations and
are negotiable.
Issued or backed by quality borrowers.
Usually insured and highly collateralized.
Repayment schedules vary, but many are
similar to other bonds.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Types of Pass-Through Securities - GNMA
Ginnie Mae Pass-Throughs - pools of
government insured mortgages.
GNMA guarantees the timely payment of principal and
interest on MBS backed by federally insured or
guaranteed loans.
GNMA charges issuers of pass-throughs a fee ranging
from 0.25 % to 0.75 % to offer its guarantee.
Investors in Ginnie Mae securities will earn a lower
yield reflecting a lower default risk because of the dual
guarantee by GNMA on the MBS and the FHA/VA
guaranty on the original loans.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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GNMA (continued).
Ginnie Mae I are pass-throughs secured by a mortgage
pool consisting of the same type of mortgage loans.
Have the same interest rate.
Are originated by the same lender.
The minimum pool size is $1 million.
Ginnie Mae II are also pass-throughs secured by a
mortgage pool consisting of the same type of mortgage
loans, but are different in other aspects.
They may be issued by multiple lenders.
Interest rates may vary over the portfolio of loans by as
much as 75 basis points (or 0.75%).
The minimum pool size is $250,000 for multi-lender pools
and $1 million for single-lender pools.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Types of Pass-Through Securities - Freddie Macs PCs
Freddie Mac Participation Certification - pools
of conventional mortgages.
Issued by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage
Corporation (FHLMC).
• Participation certificates (PCs) are issued by the FHLMC and
conventional loans are purchased from S&Ls.
• PCs are different from GNMA securities.
• Include conventional mortgages as collateral.
• Mortgages are not federally insured.
• Mortgages are pooled by FHLMC, not by private-sector
originators.
• Interest rates among pooled mortgages vary.
• Larger individual mortgages
• Mortgage originators service the mortgages (collect payments)
for a fee.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Types of Pass-Through Securities (Continued)
Fannie Mae pass-throughs - pools of
conventional or insured mortgages.
Issued by FNMA.
Offers securities similar to FHLMCs' PC.
Can issue pass-throughs for either conventional or federally
insured mortgage loans.
Privately Issued Pass Throughs (PIP)
First issued in 1977 by Bank of America.
PIPs are issued by private institutions or mortgage bankers.
They are similar to “Ginnie Maes” except that they are
backed by conventional mortgages.
Typically used to securitize large, non-conforming mortgage
loans called jumbo loans.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Types of Pass-Through Securities (concluded)
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs) - fixed
maturity date and interest payments similar to bonds
.
CMOs are mostly sold by FHLMC; other GSEs and
private issuers can also issue CMOs.
CMOs are like serial bonds.
CMO issues have between 3 and 10 classes.
Investors can choose the class that matches their
maturity preference.
CMOs are sometimes split into “interest only” (IO)
and “principal only” (PO) classes (similar to stripped
treasuries).
CMOs have a major disadvantage because they can
create tax problems for the originators.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Types of Pass-Through Securities (concluded)
Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit
(REMIC)
Investor pays taxes.
Type of CMO.
Differs from CMOs only in how they are set up
legally.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Stripped Mortgage Backed Securities (SMBS)
Like pass throughs in that SMBS pass on all
payments of principal and interest to investors.
Two kinds – Interest Only (IO) and Principal
only (PO).
Investors in IO receive cash flows only from the
interest payments on the mortgage pool. Cash
flows decline as mortgage loans in the pool are
paid down.
Holders of Pos receive all cash flows from the
principal payments on the mortgage pool. Finite
number of payments before loans are paid off!
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Mortgage-Backed Bonds
Federal agencies like FNMA and FHLMC issue bonds to
raise funds using the mortgage loans they own as
collateral. These are referred to as “Fannie Mae” bonds
and “Freddie Mac” bonds respectively.
Private institutions and investor groups also issue
mortgage backed bonds using the pool of mortgage loans
they own.
Typically use higher than 100% of mortgage pool as
collateral.
Maturities range from 5 to 10 years.
Often are rated AAA, thus lowering the required yield.
State and local government housing agencies also can issue
similar securities to fund low income housing
development.
Exempt from federal income tax because they are
munis.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Mortgage Prepayment Risk
Mortgages guaranteed by Agencies have yields
above U.S. Treasury Bonds, indicating some risk
besides default risk.
Prepayment risk - the risk that the borrower will
repay (call) the debt before maturity causing the
expected yield to be different from expected.
When interest rates decline, homeowners
(borrowers) refinance, paying off their old
mortgage and creating a new one. The mortgage
investor then receives their principal back when
interest rates are lower.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Mortgage Prepayment Risk (continued)
When rates are high and rising,
homeowners will be slow to refinance or
trade homes, thus extending the length of
their mortgage financing, keeping the rates
to the mortgage lender below market rates.
This extension risk keeps the lender's return
below current market yields.
Prepayment and extension risk causes the
actual return of mortgage investors to vary
from that expected.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Participants in the Mortgage Markets
Thrifts - dominated and increased share of market
until 1970s.
Banks - Increased share of market and increased
powers to make mortgage loans.
Insurance Companies and Pension Funds.
Pools - Pass-through certificates have become an
important source of funds. Pools represented the
largest component of mortgage investment.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Participants in the Mortgage Markets (concluded)
Government Holdings - All Levels of
Government
FNMA, FHLMC, Federal Land Banks, Farmers
Home Administration.
State and local housing authorities issue bonds
and buy subsidized, lower-rate mortgages, often
for first-time home-buyers.
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Mortgages Outstanding
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Other Participants
Mortgage Insurers
Developed in 1930s to enhance acceptability of
mortgages and to encourage more risky low
equity/loan lending.
FHA guaranteed payment to lender in case of
default.
VA insurance (1944) for mortgage loans to
veterans.
Private mortgage insurance covered low down
payment conventional mortgages.
Mortgage insurance has enhanced the
development of secondary markets.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Other Participants (concluded)
Mortgage bankers originate mortgages, sell them,
and often service the mortgage
Mortgage bankers originate mortgages, collecting fees
for origination.
Mortgage bankers do not fund mortgages. They sell
them.
Mortgage bankers often retain the service rights to the
mortgage, collecting payments, taxes, and collecting
delinquent payments.
Mortgage banking and loan servicing are very
competitive with technology applications decreasing
expenses with time.
Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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