ADVANCED CHEMISTRY
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To be able to know what is Chemistry.
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To be able to distinguish between mixture and substance.
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Know the properties of state of matter.
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Learn how to use scientific notation and significant figures.
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Remember the IS units.
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Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties (i.e. its composition,
structure and reactions)
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Chemistry is the central science, central to the fundamental
understanding of other sciences and technologies. Physics, biology,
geology and other subjects share an essential tie to chemistry.
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Lies in the matters of public concerns: health care improvement,
conservation of nature and environmental protection, provision of food,
clothing and shelter.
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There are four states of matter namely solids, liquids, gases and plasma.
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A pure substance is matter that has distinct properties, cannot be
separated by physical means and has a composition that does not vary
from one sample to another.
 An element is a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler
substances.
 A compound is a substance that is composed of two or more elements
combined together
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Mixtures are combinations of two or more substances in
which each substance retains its chemical identity and can
be separated by physical means.
 A homogenous mixture (solution) has a uniform distribution of the
combined substances.
 A heterogeneous mixture has a non-uniform distribution of the
composing substances.
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Physical Properties
Can be observed without changing a substance into another substance
(e.g. color, odor, boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
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Chemical Properties
Can only be observed when a substance is changed into another
substance (e.g. flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid, etc.).
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Intensive Properties
Are independent of the amount of the substance that is present (e.g.
density, boiling point, color, etc.).
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Extensive Properties
Depend upon the amount of the substance present (e.g. mass, volume,
energy, etc.).
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Physical Changes
These are changes in matter that do not change the composition of a
substance i.e. changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
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Chemical Changes
Chemical changes result in new substances i.e. combustion, oxidation,
decomposition, etc.
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Filtration
In filtration, solid substances are separated from liquids and
solutions.
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Distillation
Distillation uses differences in the boiling points of substances to
separate a homogeneous mixture into its components. Can
include simple distillation and fractional distillation.
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Chromatography
This technique separates substances on the basis of differences in
solubility in a solvent.
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Others
Decantation; evaporation; crystallization; sublimation; magnetic
separation; centrifugation; precipitation, etc.
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Measuration is the process of or act of assigning numbers to
phenomena according to a rule.
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METRIC SYSTEM (mks)
This is the decimal system of weights and measures based
on the meter, the kilogram and the second.
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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI Units)
An international convention that measures everything in
terms of seven basic units.
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BRITISH SYSTEM – BE (fps)
Is a decimal system of weights and measures based on the
foot, the pound and the second (and the pint).
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Mass = SI unit is kg
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Volume = SI unit is mL & cm^3
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Density = SI unit is g/cm^3
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Temperature = SI unit is K
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In scientific notation, the numbers are written in the form N
x 10n where N is between 1 and 10 and n is an integer.
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Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of a
quantity.
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Precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other.
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The accepted value is the correct value for the measurement based on
reliable references.
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The experiment value is one measured in the lab.
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The difference between the experimental values is called the error.
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Percent error is the absolute value of the error divided by the accepted
value multiplied by 100%
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The term significant figures refer to digits that were measured.
 All nonzero digits are significant.
 Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves significant.
 Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never significant.
 Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is written in the
number.
 When addition or subtraction is performed, answers are rounded to the least
significant decimal place.
 When multiplication or division is performed, answers are rounded to the
number of digits that corresponds to the least number of significant figures in
any of the numbers used in the calculation.
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It is a practice of using all units, even in conversion factors,
leading to cancellation of everything except the final correct
units.
1.Lecture: Theodore E. B., Eugene, H. L. H., Bruce E. B., Catherine M., Patrick W., (2011).
Chemistry: The Central Science (12 Ed). Prentice Hall. USA.
2. Laboratory: Theodore E. B., John H. N., Kenneth C. K., Matthew S. (2011). Laboratory
Experiments for Chemistry: The Central Science (12 Ed). Prentice Hall. USA.
3. Theodore E. B., (2011). Solutions to Exercises for Chemistry: The Central Science.
Prentice Hall. USA.
4. John M., Robert C. F. (2010). Chemistry (4 Ed): Prentice Hall Companion Website.
http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_mcmurry_chemistry_4/9/2408/616516.cw/index.html
5. Chemistry Online at http://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_Chemistry_First.htm
6. Chemistry and You at
http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/science9/chemistry/index.html
7. Teachers Notes